2. Older children and adults frequently try to retrieve the names of things they saw, but infants would not have encoded the information verbally. 年纪大一些的孩子和成年人常常试着记住他们看到的事物的名字，但是婴儿并不能通过口述的方式编译这些信息。
同义 code（v. 编码）
要点 和encode“编码”的含义相对应的是decode“解码”。
extract［ik'strækt］v. 取出，拔出；提取
例句 1. Through hearing stories with a clear beginning, middle, and ending children might learn to extract the gist of events in ways that they can describe many years later. 通过听一些有着清晰的开头、过程和结尾的故事，孩子们也许现在就能学会像多年以后那样提取事情的要点。
2. Some fossils are able to be extracted from these sediments by putting the rocks in an acid bath. 把岩石放到酸性液体里，一些化石就可以从这些沉淀物中被提取出来。
同义 abstract（v. 提取）
要点 在一些小说类的文章节选中经常会看到extract这个词，表示“摘选”的含义，但是在托福阅读文章中经常使用的是它的“提取”的含义。
extraction［ik'strækʃn］n. 取出；抽出；拔出
搭配 information extraction 信息抽取
例句 Present methods of petroleum extraction enable oil producers to recover about half of the world's petroleum reserves. 当今的石油开采方式使石油生产商能恢复大约一半的世界石油储量。
facilitate［fə'siliteit］v. 推动，促进；使…变得容易
例句 1. Hydroponics has applications beyond basic research, as it facilitates the growing of greenhouse vegetables during winter. 水培法的应用不仅限于基础研究，因为它对冬季大棚蔬菜的生长有帮助。
2. Development in banking and financial services facilitated the expansion of trade and was benefited from the huge influx of capital in the form of gold and silver from the Americas. 银行和财政服务的发展推动了贸易的拓展，也受益于美国以金银形式注入的巨大资本。
3. Government's policies on trade facilitated the exporting of agricultural products. 政府的贸易政策促进了农产品的出口。
同义 impulse（v. 推动）
fertile［'fə:rtl］a. 肥沃的，富饶的；能繁殖的
例句 In all probability, it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated. 很有可能，建立罗马的拉丁人最初就是起源于富饶的拉丁姆平原。
同义 productive（a. 能繁殖的）
format［'fɔ:rmæt］v. 使格式化 n. 设计；安排；格式，样式
搭配 the format of a program 节目的编排；file format 文件格式
例句 1. Advertisements might be misleading to children when they use audio and visual formats which are especially appealing to children. 当广告使用了特别能吸引孩子的声音和视觉形式的时候，广告也许会误导孩子。
2. The new candid photography unposed pictures that were made when the subjects were unaware that their pictures were being taken confirmed these scientific results, and at the meantime suggested new compositional formats. 新抢拍的照片很自然，这是在拍摄目标没有意识到的情况下拍摄的，这在证实了这些科学结果的同时也暗示了一种新的创作形式。
friction［'frikʃn］n. 摩擦；摩擦力；矛盾，冲突
例句 1. This friction tends to slow the speed of winds, making them far less efficient at dispersing on airflow, and rainfall is also increased in cities. 这种摩擦力易于减缓风速，使它们无法有效地分散气流，城市的降水量也提高了。
2. The forward movement of a small animal is severely reduced by the air friction. 小动物向前的运动因受到空气摩擦而被减缓。
同义 clash, conflict（n. 矛盾，冲突）
要点 friction不仅表达具体的“摩擦、摩擦力”，还可以表示“矛盾、冲突”，例如：Soldiers needed to be occupied when there was no campaign; otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction. 在没有战役的时候士兵们也得忙起来，否则就代表一种潜在的冲突危险。
gaseous［'gæsiəs］a.（含）气体的；气态的
搭配 gaseous diffusion 气体扩散
例句 1. It was consequently quite surprising when John and Rayleigh discovered a gaseous element in 1894 that did not fit into the previous classification scheme. 当约翰和瑞利于1894年发现一种不适用于之前的分类方案的气态元素时，引起了巨大的震惊。
2. As Jupiter, Saturn is a large and gaseous planet. 土星与木星一样，是个巨大的气态行星。
impetus［'impitəs］n. 促进；刺激；推动力
例句 1. This development provided an impetus to a long-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade. 这一发展给希望通过海上贸易与东方建立直接联系的长期愿望提供了动力。
2. For the barrier of ice to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and populated areas to the north, there may have been a greater impetus for people to move in a southerly direction. 由于东部的冰形成的障碍，西部太平洋的阻挡，以及北部地区的众多人口，可能有更强大的动力促使人们南迁。
3. The danger of the fire provides an impetus to the use of more durable material. 火灾的危险性推进了更加耐火的材料的使用。
同义 impulse（n. 促进；推动）
要点 在阅读中，作者有可能会用motive power代替impetus表示“动力”。
implement［'impliment］v. 实施，执行［'implimənt］n. 工具
例句 1. The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques. 成功殖民太平洋岛的基础文化需求包括多种捕鱼的工具和技术。
2. Why and how these people spread out into central and southern Africa keeps up a mystery, but archaeologists firmly believe that their iron weapons allowed them to conquer their hunting-gathering opponents, who still used stone implements. 这些人为什么以及如何到达非洲中部和南部一直是个谜，但是考古学家们坚信是他们的铁制武器使他们征服了那些依旧使用石器狩猎的对手。
同义 instrument（n. 工具）
influence［'influəns］n. 影响 v. 影响；感化
例句 1. Animals have internal clocks which influence their activities even when environmental cues are absent. 动物都有生物钟，即便是当环境线索缺失时也可以影响它们的活动。
2. Pastoralists are highly mobile and tend to have tiny material possessions, but they can influence the culture, ecology, and language. 牧民迁移频繁，而且仅有少量的物质财产，但他们能影响文化、生态以及语言。
要点 influence常用于描述新技术或新事物对传统生活的影响。如：There were two widely divergent influences on the development of statistical methods.
