1. Gregory R.Woirol, The Technological Unemployment and Structural Unemployment Debates (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1996), 18–20; Amy Sue Bix, Inventing Ourselves out of Jobs? America’s Debate over Technological Unemployment, 1929–1981 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,2000), 1–8; Joel Mokyr, Chris Vickers and Nicolas L.Ziebarth, ‘The History of Technological Anxiety and the Future of Economic Growth: Is This Time Different?’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 29:3 (2015), 33–42; Joe Mokyr,The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 2002), 255–7; David H.Autor, ‘Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and the Future of Workplace Automation’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 29:3 (2015), 3–30; Melanie Arntz, Terry Gregory and Ulrich Zierahn, ‘The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries’, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 89 (2016); Mariacristina Piva and Marco Vivarelli, ‘Technological Change and Employment: Were Ricardo and Marx Right?’, IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Discussion Paper No.10471 (2017).
2. 举例来说，人工智能已在飞行特别是空中战斗中胜过人类：Nicholas Ernest et al., ‘Genetic Fuzzy based Artificial Intelligence for Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle Control in Simulated Air Combat Missions’, Journal of Defense Management 6:1 (2016), 1–7; intelligent tutoring and teaching systems: Kurt Van Lehn, ‘The Relative Effectiveness of Human Tutoring, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, and Other Tutoring Systems’, Educational Psychologist 46:4 (2011), 197–221; algorithmic trading: Giuseppe Nuti et al., ‘Algorithmic Trading’, Computer 44:11 (2011), 61–9; financial planning, portfolio management etc.: Arash Baharammirzaee, ‘A comparative Survey of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Finance: Artificial Neural Networks, Expert System and Hybrid Intelligent Systems’, Neural Computing and Applications 19:8 (2010), 1165–95; analysis of complex data in medical systems and production of diagnosis and treatment: Marjorie Glass Zauderer et al., ‘Piloting IBM Watson Oncology within Memorial Sloan Kettering’s Regional Network’, Journal of Clinical Oncology 32:15 (2014), e17653; creation of original texts in natural language from massive amount of data: Jean-Sébastien Vayre et al., ‘Communication Mediated through Natural Language Generation in Big Data Environments: The Case of Nomao’, Journal of Computer and Communication 5 (2017), 125–48; facialrecognition: Florian Schroff, Dmitry Kalenichenko and James Philbin, ‘Face Net: A Unified Embedding for Face Recognition and Clustering’, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2015), 815–23; and driving: Cristiano Premebida, ‘A Lidar and Vision-based Approach for Pedestrian and Vehicle Detection and Tracking’, 2007 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (2007).
3. Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2011); Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational (New York: Harper, 2009); Brian D.Ripley, Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007); Christopher M.Bishop, Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (New York: Springer, 2007).
4. Seyed Azimi et al., ‘Vehicular Networks for Collision Avoidance at Intersections,’ SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars – Mechanical Systems 4 (2011), 406–16; Swarun Kumar et al., ‘Car Speak: A Content-Centric Network for Autonomous Driving’, SIGCOM Computer Communication Review 42 (2012),259–70; Mihail L.Sichitiu and Maria Kihl, ‘Inter-Vehicle Communication Systems: A Survey’, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials (2008), 10;Mario Gerla, Eun-Kyu Lee and Giovanni Pau, ‘Internet of Vehicles: From Intelligent Grid to Autonomous Cars and Vehicular Clouds’, 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT) (2014), 241–6.
5. World Health Organization, Global status report on road safety 2015 (2016);‘Estimates for 2000–2015, Cause-Specific Mortality’, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html, accessed 6 September 2017.
6. 关于美国车祸的原因调查，参见：Daniel J.Fagnant and Kara Kockelman,‘Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Recommendations’, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 77 (2015), 167–81；全世界大致情况的调查，参见：OECD/ITF, Road Safety Annual Report 2016 (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/irtad-2016-en.
