grandfather hold two jobs so that his soncould go to college，or so that his daughter could
finish her education？Does he give up time with his wife and friends to travel every day
to his daughter's house to baby sit，go to the store，and help with the dishes？We need to judge for ourselves whether the writer is making a valid
point about the grandfather，but with out specific details we cannot do so．In fact，we have almost no picture of the
grandfather at all．
Writing Assignment for Unit 23
Directions：Write a short passage of the title“My Sweet-Tempered Mother according to the given topic sentence．
Remember to provide specific details to illustrate your point and
use transitional words or phrases to make your writing more clearly and
coherently．You may write
your passage on the good qualities of a person by using some of the descriptive
words listed below．They are only suggestions，you can write about other qualities as well．
honest hardworking supportive modest
open-minded considerate independent good-humoured
cooperative energetic disciplined patient
generous trustworthy neat courageous
ambitious soft-hearted reliable unpretentious
My mother is the most sweet-tempered person I know．
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第二十四单元 如何用比较与对照法推展篇章
24．1 Comparison and Contrast（比较与对照）
Often we may want to describe several aspects of two subjects that
have both similarities and differences．When we compare two things，we show how they are similar；when we contrast two things，we show how they are different．We may compare or contrast two schools，two cars，two friends，two jobs，two cities，etc．．For this
purpose，we may employ
the combined techniques of comparison and contrast．In writing the essay，you should always bear two
important decisions in mind：①Whether you are to do a comparison，a contrast，or a mixture，or②Whether you
are to use an item-to-item（逐事比较）or point-to-point（逐点比较）method of development（both have been explained and illustrated in Unit14）
Model Essay 24-1
Shanghai and New York are two of the biggest cities in the world．They are different in some ways，but they are similar in some other
ways．
Shanghai is one of the most densely populated cities in Asia，and New York is one of the most
densely populated cities in North America．The population of Shanghai is homogenous，but thepopulation of New York is
heterogeneous．The people in
Shanghai speak Chinese；the people in New York speak English instead．The cost of living in Shanghai is
generally low in comparison with that in New York．While the people in Shanghai take buses or ride bikes to go to work，the people in New York drive cars
or take subways to get to work．The people in Shanghai use fans to keep cool，where as the people in New York use
air-conditioning．
Both Shanghai and New York are cities of great wealth and poverty．In both cities，there is a great deal of beauty and
a great deal of ugliness．Many people in Shanghai are as kind and helpful as those in New York．Conversely，some people in Shanghai are as
dangerous as those in New York．In both cities，there are people who work all day and people who work all night．Both cities are never asleep．
To some visitors，both Shanghai and New York are a paradise and a jungle．
24．2 Analysis of the Model Essay（范文分析）
From the above point-to-point essay，we can see that the similarities and differences of Shanghai and New
York are as follows：
①Differences：
a．population（homogeneous S
（heterogeneous NY
b．language （Chinese S
（English NY
C．cost of
living（low S
（high NY
d．transportation（buses and bikes S
（cars and subways NY
e．cooling
appliances（fans S
（air-conditioning NY
②Similarities：
a．both are most
densely populated
b．both are
cities of great wealth and poverty
c．both are
beautiful and ugly
d．both have
kind and helpful people and dangerous people
e．both are
never asleep
通过以上比较和对照法的结合使用，作者巧妙地将与主题有关的五个异同点联系在一起，交替进行逐点比较、对照，这使得读者从始至终能够把握比较与对照的线索。而且，作者又在比较与对照的结构上灵活地安排了次序，使对比既鲜明突出，又富有变化；作者还通过不同的连接手段，如并列连词“and，both，as…as”，与转折连词“but，instead，while，whereas，in comparision with”等，使得比较与对照自然流畅，前后连贯。
Writing Assignment for
Unit 24
Directions：Write a 3-paragraph essay about the similarities and differences
between Tom and Jack by using the outline given below．Don't forget to use some of the
Comparative and Contrastive words or phrases given in Unit 35．
Tom and Jack are twin brothers．They are similar in some ways；but the ways they spend their own freetime，make decisions and deal with