同义 effect（n. 影响）；affect（v. 影响）
innovation［ˌinə'veiʃn］n. 新方法；新事物；革新
例句 1. Because the interest in developing and introducing sound in film is intense, the general use of other technological innovations was delayed. 由于人们对为影片加入声音有着强烈的兴趣，所以其他的技术创新没有及时被普遍使用。
2. The extensive development of agriculture was often accompanied by a great movement of people who had carried the innovations. 农业的广泛发展通常伴随着一次伟大的运动，而这样的运动是由掌握革新技术的人们发起的。
同义 reformation（n. 改革）
input［'input］n.（电路、电压或功率）输入；投入；输入物
搭配 input power 输入功率
例句 1. Through measuring the water quantities at each of a lake's inputs and outputs, it could be determined whether water enters the lake mainly from surface or groundwater sources. 通过测量流入和流出每个湖的水量，可以判定流入湖里的水源主要来自地表还是地下。
2. Glaciers are an open system, with snow as the system's input and meltwater as its output. 冰川是开放的体系，降雪是该体系的输入来源，而融水则是输出的水源。
insert［in'sə:rt］v. 插入
搭配 insert into 写入
例句 Please use your hands to insert the keys in the locks. 请用手把钥匙插到锁里。
insulate［'insəleit］v. 使隔离，使隔绝
例句 1. All the heat which warms a building finally transfers to the surrounding air, a process that is quickest where houses are poorly insulated. 提供给一座建筑的所有热量最后都会转移到周围的空气里，这个过程在隔热差的房子中能得到最快的体现。
2. Now, the ice shelves insulate the Antarctic continent from wind. 目前，冰架阻挡着风吹进南极洲。
同义 isolate（v. 使隔离，使隔绝）
insulation［ˌinsə'leiʃn］n. 绝缘；隔离，隔绝
例句 1. Even with insulation and countercurrent exchange systems, hatchlings are simply too small to conserve body heat. 即便是在完全封闭或是逆流交换系统中，这些初生的个体也很难保持身体的热度，因为它们还都太小。
2. The low growth form can also allow the plants to make good use of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. 在冬天，这些植物的低矮形态可以使其充分利用由积雪覆盖形成的保温层。
同义 isolation（n. 绝缘）
intermediate［ˌintər'mi:diət］a. 中间的；中级的 n. 中间体；媒介物
搭配 intermediate language 中间语言
例句 1. In most areas of Africa, there is a curious case in which societies moved from a technology of stone to iron directly without passing through the intermediate stage of copper or bronze metallurgy, even though some early copper-working sites have been found in West Africa. 在非洲的大部分地区都有一个古怪的现象，虽然在西非发现了一些青铜器制造遗址，但是这些地区没有经历青铜器时代这一中间阶段，而是从石器时代直接过渡到了铁器时代。
2. The country is still at an intermediate stage of economic development. 这个国家仍然处于经济发展的中级阶段。
interplay［'intərplei］n./v. 相互作用，相互影响
例句 1. It is a monumental scientific achievement and its development illustrates the importance of interplay. 这是一个不朽的科学成就，它的发展诠释了相互作用的重要性。
2. Parasitic relationships contain the interplay of aggression by the parasite and resistance and adaptation by the host. 寄生关系包括寄生虫的攻击与寄主的排斥和适应之间的相互作用。
3. She combines cultural documentation with invention in an interplay of fact and fiction. 她通过事实和虚构的相互影响，把文化文献与发明结合了起来。
isotope［'aisətoup］n. 同位素
搭配 isotope effect 同位素效应
例句 The oxygen isotope ratio of the ocean changes when a great deal of water is withdrawn from it by evaporation. 当海洋中大量的水因为蒸发而减少之后，海洋中氧同位素的比率会随之改变。
liquid［'likwid］n. 液体；液态 a. 液体的，流体的；清澈的
搭配 liquid crystal 液晶
例句 1. Different from gas, liquid does not disperse in a container, and conversely maintains a fairly constant density. 与气体不同，液体不会在容器中扩散，相反还会维持一个相当稳定的浓度。
2. This kind of energy is used to convert liquid water to water vapor. 这种能量被用来将液体水转化为水蒸气。
