1. See, e. g., Lynn White Jr., Medieval Technology and Social Change (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1962), Chapter 2.
2. Peter Dear, Revolutionizing the Sciences—European Knowledge and Its Ambitions, 1500–1700, 2nd ed. (Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., and Oxford, 2009), p. 15.
3. The articles of the condemnation are given in a translation by Edward Grant in A Source Book in Medieval Science, ed. E. Grant (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1974), pp. 48–50.
4. Ibid., p. 47.
5. Quoted in David C. Lindberg, The Beginnings of Western Science (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill., 1992), p. 241.
6. Ibid.
7. Nicole Oresme, Le livre du ciel et du monde, in French and trans. A. D. Menut and A. J. Denomy (University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1968), p. 369.
8. Quoted in “Buridan,” in Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. Charles Coulston Gillespie (Scribner, New York, 1973), Volume 2, pp. 604–5.
9. See the article by Piaget in The Voices of Time, ed. J. T. Fraser (Braziller, New York, 1966)。
10. Oresme, Le livre.
11. Ibid., pp. 537–39.
12. A. C. Crombie, Robert Grosseteste and the Origins of Experimental Science—1100–1700 (Clarendon, Oxford, 1953)。
13. For instance, see T. C. R. McLeish, Nature 507, 161–63 (March 13, 2014)。
14. Quoted in A. C. Crombie, Medieval and Early Modern Science (Doubleday Anchor, Garden City, N.Y., 1959), Volume 1, p. 53.
15. Translation by Ernest A. Moody, in A Source Book in Medieval Science, ed. E. Grant, p. 239. I have taken the liberty of changing the word “latitude” in Moody’s translation to “increment of velocity,” which I think more accurately indicates Heytesbury’s meaning.
16. De Soto is quoted in an English translation by W. A. Wallace, Isis 59, 384 (1968)。
17. Quoted in Duhem, To Save the Phenomena, pp. 49–50.
第四部分 科学革命
1. Herbert Butterfield, The Origins of Modern Science, rev. ed. (Free Press, New York, 1957), p. 7.
2. For collections of essays on this theme, see Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution, ed. D. C. Lindberg and R. S. Westfall (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990), and Rethinking the Scientific Revolution, ed. M. J. Osler (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000)。
3. Steven Shapin, The Scientific Revolution (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill., 1996), p. 1.
4. Pierre Duhem, The System of the World: A History of Cosmological Doctrines from Plato to Copernicus (Hermann, Paris, 1913)。