1. For an English translation， see Edward Rosen， Three Copernican Treatises （Farrar， Straus and Giroux， New York， 1939）， or Noel M. Swerdlow， “The Derivation and First Draft of Copernicus’s Planetary Theory： A Translation of the commentariolus with commentary，” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 117， 423 （1973）。
2. For a review， see N. Jardine， Journal of the History of Astronomy 13， 168 （1982）。
3. O. Neugebauer， Astronomy and History—Selected Essays （Springer- Verlag， New York， 1983）， essay 40.
4. The importance of this correlation for Copernicus is stressed by Bernard R. Goldstein， Journal of the History of Astronomy 33， 219 （2002）。
5. For an English translation， see Nicolas Copernicus On the Revolutions， trans. Edward Rosen （Polish Scientific Publishers， Warsaw， 1978; reprint， Johns Hopkins University Press， Baltimore， Md.， 1978）； or Copernicus—On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres， trans. A. M. Duncan （Barnes and Noble， New York， 1976）。 Quotations here are from Rosen.
6. A. D. White， A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom （Appleton， New York， 1895）， Volume 1， pp. 126–28. For a deflation of White， see D. C. Lindberg and R. L. Numbers， “Beyond War and Peace： A Reappraisal of the Encounter Between Christianity and Science，” Church History 58， 3 （September 1986）： 338.
7. This paragraph has been quoted by Lindberg and Numbers， “Beyond War and Peace，” and by T. Kuhn， The Copernican Revolution （Harvard University Press， Cambridge， Mass.， 1957）， p. 191. Kuhn’s source is White， A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology. The German original is Sämtliche Schriften， ed. J. G. Walch （J. J. Gebauer， Halle， 1743）， Volume 22， p. 2260.
8. Joshua 10：12.
9. This English translation of Osiander’s preface is taken from Rosen， trans.， Nicolas Copernicus On the Revolutions.
10. Quoted in R. Christianson， Tycho’s Island （Cambridge University Press， Cambridge， 2000）， p. 17.
11. On the history of the idea of hard celestial spheres， see Edward Rosen， “The Dissolution of the Solid Celestial Spheres，” Journal of the History of Ideas 46， 13 （1985）。 Rosen argues that Tycho exaggerated the extent to which this idea had been accepted before his time.
12. For claims to Tycho’s system and for its variations， see C. Schofield， “The Tychonic and Semi-Tychonic World Systems，” in Planetary Astronomy from the Renaissance to the Rise of Astrophysics— Part A： Tycho Brahe to Newton， ed. R. Taton and C. Wilson （Cambridge University Press， Cambridge， 1989）。
13. For a photograph of this statue， taken by Owen Gingerich， see the frontispiece of my essay collection Facing Up—Science and Its Cultural Adversaries （Harvard University Press， Cambridge， Mass.， 2001）。
14. S. Weinberg， “Anthropic Bound on the Cosmological Constant，” Physical Review Letters 59， 2607 （1987）； H. Martel， P. Shapiro， and S. Weinberg， “Likely Values of the Cosmological Constant，” Astrophysical Journal 492， 29 （1998）。
15. J. R. Voelkel and O. Gingerich， “Giovanni Antonio Magini’s ‘Keplerian’ Tables of 1614 and Their Implications for the Reception of Keplerian Astronomy in the Seventeenth Century，” Journal for the History of Astronomy 32， 237 （2001）。
16. Quoted in Robert S. Westfall， The Construction of Modern Science— Mechanism and Mechanics （Cambridge University Press， Cambridge， 1977）， p. 10.
17. This is the translation of William H. Donahue， in Johannes Kepler—New Astronomy （Cambridge University Press， Cambridge， 1992）， p. 65.
18. Johannes Kepler， Epitome of Copernican Astronomy and Harmonies of the World， trans. Charles Glenn Wallis （Prometheus， Amherst， N.Y.， 1995）， p. 180.
19. Quoted by Owen Gingerich in Tribute to Galileo in Padua， International Symposium a cura dell’Universita di Padova， 2–6 dicembre 1992， Volume 4 （Edizioni LINT， Trieste， 1995）。
20. Quotations from Galileo Galilei， Siderius Nuncius， or The Sidereal Messenger， trans. Albert van Helden （University of Chicago Press， Chicago， Ill.， 1989）。
21. Galileo Galilei， Discorse e Dimostrazione Matematiche. For a facsimile of the 1663 translation by Thomas Salusbury， see Galileo Galilei， Discourse on Bodies in Water， with introduction and notes by Stillman Drake （University of Illinois Press， Urbana， 1960）。
22. For a modern edition of a seventeenth-century translation， see Galileo， Discourse on Bodies in Water， trans. Thomas Salusbury， intro. and notes by Stillman Drake.
23. For details of this conflict， see J. L. Heilbron， Galileo （Oxford University Press， Oxford， 2010）。
24. This letter is widely cited. The translation quoted here is from Duhem， To Save the Phenomena， p. 107. A fuller translation is given in Stillman Drake， Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo （Anchor， New York， 1957）， pp. 162–64.
25. A translation of the entire letter is given in Drake， Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo， pp. 175–216.
26. Quoted in Stillman Drake， Galileo （Oxford University Press， Oxford， 1980）， p. 64.
27. The letters of Maria Celeste to her father fortunately survive. Many are quoted in Dava Sobel， Galileo’s Daughter （Walker， New York， 1999）。 Alas， Galileo’s letters to his daughters are lost.
28. See Annibale Fantoli， Galileo—For Copernicanism and for the Church， 2nd ed.， trans. G. V. Coyne （University of Notre Dame Press， South Bend， Ind.， 1996）； Maurice A. Finocchiaro， Retrying Galileo， 1633–1992 （University of California Press， Berkeley and Los Angeles， 2005）。
29. Quoted in Drake， Galileo， p. 90.
30. Quoted by Gingerich， Tribute to Galileo， p. 343.
31. I made a statement to this effect at the same meeting in Padua where Kuhn made the remarks about Aristotle cited in Chapter 4 and where Gingerich gave the talk about Galileo from which I have quoted here. See S. Weinberg， in L’Anno Galileiano （Edizioni LINT， Trieste， 1995）， p. 129.
