1 . ‘Canis lupus ’, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/3746/1 ; ‘Fact Sheet:Gray Wolf’,Defenders of Wildlife , accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.defenders.org/gray-wolf/basic-facts ; ‘Companion Animals’,IFAH , accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.ifaheurope.org/companion-animals/about-pets.html ; ‘Global Review 2013’, World Animal Protection, accessed 20 December 2014, https://www.worldanimalprotection.us.org/sites/default/files/us_files/global_review_2013_0.pdf .
2 . Anthony D. Barnosky, ‘Megafauna Biomass Tradeoff as a Driver of Quaternary and Future Extinctions’,PNAS 105:1 (2008), 11543–8；关于狼和狮子：William J. Ripple et al., ‘Status and Ecological Effects of the World’s Largest Carnivores’,Science 343:6167 (2014), 151；Stanley Coren博士认为世界上有大约5亿条狗：Stanley Coren, ‘How Many Dogs Are There in the World’,Psychology Today , 19 September 2012, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/canine-corner/201209/how-many-dogs-are-there-inthe-world ；关于猫的数目，请见：Nicholas Wade, ‘DNA Traces 5 Matriarchs of 600 Million Domestic Cats’,New York Times , 29 June 2007, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/health/29iht-cats.1.6406020.html ；关于非洲水牛，请见：‘Syncerus caffer’, IUCN Red List of Threa- tened Species, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/21251/0 ；关于牛的数目，请见：David Cottle and Lewis Kahn, ed.,Beef Cattle Production and Trade (Collingwood:Csiro, 2014), 66；关于鸡的数目，请见：‘Live Animals’,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations:Statistical Division , accessed December 20, 2014, http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QA/E ；关于黑猩猩的数目，请见：‘Pan troglodytes’, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/15933/0 .
3 . ‘Living Planet Report 2014’, WWF Global, accessed 20 December 2014, http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/all_publications/living_planet_report/ .
4 . Richard Inger et al., ‘Common European Birds are Declining Rapidly While Less Abundant Species’ Numbers Are Rising’,Ecology Letters 18:1 (2014), 28–36; ‘Live Animals’, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, accessed 20 December 2014, http://faostat.fao.org/site/573/default.aspx#ancor .
5 . Simon L. Lewis and Mark A. Maslin, ‘Defining the Anthropocene’,Nature 519 (2015), 171–80.
6 . Timothy F. Flannery,The Future Eaters:An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and Peoples (Port Melbourne:Reed Books Australia, 1994); Anthony D. Barnosky et al., ‘Assessing the Causes of Late Pleistocene Extinctions on the Continents’,Science 306:5693 (2004), 70–5; Bary W. Brook and David M. J. S. Bowman, ‘The Uncertain Blitzkrieg of Pleistocene Megafauna’,Journal of Biogeography 31:4 (2004), 517–23; Gifford H. Miller et al., ‘Ecosystem Collapse in Pleistocene Australia and a Human Role in Megafaunal Extinction’,Science 309:5732 (2005), 287–90; Richard G. Roberts et al., ‘New Ages for the Last Australian Megafauna:Continent Wide Extinction about 46,000 Years Ago’,Science 292:5523 (2001), 1888–92; Stephen Wroe and Judith Field, ‘A Review of Evidence for a Human Role in the Extinction of Australian Megafauna and an Alternative Explanation’,Quaternary Science Reviews 25:21–2 (2006), 2692–703; Barry W. Brooks et al., ‘Would the Australian Megafauna Have Become Extinct If Humans Had Never Colonised the Continent?Comments on“A Review of the Evidence for a Human Role in the Extinction of Australian Megafauna and an Alternative Explanation”by S. Wroe and J. Field’,Quaternary Science Reviews 26:3–4 (2007), 560–4; Chris S. M. Turney et al., ‘Late-Surviving Megafauna in Tasmania, Australia, Implicate Human Involvement in their Extinction’,PNAS 105:34 (2008), 12150–3; John Alroy, ‘A Multispecies Overkill Simulation of the End-Pleistocene Megafaunal Mass Extinction’,Science 292:5523 (2001), 1893–6; J. F. O’Connel and J. Allen, ‘Pre-LGM Sahul (Australia-New Guinea) and the Archaeology of Early Modern Humans’, inRethinking the Human Evolution:New Behavioral and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans , ed. Paul Mellars (Cambridge:McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2007), 400–1.
