第十章 PERSONIFICATION，ZOOSEMY，ONOMATOPOEIA.4
6. Generally speaking, more polite or more pleasant terms are used in our daily life, e.g. “handicapped” for “crippled”, “senior citizens” for “old peole”, “hair stylists” for “barbers”, etc.; however, the above tendency has just been reversed nowadays, as such ugly terms “raped”, “syphilis” and “gonorrhea”are found black and white in the newspapers instead of “criminally assaulted”and “veneral disease”in an effort to arouse public concern. （ ）
第十三章 PARODY, REVERSE, ANADIPLOSIS, REGRESSION等四辞格
13.1 四辞格的含义和形式
13.1A Parody
1） Parody汉译“仿拟”，“仿化”，即仿照，又变化。它通常是对人们熟知的某个谚语、格言、名句乃至文章体裁适当地“改头换面”而构成一种颇为新奇的表达形式。例如：
Quality breeds success.
这是1993年3月间美国福特汽车公司电视广告中的一句话，是“Familiarity breeds contempt.”的仿化。
2） 仿化所涉及的不仅是句中的某一个或几个词语，也可能是整个句子，甚至整篇文章。例如：
Skill and Patience will succeed where Force fails.
Necessity is the Mother of Invention.
（Aesop's Fables）
上述“Necessity is the Mother of Invention.”和“Failure is the mother of success.”以及“Failure teaches success.”这三句谚语可视作仿化的结果。
在Carroll所写的儿童文学名著Alice in Wonderland中，有一首儿歌就是仿拟英国诗人Jane Taylor的“the Star”中的一节。试比较：
Twinkle, twinkle, little bat,
How I wonder what you're at!
Up above the world you fly
Like a teatray in the sky.
（Lewis Carrol）
Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
How I wonder what you are!
Up above the world so high,
Like a diamond in the sky!
（Jane Taylor）
13.1B Reverse
1） Reverse汉译“序换”，是将谚语、成语中某词语的词序加以调换而构成的一种修辞形式。例如：
Isabel drove with Goodrich beside her. Happy, but still feeling she was casting swine before pearls, Isabel was painfully conscious of the shortcomings of the scenery; above all its literal flatness.
（L. P. Hartley）
句中casting swine before pearls是英谚cast pearls before swine的换序说法。谚语“把珍珠丢在猪前”是一句隐喻，意思是“把贵重的东西给不能欣赏的人”，序换后的意思是“很有欣赏能力的人（指伊丽莎白和古德里奇）遇上了不值一游的风景”。
2） 序换虽然只涉及谚语或成语中个别词语的词序，但往往引起内容上的显著变化，从而形成与原谚语或成语等的强烈对照。例如：
“Bennie's their son,” said Henry.
“Like son, like father, I imagine,” said Bonnefois.
（P. P.Read）
怎么英谚“有其父，必有其子”（Like father, like son）变成了“有其子，必有其父”呢？据美国作家里德在《教授的女儿》（The Professor's Daughter）中讲美国参议员的儿子贝尼有一次公然指责法国人“忘恩负义”，法国人鲍涅斯十分气愤，于是灵机一动，利用谚语的序换加以回击，意思是“儿子这么放肆，其父肯定更不像话了。”
13.1C Anadiplosis
1） Anadiplosis汉译“蝉联”，是Repetition的一种形式，称“链式反复”或“尾首反复”，即在后一句的开头重复前句末尾的词语。例如：
This unfrequented place to find some ease,
Ease to the body some, none to the mind
From restless thoughts.
（Milton）
And, more over, if you must go to the sea, it had better not have been to South End.
South End is an unhealthy place ...
（Jane Austin）
In literature, as in life, one of the fundamentals is to find, and be, one's true self. One's true self may indeed be unpleasant, ...
（Frank Laurence Lucas）
2） 蝉联的成份富于变化，除重复前面的同样词语外，同源词、同义词语或同义分句等也可以构成链形反复。例如：
There had been enemies, criminals, workers — and there are rebels. These rebellious heads looked very subdued to me on their sticks.
（J. Conrad）
I heard a light sigh and then my heart stood still, stopped dead short by exulting and terrible cry, by the cry of inconceivable triumph and of unspeakable pain.
（J. Conrad）
“Oh, really?” She said, “She didn't seem to be giving you so much of a pain at Elsie's party last night, I notice. I notice you couldn't even talk to anybody else, that's how much of a pain she gave you.”
