1. G. W. Burch， “The Counter-Earth，” Osiris 11， 267 （1954）。
2. Aristotle， Metaphysics， Book I， Part 5， 986a 1 （Oxford trans.）。 But in Book II of On the Heavens， 293b 23–25， Aristotle says that the counter-Earth was supposed to explain why lunar eclipses are more common than solar eclipses.
3. The paragraph quoted here is as given by Pierre Duhem in To Save the Phenomena—An Essay on the Idea of Physical Theory from Plato to Galileo， trans. E. Dolan and C. Machler （University of Chicago Press， Chicago， Ill.， 1969）， p. 5， hereafter cited as Duhem， To Save the Phenomena. A more recent t ranslation of this passage from Simplicius is given by I. Mueller： see Simplicius， On Aris totle’s “On the Heavens 2.10–14” （Cornell University Press， Ithaca， N.Y.， 2005）， 492.31–493.4， p. 33. We don’t know if Plato ever actually proposed this problem. Simplicius was quoting Sosigenes the Peripatetic， a philosopher of the second century AD.
4. For very clear illustrations showing the model of Eudoxus， see James Evans， The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy （Oxford University Press， Oxford， 1998）， pp. 307–9.
5. Aristotle， Metaphysics， Book XII， Chapter 8， 1073b 1–1074a 1.
6. For a translation by I. Mueller， see Simplicius， On Aristotle “On the Heavens 3.1–7” （Cornell University Press， Ithaca， N.Y.， 2005）， 493.1–497.8， pp. 33–36.
7. This was the work， in 1956， of the physicists Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen-Ning Yang.
8. Aristotle， Metaphysics， Book XII， Section 8， 1073b 18–1074a 14 （Oxford trans.）。
9. These references are given by D. R. Dicks， Early Greek Astronomy to Aristotle （Cornell University Press， Ithaca， N.Y.， 1970）， p. 202. Dicks takes a different view of what Aristotle was trying to accomplish.
10. Mueller， Simplicius， On Aristotle’s “On the Heavens 2.10–14，” 519.9–11， p. 59.
11. Ibid.， 504.19–30， p. 43.
12. See Book I of Otto Neugebauer， A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy （Springer-Verlag， New York， 1975）。
13. G. Smith， private communication.
14. Ptolemy， Almagest， trans. G. J. Toomer （Duckworth， London， 1984）， Book V， Chapter 13， pp. 247–51. Also see O. Neugebauer， A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy， Part One （Springer- Verlag， Berlin， 1975）， pp. 100–3.
15. Barrie Fleet， trans.， Simplicius on Aristotle “Physics 2” （Duckworth， London， 1997）， 291.23–292.29， pp. 47–48.
16. Quoted by Duhem， To Save the Phenomena， pp. 20–21.
17. Ibid.
18. For comments on the meaning of explanation in science， and references to other articles on this subject， see S. Weinberg， “Can Science Explain Everything? Anything?” in New York Review of Books 48， 9 （May 31， 2001）： 47–50. Reprints： Australian Review （2001）； in Portuguese， Folha da S. Paolo （2001）； in French， La Recherche （2001）； The Best American Science Writing， ed. M. Ridley and A. Lightman （HarperCollins， New York， 2002）； The Norton Reader （W. W. Norton， New York， December 2003）； Explanations—Styles of Explanation in Science， ed. John Cornwell （Oxford University Press， London， 2004）， 23–38; in Hungarian， Akadeemia 176， No. 8： 1734–49 （2005）； S. Weinberg， Lake Views—This World and the Universe （Harvard University Press， Cambridge， Mass.， 2009）。
19. This is not from the Almagest but from the Greek Anthology， verses compiled in the Byzantine Empire around AD 900. This translation is from Thomas L. Heath， Greek Astronomy （Dover， Mineola， N.Y.， 1991）， p. lvii.
第三部分 中世纪
