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第二十三章 应用文写作.5

作者:黄任 当前章节:12679 字 更新时间:2026-6-23 06:18

1. Learning may be likened to climbing up a mountain. Note: Use the figure of Metaphor. (隐喻)

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2. His voice thundered in the hall. Note: Use the figure of Simile. (明喻)

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3. I hear your daughter has got pregnant, hasn't she? Note: Use Euphemism. (委婉语)

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4. A dead ass is better than a living lion. Note: Write out the original saying from which this form of Reverse (序换) comes.

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5. There was an amazed silence. Note: Explain the figure of Transferred Epithet (移就)in your own words.

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V. Improve each of the following passages by making any changes you think necessary. (20%, 5 points for each)

1. I got up very early the other day. I caught the first bus, but I still arrived late due to the reason of the heavy traffic jam.

2. Here we come across a traffic sign on which there are school children, and so there must be a school ahead.

3. The applicant opened his letter with “Your letter has been received,” and ended it with “Truly yours,” and two weeks later, a letter came asking him whether he could present some more documents which will prove his English level.

4. Owing to the fact that both their houses are in close proximity to a post office, there is possibility for them to make communications with each other by express mails.

VI. Answer the following questions. (20%, 5 points for each)

1. What do you think of the sentence “The unavailability of imported foods was simply beyond their expectations”? How will you interpret the sentence in plain English?

2. Interpret either in English or in Chinese the following labels.

esp —

i.e. —

Hollywood —

the White House —

the press —

3. What do you think of the following statement?

Some elected officials are bribe takers, and as Smith is an elected official, he must be a bribe taker.

4. What have you learned about vagueness in contrast to accuracy? Can you cite an example of using vague expressions in communication?

“英语修辞学”样卷参考答案及评分标准

I. 每空格1分,共10分

1. (1) Rhetoric (2) effectively

2. (1) oral   (2) it

3. (1) wrong  (2) does

4. (1) meaning (2) mother

5. (1) such  (2) in communication / in speaking or writing

II. 每小题1分,共10分

1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. T 7. T 8. F 9. F 10. T

III. 每小题2分,共20分

1. C 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. D

IV. 每小题4分,共20分;以符合改写要求为主(2.5分),其他语言与语法为次(1.5分)。

1. Learning is climbing up a mountain.

2. His voice sounded like a thunder in the hall.

3. I hear your daughter is expecting, isn't she?

4. A living ass is better than a dead lion.

5. People there were all amazed and they kept silent.

V. 每小题5分,共20分;改写符合有关修辞原则与技巧(3分),同时适当考虑语法(2分)。

1. The other day, I got up early and caught the first bus, but I still arrived late because of the heavy traffic jam.

2. The traffic sign on which there are school children indicates that there is a school ahead. Here we come across such a traffic sign, and so there must be a school ahead.

3. The applicant started his letter with “Dear Sir: Your letter has been received,” and closed his letter with “Truly yours, George.” Two weeks later, a letter came asking him to present more documents to prove his English level.

4. As their houses are both near a post office, they can communicate by express mails.

VI. 每小题5分,共20分;每题包含两个问题时一般各占2.5分,包含5个小项的每项占1分。

1. The sentence is heavy and uneasy to be understood, and I'd rewrite it as the following: They never thought that they were unable to get imported foods.

2. esp. — especially; 特别是

i.e. — that is to say; namely; 也就是说

Hollywood — American film-making industry; 好莱坞

the White House — the U.S. president / administration; 白宫

the press — news reporters / journalists / newspapers, etc. 新闻媒体,记者等

3. The statement is not a sound deduction pattern. If the word “must” is changed into “may”, or “might”, then the statement will be alright.

4. In contrast to accuracy, vagueness is another important aspect of language. On the one hand, vagueness always exists in many terms, e.g. the difference between “long” and “short” are only comparatively true. In daily life, people sometimes deliberately use vague expressions when they are unable or find it unwise to be exact.

