1 .详细讨论请见Michael S. Gazzaniga,Who ’s in Charge?: Free Will and the Science of the Brain (New York:Ecco, 2011).
2 . Chun Siong Soon et al., ‘Unconscious Determinants of Free Decisions in the Human Brain’,Nature Neuroscience 11:5 (2008), 543–5.See also Daniel Wegner,The Illusion of Conscious Will (Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2002); Benjamin Libet, ‘Unconscious Cerebral Initiative and the Role of Conscious Will in Voluntary Action’,Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8 (1985), 529–66.
3 . Sanjiv K. Talwar et al., ‘Rat Navigation Guided by Remote Control’,Nature 417:6884 (2002), 37–8; Ben Harder, ‘Scientists“Drive”Rats by Remote Control’,National Geographic , 1 May 2012, accessed 22 December 2014, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/05/0501_020501_roborats.html ; Tom Clarke, ‘Here Come the Ratbots:Desire Drives Remote-Controlled Rodents’,Nature , 2 May 2002, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.nature.com/news/1998/020429/full/news020429–9.html ; Duncan Graham-Rowe, ‘“Robo-rat”Controlled by Brain Electrodes’,New Scientist , 1 May 2002, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2237–roborat-controlled-by-brain-electrodes.html#.UwOPiNrNtkQ .
4 . http://fusion.net/story/204316/darpa-is-implanting-chips-in-soldiers-brains/ ; http://www.theverge.com/2014/5/28/5758018/darpa-teams-begin-work-on-tinybrain-implant-to-treat-ptsd .
5 . Smadar Reisfeld, ‘Outside of the Cuckoo’s Nest’,Haaretz , 6 March 2015.
6 . Dan Hurley, ‘US Military Leads Quest for Futuristic Ways to Boost IQ’,Newsweek , 5 March 2014, http://www.newsweek.com/2014/03/14/us-militaryleads-quest-futuristic-ways-boost-iq-247945.html , accessed 9 January 2015; Human Effectiveness Directorate, http://www.wpafb.af.mil/afrl/rh/index.asp ; R. Andy McKinley et al., ‘Acceleration of Image Analyst Training with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation’,Behavioral Neuroscience 127:6 (2013):936–46; Jeremy T. Nelson et al., ‘Enhancing Vigilance in Operators with Prefrontal Cortex Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS)’,NeuroImage 85 (2014):909–17; Melissa Scheldrup et al., ‘Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Facilities Cognitive Multi-Task Performance Differentially Depending on Anode Location and Subtask’,Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8 (2014); Oliver Burkeman, ‘Can I Increase my Brain Power?’,Guardian , 4 January 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/jan/04/can-i-increase-my-brain-power , accessed 9 January 2016; Heather Kelly, ‘Wearable Tech to Hack Your Brain’, CNN, 23 October 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/22/tech/innovation/brain-stimulation-tech/ . accessed 9 January 2016.
7 . Sally Adee, ‘Zap Your Brain into the Zone:Fast Track to Pure Focus’,New Scientist , 6 February 2012, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21328501.600–zap-your-brain-into-the-zone-fasttrack-to-pure-focus.html .同时参见：R. Douglas Fields, ‘Amping Up Brain Function:Transcranial Stimulation Shows Promise in Speeding Up Learning’,Scientific American , 25 November 2011, accessed 22 December 2014, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/amping-up-brain-function .
8 . Sally Adee, ‘How Electrical Brain Stimulation Can Change the Way We Think’,The Week, 30 March 2012, accessed 22 December 2014, http://theweek.com/article/index/226196/how-electrical-brain-stimulation-can-change-the-waywe-think/2 .
9 . E. Bianconi et al., ‘An Estimation of the Number of Cells in the Human Body,’Annals of Human Biology 40:6 (2013):463–71.
10 . Oliver Sacks,The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat (London:Picador, 1985), 73–5.
11 . Joseph E. LeDoux, Donald H. Wilson, Michael S. Gazzaniga, ‘A Divided Mind:Observations on the Conscious Properties of the Separated Hemispheres’,Annals of Neurology 2:5 (1977), 417–21.同时参见：D. Galin, ‘Implications for Psychiatry of Left and Right Cerebral Specialization:A Neurophysiological Context for Unconscious Processes’,Archives of General Psychiatry , 31:4 (1974), 572–83; R. W. Sperry, M. S. Gazzaniga and J. E. Bogen, ‘Interhemispheric relationships:The Neocortical Commisures:Syndromes of Hemisphere Disconnection’, inHandbook of Clinical Neurology , ed. P. J. Vinken and G. W. Bruyn (Amsterdam:North Holland Publishing Co., 1969), vol. 4.
12 . Michael S. Gazzaniga,The Bisected Brain (New York:Appleton-CenturyCrofts, 1970); Gazzaniga,Who ’s in Charge? ; Carl Senior, Tamara Russell, and Michael S. Gazzaniga,Methods in Mind (Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2006); David Wolman, ‘The Split Brain:A Tale of Two Halves’,Nature 483 (14 March 2012):260–3.
13 . Galin, ‘Implications for Psychiatry of Left and Right Cerebral Specialization’, 573–4.
14 . Springer and Deutsch,Left Brain, Right Brain, 3rd edn (New York:W. H. Freeman, 1989), 32–6.
15 . Kahneman,Thinking, Fast and Slow , 377–410.同时参见Gazzaniga,Who ’s in Charge? , ch. 3.
16 . Eran Chajut et al., ‘In Pain Thou Shalt Bring Forth Children:The Peak-andEnd Rule in Recall of Labor Pain’,Psychological Science 25:12 (2014), 2266–71.
17 . Ulla Waldenström, ‘Women’s Memory of Childbirth at Two Months and One Year after the Birth’,Birth 30:4 (2003), 248–54; Ulla Waldenström, ‘Why Do Some Women Change Their Opinion about Childbirth over Time?’,Birth 31:2 (2004), 102–7.
18 . Gazzaniga,Who ’s in Charge? , ch. 3.
19 . Jorge Luis Borges,Collected Fictions , translated by Andrew Hurley (New York:Penguin Books, 1999), 308–9.西班牙版本请见：Jorge Luis Borges, ‘Un problema’, inObras completas , vol. 3 (Buenos Aires:Emece Editores, 1968–9), 29–30.
20 . Mark Thompson,The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front, 1915-1919 (New York:Basic Books, 2009).