（D. Parker）
有时一项蝉联引出另一项蝉联，一环套一环，出现多层链式反复。例如：
It's the profit now, not the product. Half the time, we cheat the foreman, the foreman cheat the management, the management cheats the customers. And the customers are we.
（J. B. Priestly）
13.1D Regression
1） Regression汉译“回环”，亦作“逆序反复”，指在一个句子或一段文字中以相反的顺序重复前面的词语。例如：
Woe to them who call evil good and good evil.
上例中的回环成分颇为工整，可以同古汉语中的“回文”相媲美。回文是一种既可以顺读也可以倒读的回环，如：“人过大佛寺，寺佛大过人”。
2） 在实际使用中的回环形式相当生动活泼，一是除了上例那种音、形、义都相同的词语外，还可以是同音、同形异义词或同音、异形异义词，等；二是除了上例那种工整的依次回环形式外，大量的还是采用错综词序，或者换词、增减词等方式。例如：
It is better to make friends fast than to make fast friends.
We can make young people grown and grown people young.
Britain rules the waves, Mussolini waives the rules.
You can fool all the people some of the time some of the people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time.
（Abraham Lincoln）
Love is the business of the idle, but idleness （is） of the busy.
（Edward Bulwer-Lytton）
An original writer is not one who imitates nobody but one whom nobody can imitate.
（Chateaubian）
13.2 四辞格的使用
13.2A 四辞格与谚语、名句的关系
1） 在上述四种辞格中，前两种都同人们熟知的谚语、成语密切相关：仿化是变换其中的词语，序换是变换其中的词序。试比较：
（a） Lib and let lib.
这是一句口号：自己解放，也让别人解放。它是由下面这个谚语仿化而来：Live and let live. 自己活，也让别人活。
（b） A dead ass is better than a living lion. 一头死驴胜过一头活狮。
这是Arthur Zeiger对谚语A living ass is better than a dead lion.的序换说法。
2） 回环实际上是一种重复结构，它虽然不是在人们熟知的语句上做文章，却是构成名言警句的常见手段，有很强的生命力。例如：
A place for everything, everything in its place.
When you have nothing to say, say nothing.
（Charles Colton）
Better to know everything of something than something of everything.
（Bacon）
Flowers are lovely; lovely is flower like.
（Coleridge）
蝉联辞格这种重复形式带有正式、庄重的语气，在经典名著中屡见不鲜。例如：
In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form and void; and darkness was upon the face of deep.
（Holy Bible, King James' Version: Genesis）
Hippolyta: Four days will quickly steep themselves in night;
Four nights will quickly dream away the time, ...
（Shakespeare）
A smile would come into Mr. Pickwick's face: a smile extended into a laugh; the laugh into a roar, and the roar became general.
（Dickens）
Loving in truth, and fain in verse my love to show,
That she, dear she, might take some pleasure of my pain.
Pleasure might cause her read, reading might make her know,
Knowledge might pity win, and pity grace obtain.
I sought fit words to pain the blackest face of woe.
（Sidney）
13.2B 四辞格的修辞特色
1） 这四种辞格都以文字技巧为特点，有时近乎文字游戏，使用得当时能妙趣横生，取得很好的幽默、讽刺效果。例如：
仿化：— You gallop with a loose rein.
— Pace gives life, was the riposte.
— I shall write it in my diary tonight.
— What?
— That a burnt child loves the fire.
（Oscar Wilde）
Children may cry wolf, and so do parents.
（CNN Program Forecast, March, 1993）
序换：Life has taught me to think, but thinking has not taught me to live.
（Alexander Herzen）
蝉联：For glances beget ogles, ogles sighs, sighs wishes, wishes words, and words a letter.
（Byron）
回环：How much better is it to weep at joy than to joy at weeping.
（Shakespeare）
2）仿化和序换来自人们熟悉的语言形式而又有所变化，因而给人们“旧貌翻新”的感觉，既相识，又陌生，既亲切，又新颖，十分引人入胜，有利于引导听者/读者接受劝导、说理。这在前面的例句已有体现，现再举几例说明：
仿化：So will these unattractive and mysterious objects lead to a new world economic order, or will the game be played according to the unusual industrial rules: from each according to his ability, to each according to his investments?
（张汉熙：Advanced English, Book I）
In economics all roads lead to socialism.
（Bernard Shaw）
马克思主义创始人卡尔·马克思提出的社会主义和共产主义的分配原则分别为“各尽所能，按劳分配”（from each according to his ability, to each according to his work — the socialist principle of distribution）和“各尽所能，按需分配”（from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs — the communist principle of distribution），这里经过仿化，出现了“按资分配”，一字之改，道出了资本主义经济的私有制本质。
序换：A dead ass is better than a living lion.
