1 . ‘Evolution, Creationism, Intelligent Design’, Gallup, accessed 20 December 2014, http://www.gallup.com/poll/21814/evolution-creationism-intelligentdesign.aspx ; Frank Newport, ‘In US, 46 percent Hold Creationist View of Human Origins’, Gallup, 1 June 2012, accessed 21 December 2014, http://www.gallup.com/poll/155003/hold-creationist-view-human-origins.aspx .
2 . Gregg,Are Dolphins Really Smart? , 82–3.
3 . Stanislas Dehaene,Consciousness and the Brain:Deciphering How the Brain Codes Our Thoughts (New York:Viking, 2014); Steven Pinker,How the Mind Works (New York:W. W. Norton, 1997).
4 . Dehaene,Consciousness and the Brain .
5 .有些专家可能会提到哥德尔不完备定理（Gödel’s incompleteness theorem），也就是认为没有任何数学的公理（axiom）系统能够证明所有算术真理，一定会有某些真实的陈述，无法在该系统中证明。而在通俗文学里，有时候就会把这项定理挪用过来，用以说明心灵的存在。照其说法，正是因为有无法证明的事实，所以需要用心灵来处理。只不过，一般人只是想要生存和繁衍，实在看不出来为什么需要与这些神秘的数学真理扯上关系。事实上，我们绝大多数有意识的决定，都与以上这些问题完全无关。
6 . Christopher Steiner,Automate This:How Algorithms Came to Rule Our World (New York:Penguin, 2012), 215; Tom Vanderbilt, ‘Let the Robot Drive:The Autonomous Car of the Future is Here’,Wired , 20 January 2012, accessed 21 December 2014, http://www.wired.com/2012/01/ff_autonomouscars/all/ ; Chris Urmson, ‘The Self-Driving Car Logs More Miles on New Wheels’, Google Official Blog, 7 August 2012, accessed 23 December 2014, http://googleblog.blogspot.hu/2012/08/the-self-driving-car-logs-more-miles-on.html ; Matt Richtel and Conor Dougherty, ‘Google’s Driverless Cars Run Into Problem:Cars With Drivers’,New York Times , 1 September 2015, accessed 2 September 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/02/technology/personaltech/google-says-its-not-the-driverless-carsfault-its-other-drivers.html?_r=1 .
7 . Dehaene,Consciousness and the Brain .
8 . Ibid., ch. 7.
9 . ‘The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness’, 7 July 2012, accessed 21 December 2014, https://web.archive.org/web/20131109230457/ http://fcmconference.org/img/CambridgeDeclarationOnConsciousness.pdf .
10 . John F. Cyran, Rita J. Valentino and Irwin Lucki, ‘Assessing Substrates Underlying the Behavioral Effects of Antidepressants Using the Modified Rat Forced Swimming Test’,Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews , 29:4–5 (2005), 569–74; Benoi t Pe ti t-De mou li ère, F ran k C henu an d Mi che l Bou rin, ‘Fo r ce d S wi m ming Te s t in Mice:A Review of Antidepressant Activity’,Psychopharmacology 177:3 (2005), 245–55; Leda S. B. Garcia et al.,‘Acute Administration of Ketamine Induces Antidepressant-like Effects in the Forced Swimming Test and Increases BDNF Levels in the Rat Hippocampus’,Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 32:1 (2008), 140–4; John F. Cryan, Cedric Mombereau and Annick Vassout, ‘The Tail Suspension Test as a Model for Assessing Antidepressant Activity:Review of Pharmacological and Genetic Studies in Mice’,Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews 29:4–5 (2005), 571–625; James J. Crowley, Julie A. Blendy and Irwin Lucki, ‘Strain-dependent Antidepressant-like Effects of Citalopram in the Mouse Tail Suspension Test’,Psychopharmacology 183:2 (2005), 257–64; Juan C. Brenes, Michael Padilla and Jaime Fornaguera, ‘A Detailed Analysis of OpenField Habituation and Behavioral and Neurochemical Antidepressant-like Effects in Postweaning Enriched Rats’,Behavioral Brain Research 197:1 (2009), 125–37; Juan Carlos Brenes Sáenz, Odir Rodríguez Villagra and Jaime Fornaguera Trías, ‘Factor Analysis of Forced Swimming Test, Sucrose Preference Test and Open Field Test on Enriched, Social and Isolated Reared Rats’,Behavioral Brain Research 169:1 (2006), 57–65.
