同义 grain（n. 颗粒）
pattern［'pætərn］n. 模式；花样，图案 v. 仿制
例句 1. The evidence is suspicious, because the yawning patterns should be different between children and adults. 这个论据是受到质疑的，因为小孩和成人打哈欠的模式是不同的。
2. World trade patterns are symbolic of the important economic issues which confront the world today. 世界贸易格局影射出当今世界面临的重大经济问题。
同义 imitate（v. 模仿；仿制）
要点 虽然pattern也有“图案”的含义，但在托福阅读文章中经常考查其作为“模式”的用法。
petroleum［pə'trouliəm］n. 石油
搭配 petroleum refinery 炼油厂
例句 Getting petroleum out of the ground and from under the sea to the consumer can create environmental problems anywhere along the line. 从地下或海底开采石油一直到出售给消费者，这整个过程都会造成环境问题。
pinpoint［'pinpɔint］v. 精准定位；准确描述 n. 针尖；极尖的顶端 a. 精确的
搭配 pinpoint technique 精密技术
例句 1. It is hard to pinpoint this site on the map. 很难在地图上为这个地点进行精确定位。
2. Radar can help pinpoint the location of an object within its range. 雷达能对其监测范围内的物体进行精准定位。
pollution［pə'lu:ʃn］n. 弄脏；污染
例句 The materials from which cities are built and the effects of pollution domes help make urban areas warmer than rural areas. 来自城市建设用材和污染丘的影响使城市比农村更暖和。
同义 contamination（n. 污染）
pore［pɔ:r］n. 气孔，小孔 v. 仔细阅读；审视
搭配 pore space 孔隙
例句 Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film. 较小气孔和较大气孔与表面张力间的相互作用决定了一块石头是以大水滴还是薄膜的形式来存储水。
progress［'prɑ:gres］n./v. 前进；进步，发展
例句 Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. 当今的技术已经发展，使人们可以发明新的材料来适应各种类型的建筑需求。
projection［prə'ʤekʃn］n. 凸出物；对未来形势的估计、预测
搭配 projection apparatus 投影仪
例句 The development of projection technology made it possible to design images on a large screen. 投影技术的发展使在大屏幕上设计图像成为可能。
propulsion［prə'pʌlʃn］n. 推进，推进力
搭配 propulsion engine 喷气发动机
例句 Ambulocetus' hind legs were utilized for propulsion in the water. 陆行鲸的后腿可以用于在水中推进。
prospect［'prɑ:spekt］n. 前景；景象；期望
搭配 rosy prospect 美好前景
例句 Even though it is certainly true that the possession of hard parts enhances the prospect of preservation, organisms having soft tissues and organs are also occasionally preserved. 尽管坚硬的身体部位更有可能被保存下来，那些拥有柔软的组织和器官的生物体偶尔也会被保存下来。
proxy［'prɑ:ksi］n. 代理人，代表；代理权
搭配 proxy pattern 代理模式
例句 Information on temperature, rainfall and other aspects of the climate could be inferred from the systematic changes in properties which are usually referred to as proxy data. 温度、降水以及其他气候方面的信息可以从系统变化的特性中推断出来，这些特性通常指的是代用资料。
pump［pʌmp］n. 泵 v.（用泵）抽或打气
搭配 water pump 水泵
例句 1. He consequently transformed an inefficient pump with limited uses into a steam engine of a thousand uses. 因此，他把低效且有使用限制的泵转化成了一个多用途的蒸汽发动机。
2. The sequoia tree could pump water to its very top, which is more than 100 meters above the ground. 红杉树能把水抽到离地100多米高的树顶位置。
pure［pjur］a. 纯净的；完全的；抽象的
搭配 pure gold 纯金
例句 If this theory was correct, breathing air with extra carbon dioxide should have triggered yawning, meanwhile breathing pure oxygen should have suppressed yawning. 如果这个结论正确，那么吸入含有多余二氧化碳的空气就会让人打哈欠，而呼吸纯氧应该会抑制哈欠。
