饭饭TXT > 学习管理 > 《宇宙的琴弦(出书版)》作者:[美]B·格林【完结】 > 宇宙的琴弦.txt

第15章 远望.3

作者:美-B·格林 当前章节:15393 字 更新时间:2026-6-23 00:15

varieties of,~的种类,见curled-up dimensions;extended dimension

distance,距离33

in string theory,弦理论的~249—254

Dixon-Lerche-Vafa-Warner conjecture,狄克松-勒克-瓦法-瓦纳猜想255—258 double-slit experiments,双缝实验97—102,98,99,100,101

electrons in,~中的电子104,109—114,118

Feynman's approach to,~的费曼方法109—112,110

interference pattern in,~的干涉图样

100—102,101,104,105,109

light as particles in,光粒子的~98—99,98,99,101—103

light as waves in,光波的~99—101,100,102—103

water waves and,水波和~99—100,101

down-quarks,下夸克7,9

duality,对偶性297—306,312—316,313,315,318,332—333,381—382

mirror symmetry and,镜像对称和~299

and quantum geometry,~和量子几何312—314

string coupling constants and,弦对偶常数和~303—306,315—316

strong-weak,强弱~299—300,304—305,318

supersymmetry and,超对称性和~301—303,306,382

duration,持续时间33

earth,地球67,169,235,386

and gravitational influence of sun,~和太阳的引力效应68—70,70,71,72,73,75,289—290

E=mc2,51—52,103—104,120,121,145,149,238,317

Einstein, Albert,爱因斯坦,A.3,20,62,88,94—97,104,114,272,387

and cosmological constant,~和宇宙学常数82,225,346

on experimental confirmation of general theory,~关于广义相对论的实验验证166

and Kaluza-Klein theory,~和卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论187,197

on probability in physics,~关于物理学中的几率107—108,201

and unified field theory,~关于统一场论4—5,15,283

参见general theory of relativity;photoe-lectric effect;special theory of relativity electric charge,电荷10,12,171

and Calabi-Yau spaces~和卡-丘空间205—206,223—224

of point particles,点粒子的~223

electromagnetic field,电磁场23—24,377

electromagnetic force,电磁力10,11,12,15,126,374,384

in early universe,早期宇宙的~350,352

electric charges and,电荷和~10,12,171

gravitational force vs.,引力与~12

intrinsic strength of,~的内禀强度176—177

in Kaluza-Klein theory,卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论的~187,196—197,287

messenger particles of,~的信使粒子,见photons

and quantum electrodynamics,~和量子电动力学121—122

strong force and,强力和~175—176,198

electromagnetic waves,电磁波88—90,89

composition of,~的组成97

energy of,~的能量88—89,90,92—93,94,97

light as,作为~的光24,97,98,99—101,100,102—103

electron-neutrinos,电子中微子,见neutrinos

electrons,电子3,7,8,9,14,15,42,54,146,150,153,218,347

in double-slit experiments,双缝干涉实验的~104,109—114,118

interaction of positrons and,质子和~的相互作用159—160,159

in photoelectric effect,光电效应的~94—97

quantum electrodynamics and,量子电动力学和~121—122

spin of,~的自旋170—172

in uncertainty principle,不确定性原理的~112—115,118—119

electron waves,电子波,见probability wa-ves

electroweak force,弱电力122—123, 175—176,352

elementary particles,基本粒子,见partic-les, elementary

energy,能量51

of electromagnetic waves,电磁波的~88—89,90,92—93,94,97

mass and,质量和~52,81,120,144—145,149,238

of photons in photoelectric effect,光电效应中的光子~96—97

and resonance patterns of strings,~和弦共振模式144—145,144,145,148—152,155,216—218,220—221,239—247,244,245,291—292

and wave frequency,~和波频率92—93,94—95,104

entropy:熵:

black hole,黑洞~333—340

high vs. low,~的高与低333—334参见Bekenstein-Hawking entropy

equivalence principle,等效原理58—62,68,75,125,374,375,382

symmetry and,对称性和~169—170,374—375

Euclidean geometry,欧几里得几何64,65,231

Euler beta-function,欧拉β函数137

event horizon,事件视界79—81,79,342,344

area-increase law and,面积增加定理和~335,336,340

gravitational force and,引力和~79—80,265,336,337

extended dimension,延展维186,186,187—192,188,191,204,208,248—249,251

in M-theory, M理论的~165,309—312,309,311,315—317,324, 325,379

tearing of spacetime in,~时空的破裂281,323,324,325,327

extremal black holes,极端黑洞339—340,343

families, of elementary particles,族,基本粒子的~9,9,123,216—221,219,255—256,257—258,280

