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2. Pankaj Mishra, From the Ruins of Empire: The Revolt Against the West and the Remaking of Asia (London: Penguin, 2013); Mishra, Age of Anger, op.cit.; Christopher de Bellaigue, The Muslim Enlightenment: The Modern Struggle Between Faith and Reason (London: The Bodley Head, 2017).
3. ‘Treaty Establishing A Constitution for Europe’, European Union, https://europa.eu/european-union/sites/europaeu/files/docs/body/treaty_establishing_a_ constitution_for_europe_en.pdf, accessed 18 October 2017.
4. Phoebe Greenwood, ‘Jerusalem Mayor Battles Ultra-Orthodox Groups over Women-Free Billboards’, Guardian, 15 November 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/15/jerusalem-mayor-battle-orthodox-billboards, accessed 7 January 2018.
5. http://nypost.com/2015/10/01/orthodox-publications-wont-show-hillary-clintons-photo/
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7. Ivan Watson and Pamela Boykoff, ‘World’s Largest Muslim Group Denounces Islamist Extremism’, CNN, 10 May 2016, http://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/10/ asia/indonesia-extremism/index.html, accessed 8 January 2018; Lauren Markoe,‘Muslim Scholars Release Open Letter To Islamic State Meticulously Blasting Its Ideology’, Huffington Post, 25 September 2014, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/24/muslim-scholars-islamic-state_n_5878038.html, accessed 8 January 2018; for the letter, see: ‘Open Letter to Al-Baghdadi’, http://www.lettertobaghdadi.com/, accessed 8 January 2018.
8. Chris Perez, ‘Obama Defends the “True Peaceful Nature of Islam”’, New York Post, 18 February 2015, http://nypost.com/2015/02/18/obama-defends-the-true-peaceful-nature-of-islam/, accessed 17 October 2017; Dave Boyer, ‘Obama Says Terrorists Not Motivated By True Islam’, Washington Times, 1 February 2015,http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/feb/1/obama-says-terrorists-not-motivated-true-islam/, accessed 18 October 2017.
9. De Bellaigue, The Islamic Enlightenment, op.cit.
10. Christopher McIntosh, The Swan King: Ludwig II of Bavaria (London: I.B.Tauris, 2012), 100.
11. Robert Mitchell Stern, Globalization and International Trade Policies(Hackensack: World Scientific, 2009), 23.
12. John K.Thornton, A Cultural History of the Atlantic World, 1250–1820(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 110.
13. Susannah Cullinane, Hamdi Alkhshali and Mohammed Tawfeeq, ‘Tracking a Trail of Historical Obliteration: ISIS Trumpets Destruction of Nimrud’, CNN,14 April 2015, http://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/09/world/iraq-isis-heritage/index.html, accessed 18 October 2017.
14. Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University Press,2001), 36–8.
15. ‘ISIS Leader Calls for Muslims to Help Build Islamic State in Iraq’,CBCNEWS, 1 July 2014, http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/isis-leader-calls-formuslims-to-help-build-islamic-state-in-iraq-1.2693353, accessed 18 October 2017; Mark Townsend, ‘What Happened to the British Medics Who Went to Work for ISIS?’, Guardian, 12 July 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/12/british-medics-isis-turkey-islamic-state, accessed 18 October 2017.
