英语修辞与写作主要参考文献文 军 《英语修辞格词典》，重庆大学出版社，1992年。
伍海伦 《英文修辞手册》，香港万里书店，1978年。
谢祖钧 《英语修辞漫谈》，福建人民出版社，1981年。
——《英语修辞》，机械工业出版社，1988年。
徐 鹏 《英语词格》，商务印书馆，1996年。
徐 鹏（等） 《修辞和语用》，上海外语教育出版社，2007年。
亚里士多德 《修辞学》，生活·读书·新知三联书店，1991年。
杨 铭 《英汉词格比较》，陕西师范大学出版社，1998年。
余立三 《英汉修辞比较与翻译》，商务印书馆，1983年。
——《英汉修辞比较与翻译》，商务印书馆，1985年。
张培弛 《怎样提高说话水平》，中国致公出版社，2004年。
赵政清 《英语修辞学原理》，西安交通大学出版社，1996年。
Adelstein, Michael E., and Jean G. Pival. The Writing Commitment, 2nd ed. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1980.
Basker, Sheridan. The Complete Stylist and Handbook, 3rd ed. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1984.
Bander, Robert G. American English Rhetoric, 2nd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983.
Bartholomae, David and Anthony Petrosky. Ways of Reading — An Anthology for Writers. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987.
Biesecker-Mast, Gerald J. “Contemporary Theories of Rhetoric” 2000 （course description）. www.bluffton.edu /~mastg / 2004
Bizzell, Patricia and Bruce Herzberg, eds.. The Rhetorical Tradition — Readings from Classic Times to the Present. New York: Bedford: St. Martin's Press, 2001.
Brooks, Cleanth and Robert Penn Warren. Modern Rhetoric. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1979.
Brown, Keith （Editor-in-Chief）. Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics, 2nd Edition. 上海外语教育出版社, 1988
Christensen, Francis and Bonniejean. Notes Towards a New Rhetoric, 2nd ed. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1978.
Conlin, Mary Lou. Patterns plus: A Short Prose Reader with Argumentation, 3rd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990.
Cooley, Thomas. The Norton Guide to Writing. London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1992.
Corbett, Edward P. J. Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Students. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Coyle, William. The Macmillan Guide to Writing Research Papers. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990.
Daniel, Robert W. A Contemporary Rhetoric. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1967.
Dietsch, Betty M. Reasoning and Writing Well: A Rhetoric, Reader, and Handbook. California: Mayfield Publishing Company, 1998.
Fennell, Francis L. Collegiate English Handbook. San Diego: Collegiate Press, 1991.
Gould, Eric, et al. The Act of Writing. New York: Random House, 1989.
Gowers, Sir Ernest. The Complete Plain Words. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1986.
Guinn, D. M. &. Marder D. A Spectrum of Rhetoric. Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1987.
Herman, W. Reading, Writing, Rhetoric. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1987.
Kane, Thomas S. The Oxford Guide to Writing. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.
Kirszner, Laurie G. and Stephen R. Mandell. Patterns for College Writing, 5th ed. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992.
McCrimmon, J. M. Writing with a Purpose. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 8th Ed 1984.
McCuen, Jo Ray, and Anthony C. Winkler. Readings for Writers. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, 5th ed. 1986.
McMahan, E. and Day, S. The Writer's Rhetoric and Handbook. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1980.
Miller，Robert Keith. Motives for Writing, 5th ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill, 2005.
Nadell, Judith and John Langan, Eliza A. Comodromos. The Longman Writer: Rhetoric, Reader, Handbook. New York: Pearson Education, Inc. 2006.
Parker, John F. The Independent Writer. Washington, D.C.: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, 1986.
Paul Kei Matsuda. Process and Post-Process: A Discursive History. Conference on College Composition and Communication. New York, 2003.
Pfefferle，W.T. Writing that Matters: A Rhetoric for the New Classroom. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1999.
Pharr, Donald and Santiv. Buscemi. Writing Today. New York: McGraw Hill, 2004.
Ramage, John D. and John C. Bean, June Johnson. Writing Arguments: A Rhetoric with Readings, 6th ed. New York: Pearson Education, Inc. 2004.
Reid, Stephen. The Prentice Hall Guide for College Writers. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1989.
Ryan,David and Fredel Wiant. The Speaking / Writing Connection: A Rhetoric. Berkeley, California: Parthenon West Books, 2007.
