1. Margaret Thatcher, ‘Interview for Woman’s Own (“no such thing as society”)’, Margaret Thatcher Foundation, 23 September 1987, https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106689, accessed 7 January 2018.
2. Keith Stanovich, Who Is Rational? Studies of Individual Differences in Reasoning (New York: Psychology Press, 1999).
3. Richard Dawkins, ‘Richard Dawkins: We Need a New Party – the European Party’, New Statesman, 29 March 2017, https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/03/richard-dawkins-we-need-new-party-european-party, accessed 1 March 2018.
4. Steven Swinford, ‘Boris Johnson’s allies accuse Michael Gove of “systematic and calculated plot” to destroy his leadership hopes’, Telegraph, 30 June 2016, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/30/boris-johnsons-allies-accuse-michael-gove-of-systematic-and-calc/, accessed 3 September 2017; Rowena Mason and Heather Stewart, ‘Gove’s thunderbolt and Boris’s breaking point: a shocking Tory morning’, Guardian, 30 June 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/30/goves-thunderbolt-boris-johnson-tory-morning, accessed 3 September 2017.
5. James Tapsfield, ‘Gove presents himself as the integrity candidate for Downing Street job but sticks the knife into Boris AGAIN’, Daily Mail, 1 July 2016, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3669702/I-m-not-great-heart-s-right-place-Gove-makes-bizarre-pitch-Downing-Street-admitting-no-charisma-doesn-t-really-want-job.html, accessed 3 September 2017.
6. 2017年，斯坦福大学研究团队推出一项算法，声称只要分析几张你的面部照片，就能够判断你是同性恋还是异性恋，准确率达91%（https://osf.io/zn79k/）。然而，因为这项算法的研发基础是使用网民上传至交友网站的自选相片，有可能反映出来的只是不同文化的理想有何差异。也就是说，并不是同性恋的面部特征真的和异性恋有所不同，只是男同性恋把照片上传到男同性恋交友网站时，心中想符合的那套理想标准并不同于异性恋男性把照片上传到异性恋交友网站想符合的理想标准罢了。
7. David Chan, ‘So Why Ask Me? Are Self-Report Data Really That Bad?’ in Charles E.Lance and Robert J.Vandenberg (eds.), Statistical and Methodological Myths and Urban Legends (New York, London: Routledge, 2009), 309–36; Delroy L.Paulhus and Simine Vazire, ‘The Self-Report Method’ in Richard W.Robins, R.Chris Farley and Robert F.Krueger (eds.), Handbook of Research Methods in Personality Psychology (London, New York: The Guilford Press, 2007), 228–33.
8. Elizabeth Dwoskin and Evelyn M.Rusli, ‘The Technology that Unmasks Your Hidden Emotions’, Wall Street Journal, 28 January 2015, https://www.wsj.com/articles/startups-see-your-face-unmask-your-emotions-1422472398, accessed 6 September 2017.
9. Norberto Andrade, ‘Computers Are Getting Better Than Humans at Facial Recognition’, Atlantic, 9 June 2014, https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/bad-news-computers-are-getting-better-than-we-are-at-facial-recognition/372377/, accessed 10 December 2017; Elizabeth Dwoskin and Evelyn M.Rusli, ‘The Technology That Unmasks Your Hidden Emotions’, Wall Street Journal, 28 June 2015, https://www.wsj.com/articles/startups-see-yourface-unmask-your-emotions-1422472398, accessed 10 December 2017; Sophie K.Scott, Nadine Lavan, Sinead Chen and Carolyn McGettigan, ‘The Social Life of Laughter’, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 18:12 (2014), 618–20.
10. Daniel First, ‘Will big data algorithms dismantle the foundations of liberalism?’,AI & Soc, 10.1007/s00146-017-0733-4.
11. Carole Cadwalladr, ‘Google, Democracy and the Truth about Internet Search’,Guardian, 4 December 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/04/google-democracy-truth-internet-search-facebook, accessed 6 September 2017.
12. Jeff Freak and Shannon Holloway, ‘How Not to Get to Straddie’, Red Land City Bulletin, 15 March 2012, http://www.redlandcitybulletin.com.au/story/104929/how-not-to-get-to-straddie/, accessed 1 March 2018.
13. Michelle McQuigge, ‘Woman Follows GPS; Ends Up in Ontario Lake’, Toronto Sun, 13 May 2016, http://torontosun.com/2016/05/13/woman-follows-gps-endsup-in-ontario-lake/wcm/fddda6d6-6b6e-41c7-88e8-aecc501faaa5, accessed 1 March 2018; ‘Woman Follows GPS into Lake’, News.com.au, 16 May 2016,http://www.news.com.au/technology/gadgets/woman-follows-gps-into-lake/news-story/a7d362dfc4634fd094651afc63f853a1, accessed 1 March 2018.
14. Henry Grabar, ‘Navigation Apps Are Killing Our Sense of Direction.What if They Could Help Us Remember Places Instead?’ Slate, http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2017/07/10/google_and_waze_are_killing_out_sense_of_direction_what_if_they_could_help.html, accessed 6 September 2017.
15. Jean-Francois Bonnefon, Azim Shariff and Iyad Rawhan, ‘The Social Dilemma of Autonomous Vehicles’, Science 352:6293 (2016), 1573–6.
16. Christopher W.Bauman et al., ‘Revisiting External Validity: Concerns about Trolley Problems and Other Sacrificial Dilemmas in Moral Psychology’, Social and Personality Psychology Compass 8:9 (2014), 536–54.
17. John M.Darley and Daniel C.Batson, ‘“From Jerusalem to Jericho”: A Study of Situational and Dispositional Variables in Helping Behavior’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 27:1 (1973), 100–8.