派生 purely（ad. 纯粹地；仅仅）
radiation［ˌreidi'eiʃn］n. 放射；辐射
搭配 radiation safety 辐射安全；solar radiation 太阳辐射；radiation therapy 放射疗法
例句 1. In most cities, the heating that resulted from solar radiation is enhanced by carbon dioxide. 在大多数城市，太阳辐射带来的加热作用会被二氧化碳增强。
2. Because it is long been exposed to the intense tropical sun, the grass mouse has also developed two separate safeguards against the sun's ultraviolet radiation. 由于草鼠长时间暴露在强烈的热带阳光下，它演化出了两套独立的预防措施来抵御紫外线辐射。
random［'rændəm］a. 随机的；任意的 n. 随意
搭配 at random 随意地，任意地
例句 1. Succession is influenced by lots of factors: the nature of the soil, exposure to sun and wind, regularity of precipitation and many other random processes. 演替会受到多方面因素的影响：比如土壤的特性、风吹日晒、降水规律，以及许多其他的随机过程。
2. At high altitude, the effect of gravity is random. 在高海拔的地方重力影响是任意的。
同义 arbitrary（a. 任意的）
rate［reit］n. 率，比率；速度
搭配 at any rate 无论如何，至少；at the rate of 以…速度
例句 1. It relies on the rate at which water enters the lake, and that relies on the rainfall and the evaporation rate. 这取决于水流入湖中的速率，而这又取决于降水量和蒸发率。
2. Freight trains have an accident rate that is only one third that of the trucking industry. 货运火车的事故率仅是卡车运输业的三分之一。
ratio［'reiʃiou］n. 比，比率
例句 In order to compare the compositions of a meteorite and the Sun, it is necessary that we use ratios of elements instead of simply the abundance of atoms. 为了比较陨星和太阳的组成成分，我们有必要使用元素比率而不是简单的原子含量。
同义 proportion（n. 比率）
recycle［ˌri:'saikl］v. 回收利用，再应用 n. 再循环
搭配 recycle bag 环保袋
例句 1. Some kind of plants can tolerate relatively low levels of certain minerals, but such plants are of little use for recycling nutrients back into depleted soils. 一些植物靠相对低水平的特定矿物质就能存活，但是这些植物几乎不能再把营养物质循环供给贫瘠的土地。
2. Old buildings in a number of cities were recycled for modern use. 很多城市的旧建筑被重新用作现代用途。
refine［ri'fain］v. 精制；使完善；提纯
搭配 refined grain 精粮
例句 There are new maps refined by precise calculations and the reports of sailors that made it possible to trace one's path with reasonable accuracy. 精确的计算以及能够相对精准地记录路线的水手报告使新地图可以更加精确。
refractory［ri'fræktəri］a. 难驾驭的，难治的；难熔的
搭配 refractory materials 耐火材料
例句 The same minerals occur in refractory inclusions are believed to be the earliest-formed substances to have condensed out of the solar nebula. 难熔物质中出现的同样的矿物被认为是从太阳星云中浓缩出来最初形成的物质。
reserve［ri'zə:rv］n./v. 储备（物）；保留
搭配 reserved area 保留区；oil reserve 储油量
例句 They reserve the right to refuse and keep silent. 他们有权拒绝，并有权保持沉默。
要点 reserve在阅读文章中常见的含义是“储备”。其作为“预订”时与book同义，“预订”的名词形式为reservation。
retrieval［ri'tri:vl］n. 数据检索；恢复
例句 1. Frontal lobe function of the brain might need to develop before memory retrieval can occur. 记忆恢复之前，大脑额叶的功能可能需要运行。
2. As a reader, you are able to find any book you want through using the retrieval system. 作为一名读者，你可以使用检索系统找到自己想要的书。
retrieve［ri'tri:v］v. 重新找回，取回；挽回
搭配 retrieve data 检索数据
例句 Whether people can remember an event critically relies on the fit between the way in which they earlier encoded the information and the way in which they later attempt to retrieve it. 人们是否能记得一个事件，关键取决于他们之前编译信息的方式，以及之后找回这些信息的方式之间的吻合度。
revolutionary［ˌrevə'lu:ʃəneri］a. 革命的，革新的
搭配 revolutionary committee 革命委员会
例句 The calotype was revolutionary in its chemical use of treated paper in which areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image. 光力摄影法在使用经化学处理的纸张上有着革命性的进步，经过处理的纸上的指定位置接收到的光线越来越暗，从而产生一个负像。
rotate［'routeit］v.（使）转动；（使）轮流；（使）旋转
搭配 rotate right 向右旋转
例句 In this device, this large gear makes the small one to rotate the cylinder. 在这个装置中，大齿轮使小齿轮围着气缸旋转。
同义 revolve［v.（使）转动］；alternate［v.（使）轮流］
rough［rʌf］a. 粗糙不平的；粗略的；未加工的；艰苦的
例句 1. Shipbuilders started to develop a new type of vessel which is properly designed to operate in rough, open water: the caravel. 造船者开始建造一种新型的船，并适当地把这种船设计成能在波涛汹涌的开放水域中航行的类型：轻快帆船。
2. In nineteenth century forts life was very rough. 在19世纪，要塞生活非常艰苦。
同义 coarse（a. 粗糙不平的）
要点 rough常见的意思是“粗糙不平的”，尤其是和“面”联系在一起的时候。但在托福阅读中常见的含义是“粗制的”，比如in the rough表示“未完成的，未加工的”。
separation［ˌsepə'reiʃn］n. 分离；分开
例句 The separation of charged particles which form in a storm cloud has a sandwich-like structure. 在暴风云中形成的分离的带电粒子的结构像三明治一样。
同义 divorce（n. 分离）
slide［slaid］v. 滑动 n. 滑动；滑坡；幻灯片
搭配 slide projector 幻灯机
例句 1. Shortly after the Cambrian explosion, mud slides rapidly buried thousands of marine animals under conditions that favored fossilization. 寒武纪爆发之后不久，土崩作用迅速地在利于石化的条件下埋葬了许多海洋生物。
2. At the base of the lithosphere, they slide on a more yielding layer. 它们在岩石圈底部更易弯曲的一层上滑动。
同义 slip（v. 滑动）
solar［'soulər］a. 太阳的，日光的；利用太阳能的；根据太阳运行测定的
搭配 solar year 阳历年；solar system 太阳系；solar cell 太阳能电池
例句 Some current analyses conclude volcanoes and solar activity explain quite a considerable amount of the observed variability. 目前的一些分析得出，火山活动和太阳活动能解释相当一部分观察到的变化。
spray［sprei］n. 浪花；喷雾 v. 喷射
例句 1. Modern irrigation devices, each capable of spraying 4.5 million liters of water a day, have produced a landscape dominated by geometric patterns of circular green islands of crops. 每台现代灌溉设备每天能喷洒450万公升的水，这形成了一种地貌，主要由绿色作物构成的环型岛屿状几何图案构成。
2. A kind of insulating material was sprayed on engine parts. 引擎上喷上了一种绝缘材料。
同义 sprinkle（v. 洒）
stationary［'steiʃəneri］a. 静止的；固定的
例句 In some industrial regions, heavily laden wagons with flanged wheels were being hauled by horses along metal rails; and the stationary steam engine was puffing in the factory. 在一些工业区，装有厚重的轮子的重型载重火车由马匹沿着铁轨拉动，而定置的蒸汽机则在工厂里冒着气。
同义 immobile, immovable（a. 固定的）
steam［sti:m］n. 蒸汽 v. 发出蒸汽；用蒸汽开动
搭配 steam engine 蒸汽机
例句 Water or steam may be pumped down adjacent wells to help push the oil out. 水或者蒸汽可能被向下注入到相邻的井中以辅助石油的开采。
stream［stri:m］n. 小河；流；一股 v. 涌，流
搭配 a stream of electrons 一束电子
例句 1. When a stream of negatively charged electrons comes within 100 meters of the ground, it is met by a stream of positively charged particles coming up from the ground. 当一束带负电的电子距地面不到100米的时候，就会遇上一束来自地面的正电子。
2. About 23 million immigrants streamed to the United States. 大约2300万移民涌入了美国。
要点 虽然stream作为“溪流”的意思很常见，但在托福阅读中通常考查其表示“一束，一股”的意思。
同义 brook（n. 小溪）；strand（n. 串）；flow（v. 流动）
stroke［strouk］n. 中风；尝试；一击 v. 抚摸
搭配 heat stroke 中暑
例句 Watt perfected a divided condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke. 瓦特改进了一台分离蒸汽的冷凝器，这样汽缸就不必在每次尝试之后都被冷却。
要点 stroke虽然有“中风；打击”等常见含义，但在托福考试中却经常考查“尝试”这一含义，相当于try或者attempt。
subtle［'sʌtl］a. 细微的；微妙的；诡秘的
例句 1. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings possible. 在近距离与另一个人对视和交谈时，可能会产生微妙的思想和情感交流。
2. Sometimes, this interdependence is subtle, sometimes obvious. 这种相互依赖有时微妙，有时明显。
同义 slight（a. 细微的）
supersede［ˌsu:pər'si:d］v. 取代；淘汰
例句 Even though flatboats and keelboats went on to be important in the 1850's, steamboats finally superseded all other craft in the carrying of passengers and freight. 即使平底船和内核平底货船直到19世纪50年代仍然十分重要，但汽船最终在载客和货运方面取代了所有的船只。
同义 substitute（v. 取代）
survey［'sə:rvei］n. 调查；测量；审视［sər'vei］v. 调查；勘测
1. This aspect of prediction was supported by data collected in one survey of 24 species from an Arizona forest. 这个方面的预测得到了针对亚利桑纳州森林中24个物种的一份调查数据的支持。
2. A survey is a kind of study, commonly in the form of an interview or a questionnaire. 调查是一种通常以采访或问卷形式进行的研究。
派生 surveyor（n. 检测员）
telecommunication［ˌtelikəˌmju:ni'keiʃn］n. 电信；无线电通讯
例句 1. The rapid progress in sound technology made companies transformed the motion picture industry possible by the involvement of telecommunications. 声音技术的迅速发展使这些公司借助无线电通讯技术改变电影工业成为可能。
2. After the successful trial in other countries, this telecommunication system was established. 经过在其他国家的成功尝试之后，这一电信系统被建立起来了。
tension［'tenʃn］n. 紧张；拉紧；张力
搭配 tension spring 拉伸弹簧
例句 1. The electrical discharge takes place when the attractive tension between a region of negatively charged particles and a region of positively charged particles becomes so great that the charged particles suddenly rush together. 当带负电粒子和带正电粒子区域之间的引力逐渐增大，直到带电粒子突然聚集在一起的时候，就会产生放电现象。
2. The expressive leaders are attempting to minimize the tension and conflict. 富有表现力的领导人正在试图最大限度地减少紧张和冲突。
同义 stress（n. 紧张）
派生 tensile（a. 可拉长的）
要点 tension除了可以表示物理的“张力”以外，也可以形容“紧张的形势”，比如：the tensions within the state。
trap［træp］n. 陷阱；圈套；困境 v. 诱捕；使陷入困境
搭配 sediment trap 沉淀物捕集器
例句 When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because its density is different with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it. 当钻井抵达油池，石油通常会由于密度与其下方的水的密度不同而浮到水面上，也可能是石油之上的气体扩张的压力使它们浮了上来。
