Babies become social beings through watching their parents, and through interacting with them and the rest of the family and later with others. It is a crucial time to begin teaching by example how people should behave toward one another. Toys that help babies with social development are stuffed animals, animal mobiles and dolls. Even very small babies can socialize with them. The infant will often converse with animals prancing on the crib bumpers or revolving on a mobile. Later, books and opportunities for make-believe and dress-up play also help children to develop social skills.
In the beginning, babies' hand movements are totally random. But within a few months those tiny hands will move with more purpose and control. A mother has a particularly important role in the development of purposeful movement by giving her baby's hands plenty of freedom; rather than keeping them swaddled or tucked under a blanket (except outdoor in cold weather). Researchers suggest providing a variety of objects that are easy for small hands to pick up and manipulate, and that don't require fine dexterity. And since young babies usually won't grasp objects that are directly in front of them, a mother should offer these objects from the side.
Researchers suggest that mothers give babies ample of opportunity for "hands-on " experience with the following:
* Rattles that fit small hands comfortably. Those with two handles or grasping surfaces allow a baby to pass them from hand to hand, an important skill, and those that baby can put their mouth on will help bring relief when teething begins.
* They also suggest mothers use cradle gyms (they fit across a carriage, playpen or crib) that have a variety of parts for baby to grab hold of, spin, pull and poke. Beware of those, however, with strings more than 6 inches long, and take any gym down once your baby is able to sit up.
* Another useful play device is an activity board that requires a wide range of hand movements to operate, many of which your baby won't be able to intentionally maneuver for a while, but some of which even a young infant can set in motion accidentally with a swipe of a hand or foot. Besides the spinning, dialing, pushing, and pressing skills these toys encourage, they also teach the concept of cause and effect.
Questions 16-19
Complete the table below. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 16-19 on your answer sheet.
A play device that helps children to understand the cause and effect of movement is the (16).
Babies learn how to develop social behaviour by playing with (17).
Research shows that learning music and a language are similar in that they both involve (18).
Make believe (19).
Questions 20-24
Choose one phrase A-H from the list of phrases to complete each key point below. Write the appropriate letters A-H in boxes 20-24 on your answer sheet. NB There are more phrases A-H than sentences, so you will not use them all.
List of Phrases
A. Offer it from the side of the baby
B. Improve a child's imagination
C. Have strings more than six inches long
D. Teach cause and effect
E. Play and talk with your child
F. Require fine dexterity skills
G. Build social skills
H. Build pre-reading skills
20. Listening to music can help ...
21. Researchers suggest mothers provide objects that do not ...
22. It is important that cradle gyms do not ...
23. Even if you have no educational qualifications, you should ...
24. If you give an object to a baby you should ...
Questions 25-28
Do the following statements reflect the claims in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 25-28 write:
YES if the statement reflects the writer's claims
NO if the statement contradicts the writer
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage
25. The research lends support to the benefit of private day nurseries.
26. There is no shortage of nurseries, playgroup or school places.
27. Young babies at all ages benefit from mothers who talk and play games with them. 28. The text suggests one key problem with reception classes is lack of staff per child.
READING PASSAGE 3
You are advised to spend about 20 minutes on Questions 29-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3.
World Health Organization Report: MALARIA
Malaria is by far the world's most important tropical parasitic disease, and kills more people than any other communicable disease except tuberculosis. In many developing countries, and in Africa especially, malaria exacts an enormous toll in lives, despite the fact that malaria is a curable disease if promptly diagnosed and adequately treated. The geographical area affected by malaria has shrunk considerably over the past 50 years, but the control is becoming more difficult and gains are being eroded. Increased risk of the disease is linked with changes in land use linked to activities like road building, mining, logging and agricultural and irrigation projects, particularly in "frontier" areas like the Amazon and in S.E Asia. Other causes of its spread include global climatic change, disintegration of health services, armed conflicts and mass movements of refugees.
The emergence of multi-drug resistant strains of parasites is also exacerbating the situation. Malaria is re-emerging in areas where it was previously under control or eradicated. Malaria is a public health problem today in more than 90 countries, inhabited by a total of some 2, 400 million people—40% of the world 's population. Worldwide prevalence of the disease is estimated to be in the order of 300-500 million clinical cases each year. More than 90% of all malaria cases are in sub-Saharan Africa. Mortality due to malaria is estimated to be over 1million deaths each year. The vast majority of deaths occur among young children in Africa, especially in remote rural areas with poor access to health services. Other high-risk groups are women during pregnancy, and non-immune travellers, refugees, displaced persons and labourers entering endemic areas.
Malaria epidemics relate to political upheavals, economic difficulties, and en vironmental problems. Transmission of malaria is affected by climate and geography, and often coincides with the rainy season. More than any other disease, malaria hits the poor. Costs to countries include costs for control and lost workdays—estimated to be 1-5% of GPD in Africa. For the individual, costs include the price of treatment and prevention, and lost income. Rural communities are part icularly affected. The rainy season is often a time of intense agricultural activity, when poor families earn most of their annual income. Malaria can make these families even poorer. In absolute numbers, malaria kills 3,000 children per day under five years of age. It is a death toll that far exceeds the mortality rat e from AIDS. African children under five years of age are chronic victims of mal aria, and fatally afflicted children often die less than 72 hours after developing symptoms. In those children who survive, malaria also drains vital nutrients from children, impairing their physical and intellectual development. Yet protection of children can often be easy. Randomised control trials show that about 3 0 per cent of child deaths could be avoided if children slept under bed nets regularly treated with recommended insecticides such as pyrethroids. Unlike early insecticides such as DDT, pyrethroids are derived from a naturally occurring substance, PYRETHRUM, found in chrysanthemums and will remain effective for 6 to 12months.