Poulakos, Takis. Rethinking the History of Rhetoric. Boulder．West View Press, 1993.
Shouhua, Qi. Success in Advanced English Writing. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Smith, W.F. & Liedlich, R. D．From Thought to Theme. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. 1977．
Stein, Wayne. History of Rhetoric. University of Central Oklahoma, 2002．
Stuart, Ann. The Technical Writer. Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1988.
Swartz, Omar. The Rise of Rhetoric and Its Intersection. Westview Press,1998.
Tibbetts, A.M. &, Tibbetts, C. Strategies of Rhetoric with Handbook, 3rd ed. Scott, Foresmn and Company, 1979.
Winkler, A.C. &. McCuen, J. R. Rhetoric Made Plain. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Inc. 1984.
— From Reading, to Writing. Sydney: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1988.
Zeiger, Arthur. Encyclopedia of English. Arco publishing company, 1978
附录 上海市高等教育自学考试修辞学样卷
答案链接
××××年上海市高等教育自学考试
英语修辞学试卷
（英语语言文学专业）
（考试时间150分钟）
I. Fill in each blank with an appropriate word or phrase. （10%, one point for each）
1. With the quickened tempo of life today, to be effective in verbal communication is of primary importance. As American linguists Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren write in their Modern Rhetoric: （1）____________“ is the art of using language （2）____________.”
2. Historically, rhetoric used to be applied only to （1）____________ expression, constituting mainly the speech craft in court arguments. This oral nature of rhetoric could be traced back to the 4th century BC, during the time of Aristotle in Greece, and （2）____________ remained so all of the Middle Ages.
3. The denotation, or denotative meaning, of a word is what the word refers to. An error in denotation means that you have used or you have understood a word （1）____________ : the term simply does not mean what you think it （2）____________ .
4. Since different cultural backgrounds and social customs and habits affect one's use of rhetorical operations, it is necessary to be aware of the differences of （1）____________ in English and Chinese and this will help guard against the influence of our （2）____________ tongue.
5. Propriety in rhetoric refers to the use of suitable language forms to express one's ideas on the subject matter to the target reader（s） in （1）____________ a skillful way that the best results can be achieved （2）____________.
II. Determine whether the following statements are correct or not by marking in each bracket with T （True） or F （False） （10%, 1 point for each）
1. Syllogism represents deductive reasoning in a pattern consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. For example, you are reasoning deductively when you notice a ring around the moon and say, “We're in for some bad weather,” because a ring around the moon forecasts bad weather. （ ）
2. Before you say that almost all the schools in that area have very poor facilities, you'd better make certain from some reliable source whether more than 40 percent schools actually do; otherwise you are not really justified in saying it. （ ）
3. In many cases, words may fail to communicate clearly for reasons other than that they are difficult or specialized. Sometimes we fail to use words accurately, select not the proper one or one somewhat like it. The trick in avoiding errors of this sort is not to submit a paper until you have checked every word whose meaning you have doubt about. （ ）
4. To be effective in verbal communication is of primary importance. As American linguists Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren write in their book Modern Rhetoric: “Rhetoric is the art of using language effectively.”
5. With the quickened tempo of life nowadays, the increased stress on efficiency and efficacy, and the ascendance of the idea that languages are means of communication, fewer and fewer people have come to regard rhetoric as the art of effective communication.
6. Whatever your purpose in writing, you should express your ideas in language that seems natural to you and the writing should be an honest expression of your own character. As language alone is what presents you to your reader, the most fitting language for you is the language that gives you and your ideas fullest expression.
7. Paragraph writing is built on word choice and sentence variety, which is basic to the writing of a whole composition, a complete essay or even a whole book. In this sense, a good writer is like a good chess player, who moves every chessman skillfully, but he must constantly keep the whole chessboard in mind.
8. A rhetorical question is a question to which no real answer is expected because only one obvious reply can be made — and that reply will either support or restate the writer's point. Rhetorical questions are therefore fairly uncommon in persuasive writing and in argumentation because they offer a way for writers to emphasize the correctness of their viewpoint.
9. The central idea is the writer's focal point or principal theme of information. The central idea of a sentence, a paragraph, or an essay may be compared to be the foundation of a building. It is the main idea upon which some other ideas and details are based; it holds the entire piece of writing together, just as a foundation keeps the whole building standing.