要点 trap除了作名词表示“陷阱”以外，在托福阅读中还常考查其动词用法，如：trap solar radiation“捕获太阳辐射”。
ultraviolet［ˌʌltrə'vaiələt］a. 紫外（线）的
搭配 ultraviolet ray 紫外（射）线
例句 1. Some scientists have proposed the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. 一些科学家提出，随着海拔增高而不断增强的紫外线起到了一定作用，同时，放牧北山羊这样的动物也许是另一个起作用的因素。
2. Lichens are little influenced by the strong ultraviolet rays in the mountains. 苔藓几乎不受山区强烈紫外线的影响。
velocity［və'lɑ:səti］n. 速度，速率；迅速
例句 The velocity of a river is determined by the slope, the depth, and the roughness of the riverbed. 河流的速度是由河床的坡度、深度和粗糙程度决定的。
同义 speed, rate（n. 速度，速率）
verify［'verifai］v. 检验；核实
例句 1. They represent the advertiser's opinions about the qualities of products or brand and it is difficult to verify them as a consequence. 他们代表广告客户发表关于产品质量或是品牌的意见，因此很难查证。
2. While a person could express his thoughts, but no one else can verify the accuracy of his report. 一个人可以表达他的想法，但是却没有人能核实其报告的准确性。
同义 check（v. 核实，核查）
wavelength［'weivleŋθ］n. 波长
搭配 wavelength range 波长范围
例句 1. Very little light filters through the canopy of leaves and branches in a rain forest to reach ground level — or close to the ground — and at those levels the yellow-to-green wavelengths predominate. 在热带雨林里，几乎没有光能透过叶子和枝干形成的厚厚的遮蔽层而到达地面——或者说接近地面——而在这些遮蔽层，黄色到绿色光的波长占据主导地位。
wheel［wi:l］n. 轮，车轮 v. 转动
搭配 steering wheel 方向盘
例句 Another generation passed before inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide a machine to take the place of the horse. 在发明家们成功地将蒸汽机安装在车轮上、把车子安置在轨道上，把这些组成部分结合在一起制造出替代马匹的机器之前，又经历了一代人的时间。
人文艺术篇
aesthetic［es'θetik］a. 美学的；审美的；悦目的
例句 1. The emergence of the aesthetic sense is another condition that contributes to the development of drama. 审美感觉的出现是促进戏剧发展的另一条件。
2. Formalism is one of the oldest types of aesthetic theory. 最古老的美学理论类型之一就是形式主义。
同义 artistic（a. 艺术的）
要点 托福阅读中出现的与aesthetic相关的短语搭配多为：aesthetic values“审美观”，aesthetic experiments“审美体验”；而它的派生词aesthetically也经常出现，表示“审美地，美学观点上地”。
allusion［ə'lu:ʒn］n. 暗示，间接提示
例句 Chondrites take their name from the Greek word chondros, which means seed, an allusion to their appearance as rocks containing tiny seeds. 球粒陨石的名字来自希腊语单词“chondros”，意为“种子”，这暗示其外表好像岩石，包含着小种子。
同义 connotation（n. 暗示）
appearance［ə'pirəns］n. 出现；外观，外貌
搭配 judge by appearance 以貌取人；to all appearances 就外表看来，显然
例句 Both animals and plants all have different appearances when being exposed to different lighting conditions. 当处于不同的灯光条件之下时，动物和植物的外表都是不一样的。
aristocratic［əˌristə'krætik］a. 贵族的；有贵族气派的
例句 1. They were permitted to assert their opinions without having to listen to aristocratic professions of moral superiority. 他们被允许坚持自己的观点，而不必听从具有道德优越感的贵族。
2. In eighteenth century, most people envied the aristocratic lifestyle. 在18世纪，大多数人都羡慕贵族的生活方式。
同义 nobiliary（a. 贵族的）
artisan［'ɑ:rtəzn］n. 工匠，手艺人