7. Kristofer D.Kusano and Hampton C.Gabler, ‘Safety Benefits of Forward Collision Warning, Brake Assist, and Autonomous Braking Systems in Rear-End Collisions’, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 13:4 (2012), 1546–55; James M.Anderson et al., Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2014), esp.13–15; Daniel J.Fagnant and Kara Kockelman, ‘Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Recommendations’, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 77 (2015), 167–81; Jean-Francois Bonnefon, Azim Shariff and Iyad Rahwan, ‘Autonomous Vehicles Need Experimental Ethics: Are We Ready for Utilitarian Cars?’, arXiv (2015), 1–15.关于车辆如何建立车际网络以避免车祸，参见：Seyed R.Azimi et al., ‘Vehicular Networks for Collision Avoidance at Intersections’, SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars – Mechanical Systems 4:1 (2011), 406–16; Swarun Kumar et al., ‘Car Speak: A Content-Centric Network for Autonomous Driving’, SIGCOM Computer Communication Review 42:4 (2012), 259–70; Mihail L.Sichitiu and Maria Kihl,‘Inter-Vehicle Communication Systems: A Survey’, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 10:2 (2008); Mario Gerla et al., ‘Internet of Vehicles: From Intelligent Grid to Autonomous Cars and Vehicular Clouds’, 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT) (2014), 241–6.
8. Michael Chui, James Manyika and Mehdi Miremadi, ‘Where Machines Could Replace Humans – and Where They Can’t (Yet)’, McKinsey Quarterly (2016), http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/digital-mckinsey/our-insights/where-machines-could-replace-humans-and-where-they-cant-yet, accessed 1 March 2018.
9. Wu Youyou, Michal Kosinski and David Stillwell, ‘Computer-based personality judgments are more accurate than those made by humans’, PANS, vol.112 (2014), 1036–8.
10. Stuart Dredge, ‘AI and music: will we be slaves to the algorithm?’ Guardian, 6 August 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/aug/06/artificialintelligence-and-will-we-be-slaves-to-the-algorithm, accessed 15 October 2017.关于这些方法的综览，参见：Jose David Fernández and Francisco Vico, ‘AI Methods in Algorithmic Composition: A Comprehensive Survey’, Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 48 (2013), 513–82.
11. Eric Topol, The Patient Will See You Now: The Future of Medicine is in Your Hands (New York: Basic Books, 2015); Robert Wachter, The Digital Doctor:Hope, Hype and Harm at the Dawn of Medicine’s Computer Age (New York:McGraw-Hill Education, 2015); Simon Parkin, ‘The Artificially Intelligent Doctor Will Hear You Now’, MIT Technology Review (2016), https://www.technologyreview.com/s/600868/the-artificially-intelligent-doctor-will-hearyou-now/; James Gallagher, ‘Artificial intelligence “as good as cancer doctors”’,BBC, 26 January 2017, http://www.bbc.com/news/health-38717928.
12. Kate Brannen, ‘Air Force’s lack of drone pilots reaching “crisis” levels’,Foreign Policy, 15 January 2015, http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/01/15/airforces-lack-of-drone-pilots-reaching-crisis-levels/.
13. Tyler Cowen, Average is Over: Powering America Beyond the Age of the Great Stagnation (New York: Dutton, 2013); Brad Bush, ‘How combined human and computer intelligence will redefine jobs’, Tech Crunch (2016), https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/01/how-combined-human-and-computer-intelligencewill-redefine-jobs/.
14. Lawrence F.Katz and Alan B.Krueger, ‘The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States, 1995–2015’, National Bureau of Economic Research (2016); Peter H.Cappelli and J.R.Keller, ‘A Study of the Extent and Potential Causes of Alternative Employment Arrangements’, ILR Review 66:4(2013), 874–901; Gretchen M.Spreitzer, Lindsey Cameron and Lyndon Garrett,‘Alternative Work Arrangements: Two Images of the New World of Work’,Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 4(2017), 473–99; Sarah A.Donovan, David H.Bradley and Jon O.Shimabukuru,‘What Does the Gig Economy Mean for Workers?’, Washington DC:Congressional Research Service (2016), https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44365.pdf, accessed 11 February 2018; ‘More Workers Are in Alternative Employment Arrangements’, Pew Research Center, 28 September 2016, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/10/06/the-state-of-american-jobs/st_2016-10-06_jobs-26/, accessed 11 February 2018.
15. David Ferrucci et al., ‘Watson: Beyond Jeopardy!’, Artificial Intelligence 199–200 (2013), 93–105.
16. ‘Google’s AlphaZero Destroys Stockfish in 100-Game Match’, Chess.com,6 December 2017, https://www.chess.com/news/view/google-s-alphazerodestroys-stockfish-in-100-game-match, accessed 11 February 2018; David Silver et al., ‘Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm’, arXiv (2017), https://arxiv.org/pdf/1712.01815.pdf,accessed 2 February 2018; see also Sarah Knapton, ‘Entire Human Chess Knowledge Learned and Surpassed by Deep Mind’s AlphaZero in Four Hours’,Telegraph, 6 December 2017, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2017/12/06/entire-human-chess-knowledge-learned-surpassed-deepminds-alphazero/,accessed 11 February 2018.