fermions, spin of,费米子,~的自旋175,180,182

Feynman, Richard,费曼,R.86—87,97,102,120,157,212—213

and alternative formulation of quantum mechanics,~和量子力学的新形式108—112,279—280

final theory,最后的理论,见theory of everything

first superstring revolution,第一次超弦革命139—140,297

flat space,平直空间67—68,68,73,127

flop transitions,翻转变换266—282,266,267,273,322,323,325,329

mirror symmetry and,镜像对称和~267,268—278,273

参见conifold transitions

force charges,力荷10—13,15,321

of black holes,黑洞的~321

and resonance patterns of strings,~和弦共振模式143—144,145—146,205—206,222

force-free motion,自由运动,见constant——velocity motion

force particles,力(传播)粒子11,11,13,142,147,172

spin of,~的自旋172,173,222

in standard model,标准模型的~123

and string theory,~和弦理论16,142,150,218

参见messenger particles;specific force particles

forces, fundamental,力,基本~10—13,15

common features of,~的共性11—12 differences in intrinsic strength of,~内禀强度的差别12

distance and intrinsic strength of,~的内禀强度和(作用)距离176—178,178

in early universe,早期宇宙的~350—352

and enforcing symmetries,~和加强对称性124—126

force particles of,~的传播粒子,见force particles

grand unification and,大统一和~175—178

M-theory and merging of, M理论和~的融合363—364,363

supersymmetry and intrinsic strengths of,超对称性和~的内禀强度178,179参见specific forces

frequency wave,频率波89,102,103

energy and,能与~92—93,94—95,104

fusion,(核)聚变13,51

galaxies,星系3,4,54,234,235,348,368

formation of~的形成13,347

Garden-hose universe:花园水管宇宙:

and Kaluza-Klein theory,~和卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论186—196,186,188,194,195,236

point particles in,~中的点粒子236—237,237

quantum geometry and,量子几何和~236—248

gauge symmetry,规范对称性124—126,170,374,375

general theory of relativity,广义相对论53—84,87,126,169,210,289,343,377

aesthetics of,~的美学75—76,166

applications of,~的应用78—83

equivalence principle and,等效原理和~,见equivalence principle

expansion and contraction of universe and,宇宙的膨胀、收缩和~81—83,225,346,357

experimental verification of,~的实验验证75—78,83—84,166

identification of agent of gravity in,~中引力作用的认定67,71

and Kaluza-Klein theory,~和卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论187,196—197,199,287

mathematics of,~的数学81,231—233,263

Newton's theory of gravity and,牛顿的引力理论和~57—58,67,71,73—74,76,231

quantum mechanics vs.,量子力学与~3—5,6,14,84,117—131,138,152,198,202,235,322

scale in,~的尺度127—130

warping of spacetime in,~中的时空弯曲6,53,62—75,233,376

gluinos,胶子中微子174

gluons,胶子11

spin of,~的自旋172

as strong force messenger particle,作为强力信使粒子的~123—124,138

superpartners of,~的超对称伙伴174

grand unification,大统一175—178,180

distance and intrinsic strength of forces in,~中力的作用距离和内禀强度176—178,178

gravitational field,引力场377

gravitational force,引力15,54,67,122,135

of black holes,黑洞的~75,79—80,265,336,337,343

Calabi-Yau spaces and,卡-丘空间和~218,363—364

critical density and,临界密度和~234—235

electromagnetic force vs.,电磁力与~12

in equivalence principle,等效原理下的~58—62,68,75,125,374,375,382

event horizon and,事件视界和~79—80,265,336,337

in general theory of relativity,广义相对论的~6,53,62—75,126,233,376

intrinsic strength of,~的内禀强度175

in Kaluza-Klein theory,卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论的~187,197

mass and,质量和~10,11,54—55,68—69,71,78—81

of moon and sun,月亮和太阳的~68—70,70,71,72,72,73,75,289—290

in Newton's universal theory of gravity,牛顿万有引力理论下的~,见New-ton's universal theory of gravity

quantum field theory of,~的量子场论124—130,138,158,320

on space stations,太空站的~3

and stellar formation and collapse,~与星体的形成和坍缩13,339

string theory and,弦理论和~158,163—164,165,210—211,218,307—312,314,320

gravitons,引力子11,12,125,377

as messenger particles of gravitational force,作为引力信使粒子的~138,150,163,172,218

and resonance patterns of strings,~和弦共振模式145,148,158,165,210

spin of,~的自旋172

Greenwich observatory,格林尼治天文台77

heavy string modes,重弦模式251—254

Heterotic-E string theory(Heterotic E8×E8string theory),杂化E弦理论(杂化E8×E8弦理论)183,284,286,287,306,308,309—311,309,313,313,315,316,405—406

Heterotic-O string theory(Heterotic O(32)string theory),杂化O弦理论(杂化O(32)弦理论)182,284,286,287,303—304,305,306,308,313,313,314

high entropy, low entropy vs.,高熵,低熵与~333—334

higher-dimensional supergravity,高维超引力199—201,199,200

holographic principle,全息原理401

horizon problem,视界问题353—356,362

inflation and,暴胀和~355—356 human life expectancy, and effect of motion on time,人类寿命,~和运动对时间的影响41—43

inflationary cosmology,暴胀宇宙学355—356,362

infrared radiation,红外辐射94

Institute for Advanced Study,(普林斯顿)高等研究院270,271—272,274,277

interference patterns,干涉图样100—102,101,104,105,109,111,112,118

Kaluza-Klein theory,卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论186—203