7 . Graham Harvey,Animism:Respecting the Living World (Kent Town:Wakefield Press, 2005); Rane Willerslev,Soul Hunters:Hunting, Animism and Personhood Among the Siberian Yukaghirs (Berkeley:University of California Press, 2007); Elina Helander-Renvall, ‘Animism, Personhood and the Nature of Reality:Sami Perspectives’,Polar Record 46:1 (2010), 44–56; Istvan Praet, ‘Animal Conceptions in Animism and Conservation’, inRoutledge Handbook of HumanAnimal Studies , ed. Susan McHaugh and Garry Marvin (New York:Routledge, 2014), 154–67; Nurit Bird-David, ‘Animism Revisited:Personhood, Environment, and Relational Epistemology’,Current Anthropology 40 (1999): s67–91; N. BirdDavid, ‘Animistic Epistemology:Why Some Hunter-Gatherers Do Not Depict Animals’,Ethnos 71:1 (2006):33–50.
8 . Danny Naveh, ‘Changes in the Perception of Animals and Plants with the Shift to Agricultural Life:What Can Be Learnt from the Nayaka Case, A HunterGatherer Society from the Rain Forests of Southern India?’[in Hebrew],Animals and Society , 52 (2015):7–8.
9 . Howard N. Wallace, ‘The Eden Narrative’,Harvard Semitic Monographs 32 (1985), 147–81.
10 . David Adams Leeming and Margaret Adams Leeming,Encyclopedia of Creation Myths (Santa Barbara:ABC-CLIO, 1994), 18; Sam D. Gill,Storytracking:Texts, Stories, and Histories in Central Australia (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1998); Emily Miller Bonney, ‘Disarming the Snake Goddess:A Reconsideration of the Faience Figures from the Temple Repositories at Knossos’,Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 24:2 (2011), 171–90; David Leeming,The Oxford Companion to World Mythology (Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press, 2005), 350.
11 . Jerome H. Barkow, Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, ed.,The Adapted Mind:Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1992); Richard W. Bloom and Nancy Dess, ed.,Evolutionary Psychology and Violence:A Primer for Policymakers and Public Policy Advocates (Westport:Praeger, 2003); Charles Crawford and Catherine Salmon, ed.,Evolutionary Psychology, Public Policy and Personal Decisions (New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2008); Patrick McNamara and David Trumbull,An Evolutionary Psychology of Leader –Follower Relations (New York:Nova Science, 2007); Joseph P. Forgas, Martie G. Haselton and William von Hippel, ed.,Evolution and the Social Mind:Evolutionary Psychology and Social Cognition (New York:Psychology Press, 2011).
12 . S. Held, M. Mendl, C. Devereux and R. W. Byrne, ‘Social tactics of pigs in a competitive foraging the task: the“informed forager”paradigm’,Animal Behaviour 59:3 (2000), 569–76; S. Held, M. Mendl, C. Devereux and R. W. Byrne, ‘Studies in social cognition: from primates to pigs’,Animal Welfare 10 (2001), s209–17; H. B. Graves, ‘Behavior and ecology of wild and feral swine (Sus scrofa )’,Journal of Animal Science 58:2 (1984), 482–92; A. Stolba and D. G. M. WoodGush, ‘The behaviour of pigs in a semi-natural environment’,Animal Production 48:2 (1989), 419–25; M. Spinka, ‘Behaviour in pigs’, in P. Jensen (ed.),The Ethology of Domestic Animals , 2nd edition (Wallingford, UK:CAB International, 2009), 177–91; P. Jensen and D. G. M. Wood-Gush, ‘Social interactions in a group of free-ranging sows’,Applied Animal Behaviour Science 12 (1984), 327–37; E. T. Gieling, R. E. Nordquist and F. J. van der Staay, ‘Assessing learning and memory in pigs’,Animal Cognition 14 (2011), 151–73.