10. Courage is an extension of a person's values, and it demonstrates his or her views in this respect in practice. It should be emphasized, however, that a person's views on values have to be in conformity with the progress of society and his or her courageous actions should abide by the nation's legal and moral standards. （ ）
III. Multiple Choice. （20%, 2 points for each）
1. Seeking sentence variety refers to____________.
A） the use of long and complicated sentence patterns
B） using simple and short sentence structures
C） the proper arrangement of different sentence patterns and varied sentence lengths
D） the combination of the declarative sentence, the interrogative sentence, the imperative sentence and the exclamatory sentence
2. Simile and metaphor are two figures of speech____________.
A） that are mainly used in written English
B） used for comparison, and their difference is that a simile compares things implicitly while a metaphor compare things explicitly
C） usually found in spoken language, because they help people explain complicated ideas more clearly and more easily
D） and they are valuable in clarifying unfamiliar concepts and in translating abstractions into images that readers can intuit directly and understand easily
3. The phrase “environmentally damaging waste” should be interpreted as____________.
A） “the waste that damages the environment”
B） “the environment that damages the waste”
C） “the noun ‘waste’ is an entity and ‘damaging’ an activity”
D） “the noun ‘waste’ is an entity, the -ing participle ‘damaging’ is an activity, and the adverb ‘environmentally’ is also an entity that refers to the environment and is used to modify ‘waste'”
4. Identify the denotation of the word “rose”.
A） Healthy-looking, e.g. A brisk walk will put the roses （back） into your cheeks.
B） Full of fun, funny, e.g. Being an actress is not all roses, you know.
C） A garden plant with pleasant-smelling flowers and thorns on its stems
D） Optimistic, e.g. She has always looked at life through rose-tinted spectacles.
5. Which of the following principles do you find applicable in your own writing?
A） The first principle is “appreciation before criticism”, i.e. to place negative aspects before positive aspects.
B） Principle two is “rules before exceptions,” which is to advise a writer to place ideas or examples that constitute or support what is generally or typically the case before looking at those that deviate.
C） Keep your reader in mind so that when you revise, you'll try to make every point clear to yourself instead of others.
D） Use figures of speech as often as you like so as to make your writing vivid and interesting.
6. Point out in which one of the following sentences, the word “land” is used to denote a figurative sense somewhat different from the other three.
A） On the 20th of July, the lunar module of Apollo 11, landed on the moon.
B） I always feel nervous when the plane's landing.
C） The general's plan involved landing undercover troops behind enemy lines.
D） Elaine has just landed an editorial job with a top fashion magazine.
7. Identify the sentence from A,B,C and D which is comparatively satisfactory in both grammar and rhetoric.
A） The middle-class American growing up in the United States feels he has a right to have his own room, or at least part of the room.
B） The middle-class American growing up in the United States feels he has a right to have his own room, or at least part of a room.
C） The middle-class American growing up in the United States feels he has a right to have his own room, or at least he has a right to have part of a room.
D） The middle-class American growing up in the United States feels it is his right to have his own room, or at least using part of he room.
8. Point out which of the following examples is NOT a sound syllogism.
A） Most men are mortal creatures. Socrates is a man, and so Socrates is a mortal creature.
B） A ring around the moon forecasts bad weather. As there is a ring round the moon now, we are in for some bad weather.
C） If the lines of a poem do not rhyme, the poem may be called blank verse; as this poem is rhymeless, you may call it blank verse.
D） We could have driven there or taken a taxi. Unfortunately our car broke down that day, and so we went there by taxi.
9. Identify the figure of Personification used in one of the following sentences.
A） He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow ....
B） The Wall Street definitely has more say in their policy making.
C） The youth were singing, laughing and playing the music instruments. The trees and flowers around them danced heartily as if touched by merry mood.
D） What I like best are the stern cliffs, with ranges of mountains soaring behind them, full of possibilities, peaks to be scaled only by the most daring.
10. The governing principle of our age is accumulation, and that what is profited is used to gain more profit. Even in the pursuit of knowledge this is so; for knowledge is sought for its own sake and employed for____________.
A） the benefit of the majority
B） its own destruction which tends to lead to construction
C） improvement of conditions of the broad masses
D） its own increase
IV. Rewrite each of the following statements as required. （20%, 4 points for each）