17. Cowen, Average is Over, op.cit.; Tyler Cowen, ‘What are humans still good for? The turning point in freestyle chess may be approaching’ (2013), http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2013/11/what-are-humans-stillgood-for-the-turning-point-in-freestyle-chess-may-be-approaching.html.
18. Maddalaine Ansell, ‘Jobs for Life Are a Thing of the Past.Bring On Lifelong Learning’, Guardian, 31 May 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/highereducation-network/2016/may/31/jobs-for-life-are-a-thing-of-the-past-bring-onlifelong-learning.
19. Alex Williams, ‘Prozac Nation Is Now the United States of Xanax’, New York Times, 10 June 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/10/style/anxiety-is-thenew-depression-xanax.html.
20. Simon Rippon, ‘Imposing Options on People in Poverty: The Harm of a Live Donor Organ Market’, Journal of Medical Ethics 40 (2014), 145–50; I.Glenn Cohen, ‘Regulating the Organ Market: Normative Foundations for Market Regulation’, Law and Contemporary Problems 77 (2014); Alexandra K.Glazier,‘The Principles of Gift Law and the Regulation of Organ Donation’, Transplant International 24 (2011), 368–72; Megan McAndrews and Walter E.Block,‘Legalizing Saving Lives: A Proposition for the Organ Market’, Insights to AChanging World Journal 2015, 1–17.
21. James J.Hughes, ‘A Strategic Opening for a Basic Income Guarantee in the Global Crisis Being Created by AI, Robots, Desktop Manufacturing and BioMedicine’, Journal of Evolution & Technology 24 (2014), 45–61; Alan Cottey, ‘Technologies, Culture, Work, Basic Income and Maximum Income’, AI& Society 29 (2014), 249–57.
22. Jon Henley, ‘Finland Trials Basic Income for Unemployed,’ Guardian, 3 January 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/03/finland-trialsbasic-income-for-unemployed, accessed 1 March 2018.
23. ‘Swiss Voters Reject Proposal to Give Basic Income to Every Adult and Child’,Guardian, 5 June 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/05/swissvote-give-basic-income-every-adult-child-marxist-dream.
24. Isabel Hunter, ‘Crammed into squalid factories to produce clothes for the West on just 20p a day, the children forced to work in horrific unregulated workshops of Bangladesh’, Daily Mail, 1 December 2015, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3339578/Crammed-squalid-factories-produce-clothes-West-just20p-day-children-forced-work-horrific-unregulated-workshops-Bangladesh.html, accessed 15 October 2017; Chris Walker and Morgan Hartley, ‘The Culture Shock of India’s Call Centers’, Forbes, 16 December 2012, https://www.forbes.com/sites/morganhartley/2012/12/16/the-culture-shock-of-indiascall-centres/#17bb61d372f5, accessed 15 October 2017.
25. Lauren Gambini, ‘Trump Pans Immigration Proposal as Bringing People from“Shithole Countries”’, Guardian, 12 January 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jan/11/trump-pans-immigration-proposal-as-bringingpeople-from-shithole-countries, accessed 11 February 2018.
26. 环境整体改善时，相对的不平等也可能加剧，此种论点参见：Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013).
27. ‘2017 Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel’, Israel Democracy Institute and Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies (2017), https://en.idi.org.il/articles/20439, accessed 1 January 2018; Melanie Lidman, ‘As ultra-Orthodox women bring home the bacon, don’t say the F-word’, Times of Israel, 1 January 2016, https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-ultra-orthodox-women-bring-home-the-bacon-dont-say-the-f-word/, accessed 15 October 2017.
28. Melanie Lidman, ‘As ultra-Orthodox women bring home the bacon, don’t say the F-word’, Times of Israel, 1 January 2016, https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-ultra-Orthodox-women-bring-home-the-bacon-dont-say-the-f-word/, accessed 15 October 2017; ‘Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel’, Israel Democracy Institute and Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies 18(2016), https://en.idi.org.il/media/4240/shnaton-e_8-9-16_web.pdf, accessed 15 October 2017.在经济合作与发展组织（OECD）最近调查的38个经济体中，以色列的快乐指数排名第11，参见：‘Life Satisfaction’, OECD Better Life Index, http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/life-satisfaction/, accessed 15 October 2017.
29. ‘2017 Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel’, Israel Democracy Institute and Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies (2017), https://en.idi.org.il/articles/20439, accessed 1 January 2018.