13 . I. Horrell and J. Hodgson, ‘The bases of sow-piglet identification.2.Cues used by piglets to identify their dam and home pen’,Applied Animal Behavior Science , 33 (1992), 329–43; D. M. Weary and D. Fraser, ‘Calling by domestic piglets:Reliable signals of need?’,Animal Behaviour 50:4 (1995), 1047–55; H. H. Kristensen et al., ‘The use of olfactory and other cues for social recognition by juvenile pigs’,Applied Animal Behaviour Science 72 (2001), 321-–33.
14 . M. Helft, ‘Pig video arcades critique life in the pen’,Wired , 6 June 1997, http://archive.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/1997/06/4302 retrieved 27 January 2016.
15 . Humane Society of the United States, ‘An HSUS Report:Welfare Issues with Gestation Crates for Pregnant Sows’, February 2013, http://www.humanesociety.org/assets/pdfs/farm/HSUS-Report-on-Gestation-Crates-forPregnant-Sows.pdf , retrieved 27 January 2016.
16 . Turnbull and Solms,Brain and the Inner World , 90–2.
17 . David Harel,Algorithmics:The Spirit of Computers , 3rd edn [in Hebrew] (Tel Aviv:Open University of Israel, 2001), 4–6; David Berlinski,The Advent of the Algorithm:The 300-Year Journey from an Idea to the Computer (San Diego:Harcourt, 2000); Hartley Rogers Jr,Theory of Recursive Functions and Effective Computability , 3rd edn (Cambridge, MA and London:MIT Press, 1992), 1–5; Andreas Blass and Yuri Gurevich, ‘Algorithms:A Quest for Absolute Definitions’,Bulletin of European Association for Theoretical Computer Science 81 (2003), 195–225; Donald E, Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming , 2nd edn (New Jersey:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1973).
18 . Daniel Kahneman,Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York:Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2011); Dan Ariely,Predictably Irrational (New York:Harper, 2009).
19 . Justin Gregg,Are Dolphins Really Smart?The Mammal Behind the Myth (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2013), 81–7; Jaak Panksepp, ‘Affective Consciousness:Core Emotional Feelings in Animals and Humans’,Consciousness and Cognition 14:1 (2005), 30–80.
20 . A. S. Fleming, D. H. O’Day and G. W. Kraemer, ‘Neurobiology of Mother–Infant Interactions:Experience and Central Nervous System Plasticity Across Development and Generations’,Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 23:5 (1999), 673–85; K. D. Broad, J. P. Curley and E. B. Keverne, ‘Mother–Infant Bonding and the Evolution of Mammalian Relationship’,Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 361:1476 (2006), 2199–214; Kazutaka Mogi, Miho Nagasawa and Takefumi Kikusui, ‘Developmental Consequences and Biological Significance of Mother-Infant Bonding’,Progress in NeuroPsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 35:5 (2011), 1232–41; Shota Okabe et al., ‘The Importance of Mother–Infant Communication for Social Bond Formation in Mammals’,Animal Science Journal 83:6 (2012), 446–52.
21 . Jean O’Malley Halley,Boundaries of Touch:Parenting and Adult –Child Intimacy (Urbana:University of Illinois Press, 2007), 50–1; Ann Taylor Allen,Feminism and Motherhood in Western Europe, 1890 –1970:The Maternal Dilemma (New York:Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 190.
22 . Lucille C. Birnbaum, ‘Behaviorism in the 1920s’,American Quarterly 7:1 (1955), 18.
23 . US Department of Labor (1929), ‘Infant Care’, Washington:United States Government Printing Office, http://www.mchlibrary.info/history/chbu/3121–1929.PDF .
24 . Harry Harlow and Robert Zimmermann, ‘Affectional Responses in the Infant Monkey’,Science 130:3373 (1959), 421–32; Harry Harlow, ‘The Nature of Love’,American Psychologist 13 (1958), 673–85; Laurens D. Young et al., ‘Early Stress and Later Response to Sepration in Rhesus Monkeys’,American Journal of Psychiatry 130:4 (1973), 400–5; K. D. Broad, J. P. Curley and E. B. Keverne, ‘Mother–Infant Bonding and the Evolution of Mammalian Social Relationships’,Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Soceity B 361:1476(2006), 2199–214; Florent Pittet et al., ‘Effects of Maternal Experience on Fearfulness and Maternal Behavior in a Precocial Bird’,Animal Behavior 85:4(2013), 797–805.