problems are very different．
Similarities：1）appearance
2）eating habits
3）study
Differences：1）ways of
spending free time
2）ways of
making decisions
3）ways of
dealing with problems
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第二十五单元 如何用定义与分类法推展篇章
25．1 Definition and Classification（定义与分类）
A writer often employs more than one method of development in an
essay．In order to
make it easier or clearer for the reader，the author may，for instance，decide to classify objects，events or terms by retaining a few classes rather than many specific
items．Additionally，he may need to define the lables he
uses in classifying the subject，especially if the lables are not widely known or are abstract．
在进行定义或分类写作时需注意：1）在进行诠释（定义）时，一定要具体、确切；2）分类时要周密，标准必须对应划一，不能交错重叠。
Model Essay 25-1
Nowadays，more and more people have books in their homes，but few of them really ‘own’the books．In Professor Adler's opinion，there are three kinds of book owners．The first kind of owners have all the standard sets and
best-sellers-books that are sold in very large numbers—unread，untouched．（These owner sown only wood pulp
and ink，not books．）
Another kind of book owners have a great many books—a few of them read through，most of them dipped into，that is，most ofthe books are only read or
studied for a short time or without much attention；but all of them as clean and shiny
as the day they were bought．（These persons would probably like to make books their own，but are restrained by a false
respect for their physical appearance．）
The final kind of book owners，however，have a few books or many，every one of them do geared（having the corners of the pages bent down with use，like a dog's ears） and dilapidated（broken and old，falling to pieces），shaken and loosened by continual
use，marked and
scribbled in from front to back．（These men really own books．）
Do you agree with Pr of．Adler？
25．2 Analysis of the Model Essay（范文分析）
In the above model essay，according to the writer，book owners can be divided into three kinds．They are as follows：
1）Owners with
all standard sets and best-sellers—unread，untouched；
2）Owners with a
great many books，a few of them
read through，most off them
dipped into；
3）Owners with a
few books or many，every one of
them do geared，dilapidated，shaken and loosened…
根据范例所示，我们得知作者将有书的人划为三类，其分类根据是划一的，分出的三类book owners互相排除，没有重叠。作者还通过使用“the first kind…another kind…the final kind…”等这些转换词语，有机地围绕主题“There are three kinds of book owners”，介绍了三种不同类型的“owners”。此外，作者还将一些读者不知或概念不清的词、词组，如“bestsellers”，“dipped into”，“do geared”，“dilapidated”等下了定义，这便达到了使读者完全领会其意的目的。
Writing Assignment for
Unit 25
Directions：Write a 3-paragraph essay according to the given information below
about “Kinds of
Library Materials Found in Most Good Libraries”by using the techniques taught in this unit．Do remember to define some of the
unknown words．
1）books（on all subjects，in different languages，organized in the card catalog，which can be checked out and
borrowed for a month）
2）reference
works（including
encyclopedias，dictionaries，bibliographies，atlases，which can only be used in the
library itself）
3）periodcals（including magazines，newspapers，pamphlets，which cannot be removed from the
library）
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第二十六单元 如何用过程分析法推展篇章
26．1 Process（过程法）
Process descripton is similar to the procedures followed in
conducting a scientific experiment．It describes definite steps in a logical order．
In this unit，you will be asked to write a process essay—one that explains clearly how to do
or make something．
In almost all the essays we have discussed，the topic sentence has appeared at
or near the beginning of the first paragraph．In a well constructed process description，the topic sentence establishes the
context of the process developed in succceeding sentences and paragraphs．Notice that in the following model
essay the process of making a complaint is divided into three major steps．
Model Essay 26-1
How to Make a Complaint
Have you ever experienced the unpleasant situations of being a
victimized consumer？I think most of you have．In self-defense，I have developed the following consumer's guide to complaining
effectively．
The first step is getting organized．I save all sales slips and original boxes so that whenever I
complain， I would know
the dateof the purchase，the correct price，and the place where the item was purchased．Then I compose my letter of
complaint．The next step
