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第二十三章 应用文写作

作者:黄任 当前章节:15368 字 更新时间:2026-6-23 06:18

23.1 应用文的使用场合与写作特点

23.1A 使用场合

1) 有人预言,不久将出现无纸张文件的工厂、企业和公司,因为那时所有的内部和外部的文字联络都由电脑承担,一切信息均由电脑加以储存并供阅读。然而,在工业和贸易行业工作的人们仍将继续拟制和使用各类文件,涉及生产、销售、运送、劳动就业、设备与维修、试验和检测、法律诉讼等等。

2) 本章讨论的是常用专门性写作的几种具体类型,包括备忘录、书信和个人简历等普通应用文和较为专门的建议及可行性报告。

23.1B 写作特点

1) 应用文的写作有3个特点:清楚(clear),准确(accurate)和简练(brief),即意思必须表达清楚,事实(包括数据)必须准确,文字必须简洁。这些同工业生产和贸易活动中信息量大,时间性强和误差后果严重的特点直接相关。

2) 应用文要求格式准确,一些固定的套语不可随意变动,不论称呼、客套、提请求、说理由、承诺或拒绝,都须在词语选择上注意分寸,不可信手写来。

23.2 几种普通应用文

23.2A 备忘录

1)备忘录亦称便笺、便条,英文单数memorandum,复数memoranda,简称memo,是单位内部通报信息的一种简便形式,内容通常是发笺人和收笺人都熟悉的。

2) 备忘录有特殊的格式,常用单位统一印制成表格并分发到各部门使用。表格形式为:MEMORANDUM

MEMORANDUM

TO:                        DISTRIBUTION:

FROM      (optional)

SUBJECT:

DATE

(message written in this space)

3) 有关备忘录的几点说明:

a. 需要使用备忘录时,必须应用标准格式,手头无现成表格时可根据标准自制。

b. 可用手写,但应尽可能打字,并把内容安排在一张表格内,非用两张不可时,应在第二张说明事由(Subject),日期(Date)和页码(Page Number)诸项。

c. 只要显示出不同段落,顶行或缩进均可,但需保持形式统一。

d. 结尾不用客气语,不必签名,但可在FROM项的名字旁签上姓名的首字母。

e. 文字简明扼要,让收笺人一目了然。

23.2B 书信

1) 随着电话的普及,人们的书信来往减少了,然而,业务书信仍然是一个重要的联络手段。去年,有个青年联系去美某大学深造,开头进展相当顺利,可是在一封给校方快件的回信中因赶时间寄出而未来得及检查,把来信收到的“received”一字拼错和结尾的“truly”多了一个字母“e”,引起校方不满,复信要他再考GRE。可见写信虽然不难,但要写好并达到交际目的,仍然需要遵循写作的要领;倘若语言底子不够扎实,草率从事,是要闹笑话,惹麻烦的。

2) 写信有一定的格式,根据信纸上内容的排列(见黑体字),一般分为3种格式:一是“板块式”(Block Letter),日期、收信人和写信人的地址都排在左上方;二是“半板块式”(Semiblock Letter),写信日期和写信人的地址排到右上角;三是“板块替代式”(Alternative Block Letter),主要是把写信人的地址置左下方。现在第三种格式比较常见,其中写信人的姓名、单位、职务等也可置右下方。下面是3种单页书信的例子:

a. Block letter

6333 8th Avenue North Heading

Evansville, IN 47715 Date

February 24, 2010

Mr. Charles P. Sims Inside Address

Executive Vice President

Medical Products Co.

1234 Woodlawn Road

St. Petersburg, FL 33710

Subject: Requested price for product 329 Subject Line(s)

Dear Mr. Sims: Salutation

Opening of the letter_________________________________

Body of the letter requiring as_________________________________

many paragraphs as needed_________________________________

Close of the letter_________________________________

Sincerely, Complimentary Close

Space for Signature

(Mrs.) Laura H. Hatchett Typed Signature

Enclosures (2) Identification

LHH: ld Enclosure

C: Mr. John Smith Copy Line

Ms. Jane Adams

b. Semiblock Letter

Heading 7200 Greenwood Drive

Atlanta, GA 30301

Date 10 March 2010

Mr. Lee L. Billingsly Inside Address

Chief Executive Officer

Acme Tooling Company

534 Winding Street

St. Louis, MO 63121

Dear Mr. Billingsly: Salutation

Opening of letter_________________________________

________________________________________

Body of letter requiring as_________________________________

many paragraphs as needed_________________________________

Close of letter_________________________________

________________________________________

Complimentary Close Cordially,

Space for Signature

Typed Signature Lee O. Campbell

Executive Vice President

LOC: bw Identification

Enclosure Enclosure

C: Dr. L Watson Copy Line

c. A ltemative Block Letter

Heading

January 15, 2008 Date

Dr. Virginia R. Grimm Inside Address

Senior Chemist

Clayton Biological Laboratory

15 Westbury Road

New Orleans, LA 70123

Subject: Your Letter of December 29, 2008 Subject Line

Dear Virginia: Salutation

Opening of letter_________________________________

________________________________

Body of letter________________________________

________________________________

Close of letter_________________________________

Sincerely yours, Complimentary Close

Space for Signature

Jack T. Riley Typed Signature

8345 Redwing Drive Address

Frankfort, KY 40601

Enclosures (3) Enclosure

C: Dr. Kay Carson Copy Line

3) 关于书信格式的几点说明:

a. Heading包括写信人的地址和写信日期,单位印刷的信上也都印有地址和单位名称。

b. Inside Address要求把收信人的姓名、职务、单位和地址都写清楚。若职务只有一个字,如Supervisor, Manager或Director等,可写在姓名后面的同一行,中间逗号相隔。

c. Subject line可有可无,目的是便于归类和查询,但注意不要写得空洞或繁琐。信纸上的这个项目可略为Subject: 或Re:

试比较:

Subject: With reference to your phone call of Tuesday, April 12, 2008 concerning the gear breakage in Order No. 879, shipped March 18.

(评注:冗长。)

Re: Order problems

(评注:空泛,未说明问题。)

Re: Gear breakage in Order 879; shipped 0318.

(评注:恰到好处。)

d. 关于Salutation, 以往不知道姓名时用Gentlemen或Dear Sir,因涉及性别,现在有的直接写某部门,如:Dear Admission Office或 Personnel Department。

e. 若信的Body部分短,则注意调整空白,不要弄得上半张纸挤着而下半张空着;反之,若内容多,可分成几段,甚至分页。

f. 在Complimentary Close部分的常见形式有“Sincerely”, “Cordially”, “Very truly yours”, “Yours”等;特别表示尊敬时用“Respectfully yours”,突出亲切时用“Fondly yours”, 亲人间用“Affectionately yours”, “Lovingly yours”等。

g. 在Complimentary Close下面空行,用于写信人签字,然后打写信人的姓名;如打上Ph D, Senator, Manager等称谓,省略式Ph D, “MD”等可打在姓名后边同一行,中间逗号相隔,其余分行打。为便于收信人明了自己的身份,妇女可在姓名后边打上下述字样: (Mrs.), (Miss), (Ms.)等。

h. 若信由其他人(如秘书)而不是由签署人自己执笔时,签署人签字前应仔细阅读全信,因签字则表示同意和承担责任,同时Identification部分也注明签信人和打信人,前者姓名的为首字母大写,后者的小写,如:LHH: jme。

i. 在业务往来中,如果在一封信内附有两份其他内容的文件,则应在Enclosure部分注明,例如:

Enclosures(2)(收信人知道有两份附件。)

Enclosures: Woolrey Abstract, Drilling Permit #19876. (收信人知道有什么内容的两份附件)

j. 如某信件抄送有关人员,则应在Copy Line处注明。

23.2C 简历

1) 简历(Résumé)是以最恰当的语言和形式简述个人的经历、特长、志愿等等,作为申请工作和取得面试机会的材料。

2) 简历中的常见项目和格式为:

RESUME

NAME:

PRESENT ADDRESS & TELEPHONE NUMBER

Date of Birth:

Place of Birth:

Nationality:

Sex:

Marital Status:

Objective:

Education Background:

Work Experiences:

Speciality:

Employment:

References:

Signature:

几点说明和注意事项:

a. Present Address and Telephone Number项可分别注出School Address和Home Address, 并附电话号,以便联系。

b. Sex或Sexual Distinction均表示性别,注Male或Female。个人情况方面还可补进Height, Weight, Health等资料。

c. Marital Status项注Single, Married, Divorced, Separated, 或Unmarried等,有时还需注明Spouse姓名等。

d. Objective亦作Career Objective, 注明本人对工作的愿望,要求,如mechanical engineering design position, preferably with a variety of projects, Professor of American Studies, making use of my good family background and with personal experiences in the states, 等。

e. Education项应写明某时期在某学校攻读什么专业,获何学位等,先后次序通常是由近及远(写到中学即可)。例如:

1988—1992 University of Evansville, Indiana

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

此项下面还可补一项College Activities或Student Activities, 例如:

Four-year member of Society of Automotive Engineers, and secretary in sophomore and senior years.

