1. Here I borrow the title of the leading modern treatise on this age： Peter Green， Alexander to Actium （University of California Press， Berkeley， 1990）。
2. I believe that this remark is originally due to George Sarton.
3. The description of Strato’s work by Simplicius is presented in an English translation by M. R. Cohen and I. E. Drabkin， A Source Book in Greek Science （Harvard University Press， Cambridge， Mass.， 1948）， pp. 211–12.
4. H. Floris Cohen， How Modern Science Came into the World （Amsterdam University Press， Amsterdam， 2010）， p. 17.
5. For the interaction of technology with physics research in modern times， see Bruce J. Hunt， Pursuing Power and Light： Technology and Physics from James Watt to Albert Einstein （Johns Hopkins University Press， Baltimore， Md.， 2010）。 Ancient Science and Religion times， see Bruce J. Hunt， Pursuing Power and Light： Technology and Physics from James Watt to Albert Einstein （Johns Hopkins University Press， Baltimore， Md.， 2010）。
6. Philo’s experiments are described in a letter quoted by G. I. Ibry- Massie and P. T. Keyser， Greek Science of the Hellenistic Era （Routledge， London， 2002）， pp. 216–19.
7. The standard translation into English is Euclid， The Thirteen Books of the Elements， 2nd ed.， trans. Thomas L. Heath （Cambridge University Press， Cambridge， 1925）。
8. This is quoted in a Greek manuscript of the sixth century AD， and given in an English translation in Ibry-Massie and Keyser， Greek Science of the Hellenistic Era.
9. See Table V.1， p. 233， of the translation of Ptolemy’s Optics by A. Mark Smith in “Ptolemy’s Theory of Visual Perception，” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 86， Part 2 （1996）。
10. Quotes here are from T. L. Heath， trans.， The Works of Archimedes （Cambridge University Press， Cambridge， 1897）。