18. Kristofer D.Kusano and Hampton C.Gabler, ‘Safety Benefits of Forward Collision Warning, Brake Assist, and Autonomous Braking Systems in Rear End Collisions’, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 13:4(2012), 1546–55; James M.Anderson et al., Autonomous Vehicle Technology: AGuide for Policymakers (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2014), esp.13–15;Daniel J.Fagnant and Kara Kockelman, ‘Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Recommendations’, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 77 (2015), 167–81.
19. Tim Adams, ‘Job Hunting Is a Matter of Big Data, Not How You Perform at an Interview’, Guardian, 10 May 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/may/10/job-hunting-big-data-interview-algorithms-employees,accessed 6 September 2017.
20. 对此有一场精彩的讨论，参见：Cathy O’Neil, Weapons of Math Destruction:How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy (New York:Crown, 2016)。只要有兴趣了解算法对社会和政治的可能影响，真的不能错过这本著作。
21. Bonnefon, Shariff and Rawhan, ‘Social Dilemma of Autonomous Vehicles’.
22. Vincent C.Müller and Thomas W.Simpson, ‘Autonomous Killer Robots Are Probably Good News’, University of Oxford, Blavatnik School of Government Policy Memo, November 2014; Ronald Arkin, Governing Lethal Behaviour:Embedding Ethics in a Hybrid Deliberative/Reactive Robot Architecture,Georgia Institute of Technology, Mobile Robot Lab, 2007, 1–13.
23. Bernd Greiner, War without Fronts: The USA in Vietnam, trans.Anne Wyburd and Victoria Fern (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 16.关于当时士兵的情绪状况，可参见：Herbert Kelman and V.Lee Hamilton, ‘The My Lai Massacre: A Military Crime of Obedience’ in Jodi O’Brien and David M.Newman (eds.), Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life Reading (Los Angeles: Pine Forge Press, 2010), 13–25.
24. Robert J.Donia, Radovan Karadzic: Architect of the Bosnian Genocide(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).同时参见：Isabella Delpla,Xavier Bougarel and Jean-Louis Fournel, Investigating Srebrenica: Institutions,Facts, and Responsibilities (New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2012).
25. Noel E.Sharkey, ‘The Evitability of Autonomous Robot Warfare’, International Rev.Red Cross 94 (886) 2012, 787–99.
26. Ben Schiller, ‘Algorithms Control Our Lives: Are They Benevolent Rulers or Evil Dictators?’, Fast Company, 21 February 2017, https://www.fastcompany.com/3068167/algorithms-control-our-lives-are-they-benevolent-rulers-or-evildictators, accessed 17 September 2017.
27. Elia Zureik, David Lyon and Yasmeen Abu-Laban (eds.), Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power (London:Routledge, 2011); Elia Zureik, Israel’s Colonial Project in Palestine(London: Routledge, 2015); Torin Monahan (ed.), Surveillance and Security:Technological Politics and Power in Everyday Life (London: Routledge, 2006);Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian, ‘E-Resistance and Technological In/Security in Everday Life: The Palestinian case’, British Journal of Criminology, 52:1 (2012),55–72; Or Hirschauge and Hagar Sheizaf, ‘Targeted Prevention: Exposing the New System for Dealing with Individual Terrorism’, Haaretz, 26 May 2017, https://www.haaretz.co.il/magazine/.premium-1.4124379, accessed 17 September 2017; Amos Harel, ‘The IDF Accelerates the Crisscrossing of the West Bank with Cameras and Plans to Surveille all Junctions’, Haaretz, 18 June 2017, https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/.premium-1.4179886, accessed 17 September 2017; Neta Alexander, ‘This is How Israel Controls the Digital and Cellular Space in the Territories’, 31 March 2016, https://www.haaretz.co.il/magazine/.premium-MAGAZINE-1.2899665, accessed 12 January 2018; Amos Harel, ‘Israel Arrested Hundreds of Palestinians as Suspected Terrorists Due to Publications on the Internet’, Haaretz, 16 April 2017, https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/.premium-1.4024578, accessed 15 January 2018; Alex Fishman,‘The Argaman Era’, Yediot Aharonot, Weekend Supplement, 28 April 2017, 6.
28. Yotam Berger, ‘Police Arrested a Palestinian Based on an Erroneous Translation of “Good Morning” in His Facebook Page’, Haaretz, 22 October 2017, https://www.haaretz.co.il/.premium-1.4528980, accessed 12 January 2018.
29. William Beik, Louis XIV and Absolutism: A Brief Study with Documents (Boston,MA: Bedford/St Martin’s, 2000).
30. O’Neil, Weapons of Math Destruction, op.cit.; Penny Crosman, ‘Can AI Be Programmed to Make Fair Lending Decisions?’, American Banker,27 September 2016, https://www.americanbanker.com/news/can-ai-beprogrammed-to-make-fair-lending-decisions, accessed 17 September 2017.
31. Matt Reynolds, ‘Bias Test to Prevent Algorithms Discriminating Unfairly’, New Scientist, 29 May 2017, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23431195–300-bias-test-to-prevent-algorithms-discriminating-unfairly/, accessed 17 September 2017; Claire Cain Miller, ‘When Algorithms Discriminate’, New York Times, 9 July 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/10/upshot/whenalgorithms-discriminate.html, accessed 17 September 2017; Hannah Devlin,‘Discrimination by Algorithm: Scientists Devise Test to Detect AI Bias’,Guardian, 19 December 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/19/discrimination-by-algorithm-scientists-devise-test-to-detect-ai-bias,accessed 17 September 2017.
32. Snyder, The Road to Unfreedom, op.cit.
33. Anna Lisa Peterson, Being Animal: Beasts and Boundaries in Nature Ethics (New York: Columbia University Press, 2013), 100.