locomotive［ˌloukə'moutiv］n. 机车；火车头 a. 运动的；活动的
例句 1. The number of canals fell off after the steam locomotive was invented. 蒸汽机车发明以后，运河的数量减少了。
2. In the nineteenth century, locomotives in north American ran on hardwood fuel. 在19世纪，北美的机车依靠硬木燃料运行。
同义 engine（n. 机车）；kinetic（a. 运动的）
machinery［mə'ʃi:nəri］n.（总称）机器，机械；机构
例句 1. The new age of machinery, in brief, without a new source of both movable and constant power, could not have been born. 简言之，如果没有新的可移动并且持续的能源供应，新的机械时代是不可能诞生的。
2. The use of farm machinery went on to increase. 农机工具的使用在持续增加。
同义 organization（n. 机构）
magnetic［mæg'netik］a. 磁的，有磁性的；有吸引力的
搭配 magnetic field 磁场；magnetic compass 磁盘指南针
例句 1. The magnetic compass assists the travelers when clouds block the Sun and the stars. 磁盘指南针在云彩遮住太阳和星星的时候可以帮助旅行者辨别方向。
2. The electrons nearly accelerated to the speed of light move through the magnetic fields. 电子加速到接近光速的速度并穿过磁场。
manufacturer［ˌmænju'fækʧərər］n. 制造商；制造厂
搭配 original manufacturer 原始制造商
例句 1. Woolens and textile manufacturers had made good use of rural cottage production by taking advantage of cheap and plentiful rural labor. 通过利用廉价而大量的农村劳动力，毛纺织品制造商很好地利用了农村的家庭生产。
2. Iron manufacturers which starved for fuel and charcoal also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal. 那些需要大量燃料和木炭的钢铁制造商也从不断增加的煤炭供应中获得了益处。
measurable［'meʒərəbl］a. 可测量的；可衡量的
搭配 measurable variable 可测变量
例句 1. The first is the habituation-dishabituation technique, in which a unitary stimulus is presented repeatedly to the infant until there is a measurable decline in which attending behavior is being observed. 首先是习惯化与去习惯化技术，要求对婴儿反复施加单一形式的刺激，直到其适应能力呈现一个可测量的下降趋势，从中便可以观察到婴儿的专注行为。
2. There is a growing body of opinion that all these physical variations have a measurable impact on the climate. 所有这些物理变化都会对气候变化产生可以测量的影响——认同这一点的人越来越多。
measure［'meʒər］n. 尺寸；测量；度量单位；［常 pl.］措施 v. 测量
搭配 measure up 测量；符合标准
例句 The environmental degradation will become more severe if new measures are not taken. 如果再不采取新的措施，环境恶化会更加严重。
派生 measurement（n. 测量）
mechanism［'mekənizəm］n. 机械装置；结构；机制
搭配 reaction mechanism 反应机制
例句 A respiratory regulating mechanism seemingly ceases functioning during sleep. 在睡着的时候，呼吸调节机制似乎就停止运作了。
要点 在托福阅读文章中，mechanism最常见的含义就是“机制”，比如：regulating mechanism“调节机制”；control mechanism“控制机制”。
metal［'metl］n. 金属
搭配 metal detector 金属探测器
例句 1. Come close to metal tools and weapons may create greater social equality. 金属工具和武器的使用或许能为社会创造更大的公平性。
2. Research has concentrated on the toxic effects of heavy metals like lead, cadmium, mercury and aluminum; however, even copper and zinc, which are essential elements, can become toxic in high concentrations. 研究重点是重金属的毒性作用，比如铅、镉、水银以及铝等；然而，就连铜和锌这样的基础元素在高浓度时也可能变成有毒元素。
metallic［mə'tælik］a. 金属的；含金属的
搭配 metallic element 金属元素
例句 1. The terrestrial planets are mostly rocks: including of dense rocky and metallic material, with minor amounts of gases. 类地行星大都是由岩石构成的：包括高密度岩石和金属物质，还有极少量的气体。
2. The engineers found a kind of exotic new metallic substance. 工程师们发现了一种新的奇特金属物质。
metallurgy［'metlə:rʤi］n. 冶金，冶金术
搭配 metallurgy machinery 冶金机械