The estimated costs of malaria, in terms of strains on the health systemsand economic activity lost, are enormous. In affected countries, as many as 3 in 10 hospital beds are occupied by victims of malaria. In Africa, where malariareaches a peak at harvest time and hits young adults especially hard, a single bout o f the disease costs an estimated equivalent of 10 working days. Research indicates that affected families clear only 40 per cent of land for crops compared with healthy families. The direct and indirect costs of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa exceed $2 billion, according to 1997 estimates. According to UNICEF, the average cost for each nation in Africa to implement malaria control programmes is estimated to be at least $300,000 a year. This amounts to about six US cents ($0.06) per person for a country of 5 million people.
In malaria-endemic parts of the world, a change in the risk of malaria can be the unintended result of economic activity or agricultural policy that changes the use of land (e.g. creation of dams, irrigation schemes, commercial tree cropping and deforestation).
"Global warming" and other climatic phenomena such as "El Nio" also play their role in increasing the risk of the disease. The disease has now spread to highland areas of Africa, for example, while El Nio has an impact on malaria because the associated weather disturbances influence vector breeding sites, and hencetransmission of the disease. Many areas have experienced dramatic increases in the incidence of malaria during extreme weather events correlated to El Nio. More over, outbreaks may not only be larger, but more severe, as the populations affected may not have high levels of immunity. Quantitative leaps in malaria incidence coincident with ENSO (El Ni/Southern Oscillation) events have been recorded around the world.
Prevention of malaria encompasses a variety of measures that may protect against infection or against the development of the disease in infected individuals. Measures that protect against infection are directed against the mosquito vector. These can be personal (individual or household) protection measures e.g., protective clothing, repellents, bed nets, or community/population protection measures e.g., use of insecticides or environmental management to control transmission . Measures that protect against the disease but not against infection include chemoprophylaxis.
In spite of drug resistance, malaria is a curable disease, not an inevitable burden. Although there are only a limited number of drugs, if these are used properly and targeted to those at greatest risk, malaria disease and deaths can be reduced, as has been shown in many countries. Disease management through early diagnosis and prompt treatment is fundamental to malaria control. It is a basic right of affected populations and needs to be available wherever malaria occurs. Children and pregnant women, on whom malaria has its greatest impact in most parts of the world, are especially important.
Malaria control is everybody's business and everybody should contribute to it, including community members and people working in education, environment, water supply, sanitation and community development. It must be an integral part of national health development and community action, for control must be sustained and supported by intersectoral collaboration at all levels and by monitoring, training and evaluation, as well as by operational and basic research.
Questions 29-33
Classify the following descriptions as referring to
Sub-Saharan Africa SA
Malaria epidemics ME
Malaria fatalities MF
Rural communities RC
Cost of malaria CM
Disease management DM
The Amazon AZ
Write the appropriate letters in boxes 29-33 on your answer sheet.
NB: you may use any answer more than once.
29. An area that is the worst for malaria.
30. These are often greater in areas suffering from climate change.
31. High after malaria takes effect but not so high if any measures are taken.
32. The area that is hit hard because it relies so much on labour.
33. This area is at risk because of land use activities.
Questions 34-35
Circle the correct answers to questions 34-35.
34. The reason that Malaria is such a devastating disease is because
A. it is incurable.
B. the geographical area affected by malaria has grown.
C. it affects so many people, particularly the poor.
D. it kills more people than any other disease in Africa.
35. In Africa, malaria reaches its highest point during
A. wars.
B. the hot part of the summer.
C. rainy days.
D. harvest time.
Questions 36-40
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? Write your answers in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.
YES if the statement agrees with the information
NO if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in thepassage
36. Malaria will take a great deal of resources to combat, though it will save money in the long run.
37. Some strains of malaria cannot be treated with standard drugs.
38. Global warming and El Nio are causes of malaria.
39. The biggest reason rural places are hardest hit is lack of medicine.
40. Chemoprophylaxis is not a protection against the disease.
阅读理解全真模拟试题二
INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH LANGUAGE
TESTING SYSTEM
ACADEMIC READING
TEST 2
TIME ALLOWED：1 hour
NUMBER OF QUESTIONS：40
Instructions
WRITE ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE ANSWER SHEET
The test is in 3 sections:
Reading Passage 1 Questions 1 -14
Reading Passage 2 Questions 15-27
Reading Passage 3 Questions 28-40
Remember to answer all the questions. If you are having trouble with a question, skip it and return to it later.
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Twist in the Tale
A Less than three years ago, doom merchants were predicting that the growth in video games and the rise of the Internet would sound the death knell for children's literature. But contrary to popular myth, children are reading more books than ever. A recent survey by Books Marketing found that children up to the age of 11 read on average for four hours a week, particularly girls.
B Moreover, the children's book market, which traditionally was seen as a poor cousin to the more lucrative and successful adult market, has come into its own. Publishing houses are now making considerable profits on the back of new children's books and children's authors can now command significant advances. "Children's books are going through an incredibly fertile period, "says Wendy Cooling, a children's literature consultant. "There's a real buzz around them. Book clubs are happening, sales are good, and people are much more willing to listen to children's authors."
C The main growth area has been the market for eight to fourteen-year-olds, and there is little doubt that the boom has been fuelled by the bespectacled apprentice, Harry Potter. So influential has J.K. Rowling's series of books been that they have helped to make reading fashionable for pre-teens. “Harry ma de it OK to be seen on a bus reading a book," says Cooling. “To a child, that is important.” The current buzz around the publication of the fourth Harry Potter beats anything in the world of adult literature.