索引

abbreviation (略语,缩写) 7.4A3

accuracy of word choice (择语的准确性) 4.2A

allegory (讽喻) 9.1A,9.1C

alliteration (头韵) 16.3B2, 17.1A, 17.2A, 17.2C

anadiplosis (蝉联) 13.1C, 13.2

analogy (类比) 9.1A, 9.1B, 20.2C3, 20.2D2

anticlimax (突降) 7.3B

antithesis (平行对照) 16.3, 18.4B2

appropriateness and creativeness / appropriaty and creativity (得体与创新) 5.1

argumentation (辩论) 1.1C, 20.1A2, 21.1

Aristotle (亚里士多德) 1.1C1, 2.2C3

artistic method [艺术(描写)法] 21.3A2

artistic proof (艺术性) 2.2A

assonance (母韵;元音韵;半谐音) 17.1B, 17.2A

asyndeton (省去并列句中连词的省略句) 7.4A2

balance sentence (平衡句) 16.2A3

bibliography (参考文献) 22.3D

block quotation [大块(指4行以上的)摘引] 22.3B2

BRIC (金砖四国) 6.2B

Campbell, George (乔治·坎贝尔) 2.2A

cause and effect (因果关系) 19.2B4, 19.2C1

central thought (中心思想) 2.1C1, 18.2A2, 20.1A1

character (角色) 21.2B3

choice of words and expressions (词语选用) 2.1A, 4, 18.3B2

chronological order (年代次序) 19.2B2, 20.2B1

circumstantial irony / irony of fate (情节型反语) 11.1A2

clarity of word choice (择语的鲜明度) 4.2B

classical rhetoric (古典修辞学) 2.2C

classification (分类) 20.2D1

Climax (层进法) 7.3B2

coherence of the sentence / sentence coherence (句子连贯) 18.3, 19.1B2

coinage (生造词语) 5.2B

coordinators in parallelism (平行结构中的并列连词) 16.2A2

comparison (比较) 16.1B1, 20.2C1, 20.2D2

conclusion (结尾,结论) 20.2A1, 21.1C2

condensed simile (压缩了的明喻) 8.2A1

connotation (引申意义,隐含意义) 4.2A3,6.2B

consonance (尾韵) 17.1C, 17.2

contrast (对照,对比) 16.1A, 16.1B, 17.2B, 17.2C, 20.2C1, 20.2D2

correction (换语) 14.3

correct sentence (正确句) 7.1A, 18.1A

creativeness / creativity (创新) 5.1

cumulative sentence (渐进句) 7.3A, 18.4A1

deduction (演绎法) 2.2C3, 20.2A2, 21.1C1

defining by comparison, contrast or analogy (比较,对照或类比释义) 20.2D2

defining by etymology (词根释义) 20.2D2

defining by example (举例释义) 20.2D2

defining by function (功能释义) 20.2D2

defining by negation (反义释义) 20.2D2

defining by synonym (同义释义) 20.2D2

definition (定义) 20.2D2

denotation (基本意义,指示意义) 4.2A3,6.2A

description (描写) 20.1A2, 21.3

development of the paragraph (段落展开) 20.1A1, 20.2C3

dividing (a word)with a hyphen at the end of a line (移行) 3.2B2

division of paragraphs (分段) 19.1A

double rhyme (双韵,长短二音韵) 17.1D2

dramatic irony (戏剧性反语) 11.1A

effective (有效的) 1.1A, 18.1B

effective sentence (有效句) 18.1B

elliptical sentence (省略句) 7.4A, 18.3B2, 18.4B2

emotional meaning (情感意义) 6.2A

emphasis (强调) 18.4

endnote (尾注) 22.3C2

end weight (尾重) 7.3B3

ethos (人格) 2.2A3

euphemism (委婉语) 12.3

exemplification (例证) 3.1A1

exposition (说明) 20.1A2, 20.2

faulty parallel structure (不对称平行结构) 16.2B3

favorable meaning (褒义) 5.3C2, 6.4A, 10.2B1

feasibility study report (可行性研究报告) 23.3B

figurative meaning (比喻意义) 6.5A

figures of speech (辞格) 2.1B2, 8.1-17.2, 18.3B2

flowery (华丽) 4.2C

footnote (脚注) 22.3C2

formal argumentation (正式辩论) 21.1A

formal outline (正式提纲) 3.1A1

format of paper writing (论文写作格式) 22.1B3, 22.3

four basic types of writing (四种基本文体) 20.1B

Frost, Robert (罗伯特·弗罗斯特) 9.2C1

generalization (概述) 20.2A

gracefulness (优美感) 4.2C

Hartwell, Patrick (帕特里克·哈特威尔) 1.2B2

homonymic pun (语音双关) 15.1A2

hyperbole (夸张) 12.1, 18.3B2

illustration (例释,详述) 20.2A

inartistic proofs (非艺术性) 2.2A

indicator of resemblance / simile marker (比喻词) 8.1A1

induction (归纳法) 2.2C3, 20.2A2, 21.1C1

innuendo (暗讽) 11.2C, 11.2D1

irony (反语) 11.1, 11.2D2

irony of fate (情节型反语) 11.1A1

John Locke (约翰·洛克) 1.1C1

Johnson, Samuel (塞缪尔·约翰逊) 7.1B1

letter writing (书信) 23.2B

levels of rhetorical activities (修辞活动层次) 2.1

literal meaning (字面意义) 6.5A

locational instructions (位置指引) 20.2B2