25 . Jacques Cauvin,The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2000); Tim Ingord, ‘From Trust to Domination:An Alternative History of Human–Animals Relations’, inAnimals and Human Society:Changing Perspectives , ed. Aubrey Manning and James Serpell (New York:Routledge, 2002), 1–22; Roberta Kalechofsky, ‘Hierarchy, Kinship and Responsibility’, inA Communion of Subjects:Animals in Religion, Science and Ethics , ed. Kimberley Patton and Paul Waldau (New York:Columbia University Press, 2006), 91–102; Nerissa Russell,Social Zooarchaeology:Humans and Animals in Prehistory (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2012), 207–58; Margo DeMello,Animals and Society:An Introduction to Human –Animal Studies (New York:University of Columbia Press, 2012).
26 . Olivia Lang, ‘Hindu Sacrifice of 250,000 Animals Begins’,Guardian , 24 November 2009, accessed 21 December 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/24/hindu-sacrifice-gadhimai-festival-nepal .
27 . Benjamin R. Foster, ed.,The Epic of Gilgamesh (New York, London:W. W. Norton, 2001), 90.
28 . Noah J. Cohen,Tsa ’ar Ba ’ale Hayim:Prevention of Cruelty to Animals:Its Bases, Development and Legislation in Hebrew Literature (Jerusalem, New York:Feldheim Publishers, 1976); Roberta Kalechofsky,Judaism and Animal Rights:Classical and Contemporary Responses (Marblehead:Micah Publications, 1992); Dan Cohen-Sherbok, ‘Hope for the Animal Kingdom:A Jewish Vision’, inA Communion of Subjects:Animals in Religion, Science and Ethics , ed. Kimberley Patton and Paul Waldau (New York:Columbia University Press, 2006), 81–90; Ze’ev Levi, ‘Ethical Issues of Animal Welfare in Jewish Thought’, inJudaism and Environmental Ethics:A Reader , ed. Martin D. Yaffe (Plymouth:Lexington, 2001), 321–32; Norm Phelps,The Dominion of Love:Animal Rights According to the Bible (New York:Lantern Books, 2002); Dovid Sears,The Vision of Eden:Animal Welfare and Vegetarianism in Jewish Law Mysticism (Spring Valley:Orot, 2003); Nosson Slifkin,Man and Beast:Our Relationships with Animals in Jewish Law and Thought (New York:Lambda, 2006).
29 . Talmud Bavli, Bava Metzia, 85:71.
30 . Christopher Chapple,Nonviolence to Animals, Earth and Self in Asian Traditions (New York:State University of New York Press, 1993); Panchor Prime,Hinduism and Ecology:Seeds of Truth (London:Cassell, 1992); Christopher Key Chapple, ‘The Living Cosmos of Jainism:A Traditional Science Grounded in Environmental Ethics’,Daedalus 130:4 (2001), 207–24; Norm Phelps,The Great Compassion:Buddhism and Animal Rights (New York:Lantern Books, 2004); Damien Keown,Buddhist Ethics:A Very Short Introduction (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2005), ch. 3; Kimberley Patton and Paul Waldau, ed.,A Communion of Subjects:Animals in Religion, Science and Ethics (New York:Columbia University Press, 2006), esp.179–250; Pragati Sahni,Environmental Ethics in Buddhism:A Virtues Approach (New York:Routledge, 2008); Lisa Kemmerer and Anthony J. Nocella II, ed.,Call to Compassion:Reflections on Animal Advocacy from the World ’s Religions (New York:Lantern, 2011), esp.15–103; Lisa Kemmerer,Animals and World Religions (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2012), esp.56–126; Irina Aristarkhova, ‘Thou Shall Not Harm All Living Beings:Feminism, Jainism and Animals’,Hypatia 27:3 (2012):636–50; Eva de Clercq, ‘Karman and Compassion:Animals in the Jain Universal History’,Religions of South Asia 7 (2013):141–57.
31 . Naveh, ‘Changes in the Perception of Animals and Plants’, 11.