上述序换由原来的谚语“A living ass is better than a dead lion.”而来，于是“一头活驴胜过一头死狮”变成“一头死驴胜过一头活狮”。表面看来不符合情理，甚至让人费解，但Arthur Zeiger正是利用这种形式讽刺了那种直到某人死后才肯承认其能力和成就的人和社会现象。
3） 前面7.4B讲到英语中的重复结构时，说明重复的两种基本修辞目的，或者说修辞作用：加强连贯或突出强调。本章讨论的蝉联和回环，称作“尾首反复”（或“链形反复”）和“逆序反复”，同样具有重复结构的两种基本修辞功能。例如：
Something hurried me through memory, too, but I can't pause to remember, for a guilt past memory or dreaming, much darker, impels me on. I pray but my prayer climbs up like a broken wisp of smoke ... Peyton, Me? Myself all shattered, this lovely shell?
（William Styron）
这段描写很有“意识流”的味道。通过一系列蝉联的使用，把小说主人Peyton受刺激后痛不欲生时的纷乱思绪贯连了起来。又如：
The same that off-time hath
Charm'd magic casement, opening on the foam
Of perilous seas, in fairy lands forlorn.
Forlorn! the very word is like a bell.
To toll me back from thee to my sole self.
（Keats）
诗中的“尾首重复”更加突出了perilous，sole等词语带来的孤独、凄凉气氛。
13.2C 四辞格使用中应注意的问题
1） 仿化、序换、蝉联和回环四辞格都具有开放性，被人们在不同场合灵活地加以使用。这一点在英语和汉语中情况相同。
例如，英语里萧伯纳首创superman一词之后，人们仿化出许多新词，如superwoman, super critic, supersecrecy, superpower，等。随着1972年尼克松的Watergate事件，出现了Billygate, Debategate, Irangate（或hostagegate）等许多仿化词语。
在电影《红高粱》唱出了“妹妹你大胆地往前走”之后，国家体改委陈主任号召“厂长们大胆地往前走”，《中国城市导报》载文呼吁“上海建筑业你大胆地往前走”，等。
又如，汉语里“要活必须吃饭，吃饭不是为了活着”的说法，同英语里的一句回环式名言相类似：
Other men live to eat while I eat to live.
（Socrates）
又如Lord Samuel把“A friend in need is a friend indeed.”加以仿化：A friend in need is a friend to be avoided，这样，“患难中的朋友是真正的朋友”成了“患难中的朋友是一个为众人所躲避的朋友”。寥寥数字，把人情冷淡，世态炎凉的社会现实刻画得淋漓尽致。
这些辞格在广告语言中十分常见。例如：
（a） Give a Timex to all, to all a good time.
这是一则手表广告，其中使用了蝉联。
（b） I Came Back
I came back to softness and comfort.
I came back to Dr. White's.
And I wonder why I ever went away.
Because only Dr. White's gives me two kinds of comfort. The super-comfort of their cotton-wool
content that makes them so much softer. And the comfort of a safer, more absorbent towel, with a
flush away design, too, for even more convenience.
I tried the rest, but I came back.
Isn't it time you came back to Dr. White's?
Dr. White's Two kinds of comfort.
（Women, April 1977）
在这则妇女卫生巾广告中，有不同形式的反复，特别是开头的“首语反复”（Anaphora）和末尾的“尾首反复”，当然还可以发现“拟人法”，“并列结构”，“修辞设问”（Rhetorical Question），等。
（c） Not all cars are created equal.
这是日本三菱汽车公司向美国开拓市场的广告。它可以看作是英语中一条著名谚语的仿拟。该谚语为：Not all that glitters is gold.
更可以看作是《美国独立宣告》第一句的仿拟。该句为：All men are created equal.
这种以家喻户晓的名言为基础仿拟出的广告语句特别惹人注意，能不胫而走，迅速产生巨大的影响力，实际上这句广告语对日本汽车打开美国市场的确发挥了很大作用。
2） 在文字表达中，为了生动起见，总要刻意求新，换个说法，常常通过一字的变化引出一个全新的意境。这一点在英语和汉语中相同。同样，也都要把握一条原则，即力求形式与内容的统一，不可脱离使用场合与上下文去片面求新求变。
例如，像“佛顶山顶佛，云扶石扶云”和“Woe to them who call evil good and good evil.”那样的形式固然工整，但实际使用中却需要像13.1D2讲到的那样灵活变化，否则会造成八股，妨碍意思的有效表达。
在Language Play中有“Old soldiers never die, they just fade away.”的数种仿化形式：
Old burglars never die; they just steal away.