logical order (逻辑次序) 19.2B1, 19.2B4

logical reasoning (逻辑推理) 2.2C3, 21.1B2, 21.1D

logos (逻辑) 2.2A3

loose sentence (松散句) 7.2B

major premise (主前提) 21.1C2

malapropism (飞白,荒唐可笑的词语误用) 14.2

masculine rhyme (阳韵) 17.1D1

memo(randum) (备忘录) 23.2A

metaphor (隐喻) 8.2, 8.3, 9.1A2, 16.3B2, 20.2C3

metonymy (换喻) 9.2A, 9.2B

minor premise (次前提) 21.1C2

MLA Handbook (MLA (美国现代语言学会)写作指南) 22.3A2, 22.3D

modern rhetoric (现代修辞学) 1.1A, 2.2C

narration (记叙) 20.1A2, 21.2

negative meaning (消极意义,否定意义) 6.3B

neologism (创新词语) 5.2A

neutral meaning (中义/中性意义) 5.3C2, 6.4A, 6.4C

nonce compounds (特殊合成词语) 5.2A

notes (in a paper) [(论文)注释] 22.3A2, 22.3C

onomatopoeic, onomatopoeia (拟声的,拟声) 5.2A, 10.3, 17.2B

operational instructions (操作程序说明) 20.2B3

organization of paragraphs and a whole piece of writing (段篇安排,组段谋篇) 2.1C

oxymoron (矛盾修饰法) 11.2B, 16.3B2

paradox (反论,逆论) 11.2A

paragraph (段落) 19.1A, 20.1, 20.2D2

paragraph development (段落展开) 20.1A1, 20.2D2

paragraph division (分段) 19.1A

parallelism (平行结构) 16.2, 17.2B

paregmenon (同源) 14.1

parody (仿拟,仿化) 13.1A, 13.2

pathos (情感) 2.2A3, 2.2C3

periodic sentence (掉尾句) 7.2A, 18.4A1

personification (拟人) 10.1

persuasion (劝说) 20.1A2

place relationship (地点联系) 19.2C1

plot (情节) 21.2B1

popular method [普通(描写)法] 21.3A2

positive meaning (积极意义,肯定意义) 6.3A

postpositioned transferred epithet (后置移就修饰) 15.2A2

pre-positioned transferred epithet (前置移就修饰) 15.2A2

primary note (首次注) 22.3C3

problem-solution argument (问题加方案式辩论) 21.1B1

process analysis (过程分析) 20.2B

procedures of paper writing (论文写作过程) 22.2

proposal report (建议报告) 23.3A

proposition argument (陈述式辩论) 21.1B1

pun (双关) 15.1

Quintilian (昆廷利安) 7.4B2

quotations in a paper (论文中的摘引) 22.3B

reduplication (相同词语的重复) 7.4B2

reference / vehicle (喻体) 8.1A1

references (参考文献) 22.3D

register (语域) 2.1B1

regression (回环,逆序反复) 13.1D, 13.2, 16.2A3

relativity (相对性) 6.3C

repetition (重复) 7.4B, 17.2B, 18.3B2, 18.4B2

restriction (限定) 20.2A1

résumé (简历) 23.2C

reverse (序换) 13.1B, 13.2

rhetorical questions (修辞疑问句) 7.1B2

rhetorical traditions (修辞传统) 2.2A

sarcasm (讥讽,挖苦) 11.2D

satire (讽刺) 11.2D2

science of oratory (演说术) 1.1C1

scientific method [科学(描写)法] 21.3A2

scratch outline (草纲) 3.1A1

secondary note (二次注) 22.3C3

semantic pun (语义双关) 15.1A3

sentence varieties (句式变化) 2.1B, 7.1B

setting (背景) 20.2B2

Shakespeare (莎士比亚) 2.1B2, 9.1C3

simile (明喻) 8.1, 8.3, 9.1A2

single rhyme (单韵) 17.1D1

spatial order (空间次序) 19.2B3, 21.2A2, 21.3A1

steps of paper writing (论文写作步骤) 22.1A2

style (风格) 3.2C

styles of writing (文章风格) 20.1B2

subject / tenor (本体) 8.1A1

suggestive method [联想(描写)法] 21.3A2

syllepsis (一语双叙) 15.3

syllogism (三段论) 21.1C2, 21.1D

synecdoche (提喻) 9.2A, 9.2C

synonymy (重复含义相同的词语) 7.4B2

temporal / chronological order (时间/年代次序) 19.2B2, 21.2A1, 21.3A1

tenor / subject (本体) 8.1A1

three standards of word choice (择语的三项标准) 4.2

title note (题注) 22.3C2

topic (主题) 19.2A1

topic sentence (主题句) 19.1B2, 19.2A2, 20.2A1, 20.2C3, 21.3B1

transferred epithet (移就修饰,转移修饰) 15.2

transition (过渡) 19.2C

transitional words and phrases (过渡词语) 19.2C1

types of writing (文体类型) 20.1B2

understatement (低调陈述,含蓄表达) 12.2

unfavorable meaning (贬义) 5.3C2, 6.4A, 10.2B1, 10.2B2

unit of thought (意群) 2.1C2

unity (of the sentence), sentence unity (句子的一致) 18.2, 18.3A2

use of figures (设格) 2.1B2

vehicle / reference (喻体) 8.1A1

verbal irony (词汇型反语) 11.1A2

vividness of word choice (择语的生动感) 4.2C

works cited (参考文献) 22.3D

zeugma (轭式搭配) 15.3A1

zoosemy (拟物) 10.2

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