11 . Marc Bekoff, ‘Observations of Scent-Marking and Discriminating Self from Others by a Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris ):Tales of Displaced Yellow Snow’,Behavioral Processes 55:2 (2011), 75–9.
12 .关于不同程度的自我意识，请参见：Gregg,Are Dolphins Really Smart? , 59–66.
13 . Carolyn R. Raby et al., ‘Planning for the Future by Western Scrub Jays’,Nature 445:7130 (2007), 919–21.
14 . Michael Balter, ‘Stone-Throwing Chimp is Back – And This Time It’s Personal’,Science , 9 May 2012, accessed 21 December 2014, http://news.sciencemag.org/2012/05/stone-throwing-chimp-back-and-time-its-personal ; Sara J. Shettleworth, ‘Clever Animals and Killjoy Explanations in Comparative Psychology’,Trends in Coginitive Sciences 14:11 (2010), 477–81.
15 . Gregg,Are Dolphins Really Smart? ; Nicola S.Clayton, Timothy J. Bussey, and Anthony Dickinson, ‘Can Animals Recall the Past and Plan for the Future?’,Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4:8 (2003), 685–91; William A. Roberts, ‘Are Animals Stuck in Time?’,Psychological Bulletin 128:3 (2002), 473–89; Endel Tulving, ‘Episodic Memory and Autonoesis:Uniquely Human?’, inThe Missing Link in Cognition:Evolution of Self-Knowing Consciousness , ed. Herbert S. Terrace and Janet Metcalfe (Oxford:Oxford University Press), 3–56; Mariam Naqshbandi and William A. Roberts, ‘Anticipation of Future Events in Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus ) and Rats (Rattus norvegicus ):Tests of the Bischof-Kohler Hypothesis’,Journal of Comparative Psychology 120:4 (2006), 345–57.
16 . I. B. A. Bartal, J. Decety and P. Mason, ‘Empathy and Pro-Social Behavior in Rats’,Science 334:6061 (2011), 1427–30;Gregg,Are Dolphins Really Smart? , 89.
17 . Karl Krall,Denkende Tiere: Beiträge zur Tierseelenkunde auf Grund eigener Versuche (Leipzig: F. Engelmann, 1912).
18 . Christopher B. Ruff, Erik Trinkaus and Trenton W. Holliday, ‘Body Mass and Encephalization in PleistoceneHomo ’,Nature 387:6629 (1997), 173–6; Maciej Henneberg and Maryna Steyn, ‘Trends in Cranial Capacity and Cranial Index in Subsaharan Africa During the Holocene’,American Journal of Human Biology 5:4 (1993), 473–9; Drew H. Bailey and David C. Geary, ‘Hominid Brain Evolution:Testing Climatic, Ecological, and Social Competition Models’,Human Nature 20:1 (2009), 67–79; Daniel J. Wescott and Richard L. Jantz, ‘Assessing Craniofacial Secular Change in American Blacks and Whites Using Geometric Morphometry’, inModern Morphometrics in Physical Anthropology:Developments in Primatology:Progress and Prospects , ed. Dennis E. Slice (New York:Plenum Publishers, 2005), 231–45.
19 . See also Edward O. Wilson,The Social Conquest of the Earth (New York:Liveright, 2012).
20 . Cyril Edwin Black, ed.,The Transformation of Russian Society:Aspects of Social Change since 1861 (Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1970), 279.
21 . Tom Gallagher,Theft of a Nation:Romania since Communism (London:Hurst, 2005).
22 . Robin Dunbar,Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language (Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1998).
23 . TVP University, ‘Capuchin monkeys reject unequal pay’, 15 December 2012, accessed 21 December 2014, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKhAd0Tyny0 .
24 . Quoted in Christopher Duffy,Military Experience in the Age of Reason (London:Routledge, 2005), 98–9.
25 . Serhii Ploghy,The Last Empire:The Final Days of the Soviet Union (London:Oneworld, 2014), 309.
26 . ‘RIAN archive 848095 Signing the Agreement to eliminate the USSR and establish the Commonwealth of Independent States’ by RIA Novosti archive, image #848095 / U. Ivanov / CC-BY-SA 3.0.Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg#/media/File:RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg .
