Physicians were given positions in governmental medical service only after passing qualifying examinations. They were remunerated in accordance with the number of cures they had effected during the past year.
In 723 Emperor Xuanzong personally composed a general formulary of prescriptions recommended to him by one of his imperial pharmacists and sent it to all the provincial medical schools. An Arabic traveller, who visited China in 851, noted with surprise that prescriptions from the emperor's formulary were publicised on notice boards at crossroads to enhance the welfare of the population.
The government took care to protect the general populace from potentially harmful medical practice. The Tang legal code was the first in China to include laws concerned with harmful and heterodox medical practices. For example, to treat patients for money without adhering to standard procedures was defined as fraud combined with theft and had to be tried in accordance with the legal statutes on theft. If such therapies resulted in the death of a patient, the healer was to bebanished for two and a half years. In case a physician purposely failed to practice according to the standards, he was to be tried in accordance with the statutes on premeditated homicide. Even if no harm resulted, he was to be sentenced tosixty strokes with a heavy cane.
In fact, physicians practising during the Tang era had access to a wealth of pharmaceutical and medical texts, their contents ranging from purely pragmatic advice to highly sophisticated theoretical considerations. Concise descriptions of the position, morphology, and functions of the organs of the human body stood side by side in libraries with books enabling readers to calculate the daily, seasonal and annual climatic conditions of cycles of sixty years and to understand an d predict their effects on health.
Several Tang authors wrote large collections of prescriptions, continuing a literary tradition documented since the 2nd century BC. The two most outstanding works to be named here were those by Sun Simiao (581-682?) and Wang Tao (670-755). The latter was a librarian who copied more than six thousand formulas, categorised in 1,104 sections, from sixty-five older works and published them under the title Waitai miyao. Twenty-four sections, for example, were devoted to ophthalmology. They reflect the Indian origin of much Chinese knowledge on ailments of the eye and, in particular, of cataract surgery.
Sun Simiao was the most eminent physician and author not only of the Tang Dynasty, but of the entire first millennium AD. He was a broadly educated intellectua land physician; his world view integrated notions of all three of the major currents competing at his time—Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism. Sun Simiao gainedfame during his lifetime as a clinician (he was summoned to the imperial courtat least once) and as author of the Worth Thousands in Gold (Qianjinfang) an d its sequel. In contrast to developments in the 12th century, physicians reliedon prescriptions and single substances to treat their patients' illnesses. Thetheories of systematic correspondences, characteristic of the acupuncture tradit ion, had not been extended to cover pharmacology yet.
Sun Simiao rose to the pantheon of Chinese popular Buddhism in about the 13th century. He was revered as paramount Medicine God. He gained this extraordinary position in Chinese collective memory not only because he was an outstanding clinician and writer, but also for his ethical concerns. Sun Simiao was the first Chinese author known to compose an elaborate medical ethical code. Even though base d on Buddhist and Confucian values, his deontology is comparable to the Hippocratic Oath. It initiated a debate on the task of medicine, its professional obligations, social position and moral justification that continued until the arrival of Western medicine in the 19th century.
Despite or—more likely—because of its longlasting affluence and political stability, the Tang Dynasty did not add any significantly new ideas to the interpretation of illness, health and healing. Medical thought reflects human anxieties; changes in medical thought always occur in the context of new existential fears or of fundamentally changed social circumstances. Nevertheless, medicine wasamost fascinating ingredient of Tang civilisation and it left a rich legacy to s ubsequent centuries.
Questions 28-30
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 28-30 on your answersheet.
28. In the first paragraph, the writer draws particular attention to
A. the lack of medical knowledge in China prior to the Tang era.
B. the Western interest in Chinese medicine during the Tang era.
C. the systematic approach taken to medical issues during the Tang era.
D. the rivalry between Chinese and Western cultures during the Tang era.
29. During the Tang era, a government doctor's annual salary depended upon
A. the effectiveness of his treatment.
B. the extent of his medical experience.
C. the number of people he had successfully trained.
D. the breadth of his medical expertise.
30. Which of the following contravened the law during the Tang era?
A. a qualified doctor's refusal to practise
B. the use of unorthodox medical practices
C. a patient dying under medical treatment
D. the receipt of money for medical treatment
Questions 31-37
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 31-37 on your answer sheet write.
YES if the statement agrees with the information
NO if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage
31. Academic staff sometimes taught a range of medical subjects during the Tang era.
32. The medical knowledge available during the Tang era only benefited the wealthy.
33. Tang citizens were encouraged to lead a healthy lifestyle.
34. Doctors who behaved in a fraudulent manner were treated in the same way as ordinary criminals during the Tang era.
35. Medical reference books published during the Tang era covered practical and academic issues.
36. Waitai miyao contained medical data from the Tang era.
37. Chinese medical authors are known to have influenced Indian writing.
Questions 38-40
Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading Passage 3.
Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.
The first known medical writing in China dates back to the 38.
During the Tang era, doctors depended most on 39 and...to treat their patients. 40 is famous for producing a set of medical rules for Chinese physicians.
第六部分 练习答案
第一部分：阅读理解学前自测试题
1. E
2. A
3. F
4. B
5. D
6. C
7. lawsuits
8. pulmonary embolism
9. immobile
10. iceberg
11. cramped conditions
12. precautionary measures
13. Support stockings
14. E
15. D
16. H
17. F
18. C
19. G
20. YES
21. NO
22. NO
23. A
24. C
25. B
26. D
27. ii
28. vii
29. viii
30. iv
31. x
32. vi
33. I
34. C
35. A
36. D
37. A
38. rash
39. condominium
40. barracks
第二部分：阅读理解专项练习
专项练习一 LIST OF HEADINGS
练习一
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. C
练习二
1. ii
2. vi
3. iii
4. iv
练习三
1. C
2. I
3. B
4. A
练习四
1. x
2. viii
3. v
4. iii
5. vii
6. ii
7. I
专项练习二MATCHING
练习一
1. SK-2
2. DW
3. SK-1
4. DO
5. C
6. PW
7. DW
8. PW
练习二
1. F & A
2. K & D
3. L & J
练习三
1. GM
2. R
3. F
4. R
5. SC
6. R
练习四
1. C
2. G
3. A
4. F
5. D
6. B/E
专项练习三SUMMARY
练习一
1. Tucson
2. Mexico
3. standardized coding form
4. census / information from census
5. principles
6. methodology
7. landfills / excavation of landfills
8. A
9. B
10. A
11. A
练习二
1. 8
2. shape and color (either order)
3. seeds
练习三
1. Queensland nut
2. selection//hybridization//improvement// breeding
3. (native) raspberry
练习四
1. need
2. legislation
3. resources
4. environmental audits
5. independent
6. assessed
专项练习四T/F/NG
练习一
a. T b. T c. NG d. F e. F f. F g.NG h.F i. NG j. NG
练习二
a. F b. F c. T d. T e. NG f. T g. T h. NG i. F j. T k. F
练习三
a. F b. NG c. T d. F e. T f. T g. F h. T i. F j. T
练习四
a. T b. NG c. NG d. F e. NG f. Fg. T h. T i. NG j. F
练习五
a. F b. F c. T d. NG e. T f. NG g. T h. T
练习六
1. N 2. NG 3. N 4. N 5. Y 6.Y 7.NG
专项练习五FLOW CHART & TABLE COMPLETION
练习一
1. controlling temperature//maintaining low temperatures//cooler temperatures
2. water content
3. age (more) slowly
4. tropical
练习二
1-3. (the) media; prison officials; overseas studies (any order)
4-5. job applications; insurance applications (any order)
6. newspaper articles
7-8.train timetables; bank accounts (either order)
9. E
10. F
11. C
12. 2/two
13. 1/one
14. A
15. C
专项练习六LONGER EXERCISES
练习一
1. communication
2. telephone
3. civilized
4. weather // climate
5. November
6. D
7. B
8. A
9. C
10. C
11. E
12. A
13. D
14. humor
15. Avomine
16. interview
练习二
1. scientists
2. science
3. fields
4. co-operation / collaboration
5. observations
6. dinosaurs
7. conservation programme
8. acknowledge
9. B
10. A
11. D
12. B
13. C
练习三
1. D
2. B
3. D
4. B
5. C
6. A
7. C
8. D
9. A
10. F
11. H
12. I
13. G
练习四
1. B
2. A
3. D
4. C
5. PR
6. CO
7. SL
8. NL
9. Y
10. N
11. NG
12. NG
13. N
14. Y
第五部分：阅读理解全真模拟试题
阅读理解全真模拟试题一
1. C
2. F
3. E
4. D
5. A
6. G
7. military
8. shorter
9. water
10. bounce/reflect
11. conduction
12. NOT GIVEN
13. NO
14. NOT GIVEN (although they didn't have many customers)
15. NOT GIVEN
16. activity board
17. stuffed animal toys
18. social development
19. develop social skill
20. H
21. F
22. C
23. E
24. A
25. NO
26. NO(one for every 4-year-old child)
27. NOT GIVEN (the study only mentions 3 and 5-year-olds)
28. YES
29. SA
30. ME or MF
31. CM
32. RC
33. AZ
34. C
35. D
36. NO
37. YES
38. NO (but they facilitate them)
39. NOT GIVEN
40. NO (it does not prevent infection)
阅读理解全真模拟试题二
1. D
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. D
6. B
7. A
8. 8-14 years / yrs/ (year-olds)
9. Orion
10. J. K. Rowling
11. D
12. H
13. C
14. A
15. x
16. iv
17. i
18. viii
19. ix
20. vi
21. ii
22. F
23. G
24. C
25. E
26. A
27. D
28. C
29. A
30. B
31. Yes
32. No
33. Yes
34. Yes
35. Yes
36. NG
37. NG
38. 200 B.C/2nd century B.C
39. prescriptions/single substances(either order)
40. Sun Simiao
附录IELTS正确解题数与分数段换算表
听力
正确题数 分数段
1 1
2-3 2
4-9 3
10-16 4
17-24 5
25-32 6
33-37 7
38-39 8
40 9
学术类阅读
正确题数 分数段
1 1
2-3 2
4-9 3
10-15 4
16-22 5
23-28 6
29-35 7
36-39 8
40 9
普通培训类阅读
正确题数 分数段
1-2 1
3-5 2
6-11 3
12-17 4
18-25 5
26-34 6
35-37 7
38-39 8
40 9
雅思学术类阅读理解
Tips and Hints to Help You Raise Your Score
At first glance, the reading comprehension section of the IELTS examination may seem difficult, nearly impossible. The test is filled with a startling amount of concrete data and lots of very specific terminology. At first this may all seem very scary. Yet, the IELTS test is in fact very simple. You see, although specific passages and questions may change, there is a formula to how the IELTS test is made. Once you begin to understand a few basic principles—the so-called "golden rules"—taking the IELTS no longer seems difficult at all.
After you understand these basic rules and begin to apply them, you can quickly and easily raise your test score. Our goal then is to reveal these principles and help you master the IELTS.
Ⅰ. Article Choice
Primarily, we should briefly discuss the sorts of articles used in the IELTS exam. The articles of the IELTS examination all have a business, social science, or hard science focus. IELTS test makers love to choose very, very specific topics. Perhaps the students will have no background knowledge in these topics. Yet, as we shall see later, there is no need for such knowledge. In fact, if you try to rely on your background knowledge while answering IELTS questions, you will often find yourself in trouble. So if you encounter a topic you know little about, do not worry. Soon you will know how to deal with such a topic and make the correct answer.
Additionally, the IELTS test makers love to fill their test passages with a lot of numbers, dates, and special terminology. IELTS tests are extremely specific. This may seem overwhelming to the test taker. But as we shall soon find out, these dates, numbers, and data results are actually our tools. These are our friends. You do not need to memorize or master the entire content of an IELTS article. In fact, since the IELTS test makers like to focus their attention on specific details, there is little need to understand the "main idea" of the reading passages. Most questions are related to specific information written explicitly in the text. The answers are all right there before you! There is little need to reason on your own. Once you know how to read properly, finding these answers becomes extremely easy. Once the answers are located, the test should pose no trouble at all，and your score will rise.
