1. This letter is quoted by Eutychius, then patriarch of Alexandria. The translation here is from E. M. Forster, Pharos and Pharillon (Knopf, New York, 1962), pp. 21–22. A less pithy translation is given by Gibbon, Decline and Fall, Chapter 51.
2. P. K. Hitti, History of the Arabs (Macmillan, London, 1937), p. 315.
3. D. Gutas, Greek Thought, Arabic Culture—The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early ‘Abba¯sid Society (Routledge, London, 1998), pp. 53–60.
4. Al-Biruni, Book of the Determination at Coordinates of Localities, Chapter 5, excerpted and trans. J. Lennart Berggren, in The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam, ed. Victor Katz (Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 2007)。
5. Quoted in P. Duhem, To Save the Phenomena, p. 29.
6. Quoted by R. Arnaldez and A. Z. Iskandar in The Dictionary of Scientific Biography (Scribner, New York, 1975), Volume 12, p. 3.
7. G. J. Toomer, Centaurus 14, 306 (1969)。
8. Moses ben Maimon, Guide to the Perplexed, Part 2, Chapter 24, trans. M. Friedländer, 2nd ed. (Routledge, London, 1919), pp. 196, 198.
9. Ben Maimon is here quoting Psalms 115:16.
10. See E. Masood, Science and Islam (Icon, London, 2009)。
11. N. M. Swerdlow, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 117, 423 (1973)。
12. The case that Copernicus learned of this device from Arab sources is made by F. J. Ragep, History of Science 14, 65 (2007)。
13. This is documented by Toby E. Huff, Intellectual Curiosity and the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011), Chapter 5.
14. These are verses 13, 29, and 30 of the second version of Fitzgerald’s translation.
15. Quoted in Jim al-Khalili, The House of Wisdom (Penguin, New York, 2011), p. 188.
16. Al-Ghazali’s Tahafut al-Falasifah, trans. Sabih Ahmad Kamali (Pakistan Philosophical Congress, Lahore, 1958)。
17. Al-Ghazali, Fatihat al-‘Ulum, trans. I. Goldheizer, in Studies on Islam, ed. Merlin L. Swartz (Oxford University Press, 1981), quotation, p. 195.