例句 Being different from the Americas, where metallurgy was a very late and limited development, Africans had iron from a relatively early date, developing ingenious furnaces to produce the high heat needed for production and to control the amount of air which reached the carbon and iron ore necessary for making iron. 不同于美洲的冶金时间开始得较晚，且发展受限，非洲人拥有铁器的时间相对较早，并且别出心裁地制造了熔炉，可以产生生产所需的高温并将接触到碳和铁矿石的压缩空气量控制在制铁需要的范围内。
molecule［'mɑ:likju:l］n. 分子
搭配 molecule weight 分子量
例句 1. The average period of time which molecules of water spend in a lake — the residence time — varies from lake to lake and over time within a particular lake. 水分子在不同的湖里停留的平均时间是不断变化的，久而久之在同一个特定的湖中也是变化的。
2. This algae capture the Sun's energy through photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. 这种藻类通过光合作用获取太阳能，并将能量储存在有机分子里。
motion［'mouʃn］n. 运动，移动；手势 v. 打手势，示意
例句 1. In the United States, the arrival of sound film technology compelled smaller producers in the motion picture industry out of business. 在美国，有声电影技术的到来迫使小电影生产商破产了。
2. The fish pushes water aside by the forward motion of its head and with a curve of its body and its flexible tail. 鱼依靠头部向前的推动，身体的曲线和灵活的尾巴将水向两侧推开。
同义 movement（n. 运动）
multiple［'mʌltipl］a. 多样的；多重的 n. 倍数
例句 1. The data which are from observational methods must be confirmed through multiple studies. 通过观察得出的数据必须要经过多种研究来证实。
2. The photographic process made permanent images become possible, but not all the process allowed making multiple copies. 摄影过程使得持久图像的产生成为可能，但并不是所有的过程都能产生多个复制的图像。
3. Beautiful glass could be decorated in multiple ways. 可以用多种方式来装饰漂亮的玻璃。
同义 various（a. 多样的）；manifold（a. 多方面的）
multiply［'mʌltiplai］v.（使）增加；繁殖；乘
例句 Steam power did not merely spin cotton and roll iron; early in this new century it also multiplied ten times over the amount of paper which a single worker could produce in a day. 蒸汽不仅仅可以用于纺棉和铸铁，在本世纪初，它还能生产出相当于一名工人每天生产量10倍的纸。
同义 increase（v. 增加）；breed（v. 繁殖）
negative［'negətiv］a. 否定的；消极的；负的 n. 底片；负数
搭配 negative image 负面形象
例句 1. Petroleum extraction would have negative impacts on the environment. 石油开采会对自然环境产生不利影响。
2. Lightning generates when a separation of positive and negative electrical particles develops in a storm. 在一场暴风雨中，当正负电子分离的时候，闪电就会出现。
要点 negative通常表示作者对某种观点的反对，或是持消极、否定的态度。在回答关于作者态度的问题时需要注意这个单词。
nucleus［'nu:kliəs］n.［pl. nuclei］核，原子核；核心
例句 A highly active supermassive black hole exists at the galaxy's nucleus. 在银河系的核心，存在着一个质量庞大且异常活跃的黑洞。
同义 core（n. 核心）
observational［ˌabzər'veiʃənəl］a. 观测的，根据观察的
搭配 observational error 观察误差
例句 Researchers making use of observational assessment techniques on infants must not over ideate and must base their conclusions on data from many studies. 对婴儿使用观察评估技术的研究人员一定不能太过依靠想象，而是要以多方研究得出的数据为基础。
outgoing［'autgouiŋ］a. 外出的；即将离任的；开朗的 n. 出发；［常 pl.］支出
搭配 outgoing mail 外发/外埠邮件
例句 Shortwave radiation from the Sun goes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing longwave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface. 相比扩散的长波辐射，来自太阳的短波辐射更容易穿过污染丘；因为扩散的长波辐射会被气体污染丘吸收，并反射回城市表面。
要点 在托福阅读中，经常考查的是outgoing作为“外出的”的含义，比如outgoing vessels“离岸的船只”。
particle［'pɑ:rtikl］n. 极少量；颗粒；小品词
例句 1. Concentrations of positively charged particles grow at the top and bottom of the cloud, but the middle region becomes negatively charged. 汇聚的带正电粒子在云层的顶部和底部产生，而云层中间的区域则带负电。
2. These smoke particles are so small that they cool rapidly. 这些烟雾颗粒非常小，所以能迅速冷却。