is to send the complaint to the person who will get results quickly．Usually，I write directly to the president
of a company and I always get prompt action．Finally，if I get no response to a written complaint within ten days，I follow through with a personal
telephone call．
Therefore，my advice to you is to keep accurate records，and when you have to complain，go right to the top．It has always worked for me．
26．2 Analysis of the Model Essay（范文分析）
A more visual representation of the model essay process development
would be like this：
1）Topic introducer：I have developed the following consumer's guide to complaining
effectively．
2）Process steps：a．Keep accurate
records
b．When
complaining，go right to
the top
c．following up
with further action
3）Conclusion：Therefore，my advice to you is to……
26．3 Advice on How to Write a Process Essay
1）State your topic in a single clear sentence．
For instance，“Knowing how to prepare for an important exam can lead you to success”or “Growing your own vegetables is easier than you might think”．
2）First make a list of all the steps you are describing．
Take“How to Make a
Complaint”for example：
write letter of complaint
follow through with a telephone call if no response
save sales slips and original boxes
send complaint letter directly to president
3）Then number your items in time order or logical order．
①save sales slips and original boxes
② write letter of complaint
③send complaint letter directly to
president
④follow through with telephone call
if no response
4）Group the item into a minimum of three steps．
For example，you might divide the process into①getting organized；②sending the complaint to president；③following up with further action．
5）Be sure to use transitions，such as，“first，next，also，then，after，now，during，and finally”so that your essay moves smoothly
and clearly from one step in the process to the next．
Writing Assignment for
Unit 26
Directions：Write a 3-paragraph essay on the topic “How to Prepare for an Important
Exam”in no less
than 100 words．
Remember to write clearly．
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第二十七单元 如何用因果法推展篇章
27.1 Cause and Effect（因果法）
The stating of facts and the giving of reasons to explain why and
how the facts came about is the basic procedure in essay development by cause
and effect．The technique
of cause and effect has great flexibility，for the relationships between causes and effects are not always as
clear cut as the two terms seem to suggest．Causes may not all carry the same weight，for example．Several contributing causes may be
grounded together to form one important cause．There may be one effect to a cause，or there may be many．Effects may be less important than causes，and so on．So you have to be very careful in
dealing with cause and effect．
Model Essay 27-1
As it is known to everyone，languages are constantly changing nowadays．There are many reasons why
languages change，but the
following three major causes may help illustrate the concept．Initially，various languages that started from
the same parent developed their own uniqueness after groups of speakers drifted
away from one another to establish isolated，independent communities．
Another major cause of language change is the influence of and
interaction with foreign cultures，often as a result of militaryconquest．A continuing cause for change is rapidly expanding technology and
new systems of communication that bring all cultures and languages into closer
contact，with
borrowing between language a common phenomenon in the contemporary world．
New established communities，the influence of and interaction with foreign cultures，the rapid development of technology
and new systems of communication contribute to language change．So we may say all languages change
as the experiences of their speakers change．
27.2 Analysis of the Model
Essay（范文分析）
The three causes of language change mentioned in the above model
essay can be outlined as follows：
effect：Languages are changing constantly．
cause：a．newly established communities
b．the influence
of and interaction with foreign cultures
c．the rapid
development of technology and new systems of communication
本文作者首先点出主题思想：Languages are contantly
changing（表明结果），接着列举了导致发生变化的三大原因，并举例加以说明，使读者对文中的因果关系一清二楚（此篇文章着重强调了语言发展变化的原因）。此外，文中所用的一些转换词语使文章有了明显的连贯性。作者通过“initially…another major cause is…a continuing cause for change is…”这一灵活多变的转换句式巧妙地引出了语言变化的三大原因。因此，文章读起来既连贯一致，又具有较强的说服力。