Old mailmen never die; they just lose their zip.
Old piano players never die; they just lose their tinkle.
Old teacher never die; they just lose their class.
显然，这些仿化形式虽不失幽默，但不宜随便套用，否则会成为对长者的一概否定。
近年来在汉语的广告语言中大量出现成语“换字术”，相当于英语中的“仿拟”或“飞白”（见14.2），如“饮以为荣”，“天尝地酒”，“一明惊人”，等等。这些固然会产生新颖、别致的效果，但若使用多了，也叫人感到腻烦，而且会在青少年中造成误解，影响到汉语的纯洁性。
从英、汉两种语言的特点看，在汉语中进行成语仿拟或在英语中使用重复，都须谨慎从事，务求得体或恰到好处。最近某培训公司在招生广告中把上海世博主题“Better city, better life”仿拟为“Better English, better life”虽然很讨巧，也有一定道理，但把庄重的主题实用化了，还是不宜提倡。
练习十三 （Exercise Thirteen）
I. Preview Questions:
1. Can we say that Parody is derived from proverbs, sayings, idioms, etc. that are already known to people?
2. Is Parody only associated with the change of a certain word?
3. Reverse is similar to as well as different from Parody, isn't it?
4. Regression is formed by repeating the former words in inverted order, isn't it?
5. What's the difference between Regression and Anadiplosis?
6. Can you cite examples to indicate how Parody, Reverse, Regression and Anadiplosis are used in our life today?
II. Tell which proverb, saying, idiom, quotation, etc. each of the following sentence or underlined parts is derived from:
1. A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.
2. Quality breeds success.
3. All roads lead to Holiday Inn.
4. Not all video recorders are created equal.
5. Give me Green World,
Or give me yesterday.
6. Billi slimming cream — Using is believing.
7. They came, they saw, they bought out.
8. While visiting a friend who was in the hospital, I noticed several pretty nurses, each of whom was wearing a pin designed to look like an apple. I asked one nurse what the pin signified.
“Nothing,” she said with a smile. “It's to keep the doctors away.”
9. Not so loud, you fool — remember — even people have ears.
10. So will these unattractive and mysterious objects lead to a new world economic order, or will the game be played according to the usual industrial rules: from each according to his ability, to each according to his investments?
III. Read the following passages and then do the multiple choices:
1. Parody as a figure of speech is to imitate any of the well-known sayings, idioms, proverbs, etc. in main structure while changing one or more words so as to achieve certain effects — humorous, sarcastic, more persuasive, etc.
2. A parody is a mocking imitation of a style of speaking or writing. As a weapon of persuasion, parody shifts the focus from matter to manner: it ridicules not so much what is said as how it is expressed.
3. Parodies of styles of prose fiction, such as Gothic novels, sea stories, and mysteries, have been popular for many years. James Joyce parodied just about every imaginable style in Ulysses. In 1981 Erica Jong, well known for her novels about contemporary women, wrote Fanny, using the style and heroine of the eighteenth century novel Fanny Hill.
4. Similar to Parody, the figure of speech “Reverse” is also derived from sayings, idioms, proverbs, etc. However, it is not formed by changing some wording but reversing certain word orders, though with more or less the same rhetorical effects.
5. Regression and Anadiplosis are both figures of speech formed by repeating one or more words of the previous phrase or clause at the beginning of the next. These two figures are not derived from sayings, idioms, or proverbs as Parody and Reverse, but many of them tend to become popular sayings themselves.
6. These four figures of speech are all open figures, i.e. new ones can be created when necessary. On the other hand, however, misuse or overuse should always be guarded against.
7. Young hen: How is it, Mum, that you're able to live so long?
Old hen: Well, my child. The secret is: an egg a day keeps the axe away.
Young hen: I see, Mum, If you don't lay eggs, you'll get the axe.
Old hen: What do you mean?
Young hen: Lose your job!
Multiple choices:
1. A parody is a figure of speech that refers to____________.
A） a well-known saying, idiom, proverb
B） any written or spoken text associated with a skillful change of expression similar to a famous saying, idiom, proverb, etc.
C） a mocking imitation of a style of speaking or writing which shifts the focus from what is said to how it is expressed.
D） prose fiction as Gothic novels using the style and heroine of the 18th century
2. The old hen's secret in life means that____________.
A） if the hen lays an egg every day, she won't lose her job