f. Employment亦作Work Experience,若大学毕业生无此经历者,可略去不填。有此经历者应注明年份、单位、职务,还可提及突出成就及获奖等情况。学生干部、社团负责人或其他兼职也好注明。

g. Speciality亦可复数Specialities,若有同所申请工作有关的特长更要注明。此项亦可作Hobbies & Interests。

h. References一般说明 Available upon request即可。若注明证明或担保人的姓名和联系地址,须先征得他们的同意。

i. 在基本信息一致的前提下,可根据目标单位的特点和要求适当调某些材料,以便使自己的简历更具针对性,还可附一两张照片,但不宜多,且要端庄得体。

23.3 建议与可行性报告

23.3A 建议报告

1) 一项建议(Proposal)是针对某个(方面的)问题提出的解决方案,并请有关方面批准实施。建议有口头的,有书面的;有属于工作任务的,也有属于以出售为目的的。我们这里讨论的是书面建议的写作。

2) 在建议的准备过程中,应制订写作计划,首先要对问题对象加以分析,抓住如何提出问题,如何解决及实施计划等关键环节进行必要的调查研究,结合评估的方式及要求,使用明确、适度和富于说服力的语言去写。

3) 建议有严格的格式要求,通常由Transmittal Letter, Title Page, Table of Contents把读者引入建议的具体内容。

4) Transmittal Letter向读者非常礼貌地介绍建议的主题,有时简述要点,并向有关人士和方面致意。

5) Title Page的基本格式如下:(TITLE)

(TITLE)

A PROPOSAL

for

Company or Person's Name

Address

by

Writer or Company's Name

Address

Date

Abstract:

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

Approved by_______________  Date_______________

说明:若篇幅不够,可将Abstract另打一页,放在Title Page之后。

6) 篇幅在5页以上的建议,须有“目录”(Table of Contents),基本格式如下:

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract....................................................................i

List of Illustrations.......................................................ii

Introduction................................................................1

Problem Statement...............................................1

Proposed Solution................................................4

Project Scope.............................................................5

Schedule....................................................................6

Budget.......................................................................7

Hardware............................................................7

Personnel...........................................................8

Appendices.........................................................

Appendix A:.........................................................9

Appendix B:.........................................................10

几点说明:

a. 若封面上已有摘要,则这里的Abstract一项删去,List of Illustrations亦可从略。另外,例中的页码仅作示范,并非固定不变。

b. 在Introduction部分一方面要突出建议的价值和可行性,另一方面要实事求是,既不否认可能存在消极因素,又不靠哗众取宠的言词来推销自己的主张,而是力求靠逻辑和事实说话,如对Problem不要言过其实,对Solution要留有余地。这里还可分析一下以前的一些解决办法,恰如其分地肯定成绩和指出不足之处,并突出现在建议办法的科学依据。

c. 在Project Scope部分应首先说明这是对未来情况的设想,同时陈述设想的依据。

d. 在Schedule部分应较具体地列出工作任务,谁去承担,完成该项工作任务的意义、困难、可能性及大体时间表。

e. Budget要建立在科学预测及反复测算的基础之上。其中Personnel项既要说明工作量,又要事先考察清楚劳动力的来源,工具及配套设施的安排,骨干力量的素质和数量,是否需要培训,需要时怎样安排,培训人员的来源、报酬、工作环境,等等。

f. Appendices可能一个或数个,也可能一个也不需要。

7) 读者对象(audience或readers)是任何写作中都应研究的问题,写建议报告这类劝导式文章时尤其要注意。以下几点可供研究时参考:

a. 列出所有的读者对象,分析哪些是最主要的读者,哪些人次之,建议报告同哪些人关系最直接、最重要,从而确定主要的读者群。

b. 分析主要读者群的状况,如他们的年龄、文化程度、工作任务、性别、国籍、籍贯,对建议数的需要和发言权等。

c. 考虑建议报告作者同读者之间的诸种关系,如本业务圈里有多少人?圈外人多少?这样,作者就容易判断出多少人会有共同语言,多少人会难以接受,还应对比作者同读者在年龄、文化程度、价值观和生活及工作经验等方面的情况,然后确定从什么角度去写、采用哪些资料、使用什么样的表达方式能产生最好的劝说效果。

23.3B 可行性报告

1) 在进行一项重大工程建设、改革或实验项目之前都需要开展可行性研究(Feasibility Study), 并提出可行性报告(Feasibility Report),内容为研究的结果和一系列看法和建议。同前面23.3A讨论的Proposal比较,两者的共同点是都涉及工作量、经费、成果预测等,区别在于:Feasibility Study是由某部门或个人根据形势需要而安排的一项专题研究,其报告作为决策的参考,而Proposal可能是某个人或组织根据现实存在的难题提出的分析解决方法,提请有关部门批准并可作为商品出售,还有时几个不同的Proposals投标,彼此竞争,力求有关部门或个人采纳。

2) 可行性报告一般包括下述几项内容:

Cover Letter

Title page

Abstract

Table of contents

List of illustrations

Introduction

Discussion

Criteria

Possible solutions

Conclusion / Recommendation

Appendix

3) 可行性报告写作中应注意的几个问题:

a. 从Cover Letter到Introduction的各项以及Appendix都和Proposal中的相应项目的写法一致。

b. 由于可行性报告往往涉及几种选择方案,作者必须通过踏实的调查研究深入了解每种选择,收集每项选择的有关资料,并使用一致的参照标准去分析和比较各种方案,包括使用图表和数据。例如在一份有关购置一套文字处理设备的可行性报告中,作者首先把5种可供考虑的设想归纳成两种较佳方案,接着从Advantages, Disadvantages和Summary等3个方面加以对照说明,然后提出作者的Recommendation,层次分明,瓜熟蒂落。

c. 一般说来,作者不必直接提出自己的结论和建议,但同时又要有自己的见解,即通过调查研究得出的必然结论,只是在写作方法上主要是依靠资料对比和逻辑分析表达作者的看法,让读者作出判断;如果作者提出建议,注意文字上既要明白晓畅,又要准确适度,不夸张,不含糊,具有说服力(而非诱惑力)。

4) 可行性报告有一定的格式,下面是从一份可行性报告中摘出的几个部分:

a. Cover Letter

1209 Parrett Street

Richmond, VA 23201

February 14, 2009

Mr. William Philpot, Headmaster

Third High School

921 Third Avenue

Richmond, VA 23201

Dear Mr. Philpot:

Enclosed is the study I discussed for computerizing certain of the Third High School's office procedures. My recommendation is included.

I will call on Monday to answer questions or arrange a meeting to discuss anything in the report.

Thank you for the opportunity to evaluate the need for a computerized system. It helped me in my school work. I hope it helps you and your committee decide how to make certain office functions easier and more efficient for the staff.

Sincerely

(Signature)

Phyllis Rabb

b. Title page

STUDY TO COMPUTERIZE OFFICE PROCEDURES

PRESENTED TO

THIRD HIGH SCHOOL

728 THIRD AVENUE

RICHMOND,VA 23201

SUBMITTED BY

PHYLLIS RABB

COMPUTER SCIENCE SENIOR

1209 Parrets Street

Richmond, VA23201

February 14, 2009

c. Abstracts from the text: PP.209-213

STUDY: TO DECIDE IF THIRD HIGH SCHOOL

  SHOULD COMPUTERIZE CERTAIN OFFICE OPERATIONS〖ZK)〗

INTRODUCTION

...

DISCUSSION

...

练习二十三 (Exercise Twenty-Three)

I. Preview Questions:

1. Can you tell the three characteristics of technical writing?

2. Can you tell some of the common technical writings?

3. What are the basic contents in a résumé?

4. How do you address the receiver of your letter if you don't know the person's sexual distinction?

5. What does a Proposal refer to in technical writing?

6. Can you tell the difference between Feasibility Study and Feasibility Report?

7. What advantages and troubles have you come across in writing with a computer?

II. Read the following and comment the points stated:

A decade ago it was popular to talk about writing as a linear activity. The writer was seen as someone who first prewrote an outline and some ideas, then wrote a first draft of the whole work, and later rewrote, correcting mistakes and polishing style. People who wrote about composition saw the writer as someone who performed these steps independently and in an orderly manner.

Today the trend is to talk about writing as a process. The writer is still seen engaging in a series of actions to bring about the finished document, but no longer is it thought that the series is sequential or neatly separated and orderly. Instead, writing is perceived as a volatile activity.

Those of you majoring in scientific or technical fields are familiar with processes and thus should find it easy to think of writing in the same way. In doing so, you lower your expectations of learning to write quickly and definitely and accept the idea of writing as a progression — an ongoing series of actions that bring about the end result of writing effectively.

Technical writing is not written for the writer's exclusive pleasure or as a forum for one's private thoughts. Instead, technical writing presents a specific subject to an understood audience that is reading for a particular purpose. The interwoven dependency of subject and audience is one of technical writing's distinguishing characteristics and one reason technical writers must prepare before writing. Rarely is the wholeness of a good technical document achieved by accident, for although no set of rules or formulas guarantees good writing, writing is by no means so mysterious that little can be said about it or learned. Constant reading and conscientious practice will help you make progress and achieve success in this field.

III. Write a memorandum with the following data:

1. The date is December 4, 2000.

2. The memo is from Linda Prater, R. N., Director of Surgery/Emergency Nursing.

3. The memo is to inform Department Heads, Directors of Nursing and Head Nurses that Susan Kern, R. N., is now Head Nurse over Emergency and FlightHelp, and that Janet Sims, R. N., has been appointed as Chief Flight Nurse (Assistant Head Nurse) of FlightHelp and will report to Susan.

4. The memo is signed by Linda Prater and typed by Florak Manson.

IV. Revise the draft of the following résumé of a student:

RESUME

CATHI ANN CRABTREE

300 S. Frederick Street

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