Garden-hose universe analogy and,花园水管宇宙类比和~186—196,

186,188,194,195,236

general relativity and electromagnetic the ory unified by,~统一的广义相对论和电磁理论187,196—197,199,287

quantum mechanics and,量子力学和~191—192

Klein-Gordon equation,克莱茵-戈登方程341

light:光:

black holes and,黑洞和~79,81

color of,~的颜色26,94—95,96

composition of,~的组成96,97—103

参见electromagnetic waves

light, speed of,光速354

constancy of,~不变性32—33,34,35,36,40,41,47,52,56

in E=mc2,E=mc2中的~51—52,105

gravitational disturbances and,引力扰动和~56,74

and Maxwell's electromagnetic theory,~和麦克斯韦电磁理论5,24,27,32

and Newton's laws of motion,~和牛顿运动定律5,24,32,33

and special theory of relativity,~和狭义相对论5,24,27,31—33,34—37,41,42,44—45,47,50—51,53,55—56,74

light clocks,光子钟38—41,38,39

“ticks”of,~的“滴答”38

time differences between moving and sta-tionary,运动~与静止~的时间差39—41

light paths, solar eclipses and bending of,光的路径,日食和~的弯曲77

light string modes,轻弦模式251—254 light waves,光波,见electromagnetic waves light-years,光年248

loops of strings,弦圈14,14,292—294,293,381

Lorentz contraction,洛伦兹收缩26—27,63

low entropy, high entropy vs.,低熵与高熵333—334

lumps of energy, electromagnetic wave energy as,能量包,表现为~的电磁波能,见quanta

magnetism,磁171

mass,质量51

of black holes,黑洞的~79,80,81,321,330—331,337,338

of branes,膜的~317,330—331

of elementary particles,基本粒子的~9—10,11,12,15,205—206,217—218,224

energy and,能量和~52,81,120,144—145,149,238

and gravitational force,~和引力10,11,54—55,68—69,71,78—81

of particles in Calabi-Yau spaces,卡-丘空间中的~217—218,259, 281

and resonance patterns of strings,~和弦共振模式143—145,151,205—206,220

of stars,星体的~339

and string tension,~和弦张力149—152

of superpartners,超伙伴的~179,222

and warping of spacetime and time,~和时空与时间的弯曲68—74,69,75

and wave-particle duality,~与波粒二象性103—104

of wrapped strings,缠绕弦的~238—239

matter,物质14,14,54

antimatter vs.,反物质与~8—9,120,159,176,223,292

composition of,~的组成7—10,226 waves of,~波103—105,106

Maxwell's electromagnetic theory,麦克斯韦电磁理论5,23—24,27,32,89,103,121

and Kaluza-Klein theory,~和卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论187,196—197,199,287

messenger particles,信使粒子123—124,125,138,150,167,218

参见force particles;specific messenger particles

microwaves,微波348—349

mirror manifolds,镜像流形256—258,259—261,269,273—278,273

in mathematics vs.,physics construction,数学的~与物理学结构的比较270—271

mirror symmetry,镜像对称255—262

duality and,对偶性和~299

flop-transitions and,翻转变换和~267,268—278,273

mirror manifolds in,~下的镜像流形,见mirror manifolds

physics and mathematics of,~的物理和数学259—262

momentum,动量119,120,155

moon,月亮169

gravitational influence of earth and sun on,地球和太阳引力对~的影响70,289—290

in solar eclipse,日食中的~77

motion:运动;

and effect on time,~和对时间的影响,见time, effect of motion on

predicted in Newton's theory of gravity,牛顿引力理论预言的~55,56,289—290

in principle of relativity,相对性原理下的~28—30

参见accelerated motion;constant-velo-city motion

M-theory, M理论20,283—319,373—387

and anthropic principle,~和人存原理368

duality in,~中的对偶性312—316,313,315,318,332—333,381—382

extended objects in,~中的延展物165,309—312,309,311,315—317,324,325,379

formation of,~的形成366—367,369—370

future challenges for,~未来的挑战318—319

interconnections in,~的内在联系312—315,315,332—333

and merging of fundamental forces,~和基本力的结合363—364,363

multiverse,多重宇宙366—370,385,387

name of,~的名字312

supergravity and,超引力和~307—312,314

参见string theory

multiverse,多重宇宙366—370,385,387

and anthropic principle,~和人存原理368

formation of,~的形成366—367,369—370

symmetry and,对称性和~367

and T. O.E.,~和T.O.E.(包罗万象的理论)368—370

muon-neutrino,μ子中微子8

muons,μ子8,9,52,174

motion and life expectancy of,~的运动和寿命42

neutrinos,中微子8,9,42,146,224,226

superpartners of,~的超伙伴174

neutrons,中子7,11,13,14,54,124,347

neutron stars,中子星75,226

Newton, Isaac,牛顿,I.5—6,53—57,377,380—381

on light as particles,~的光粒子观97,98—99,101,102

Newton's laws of motion,牛顿运动定律5,24,32,33,103,340—41,377

Newton's universal theory of gravity,牛顿万有引力理论5—6,53—57,101,169,210,289—290

attraction in,~中的吸引54—55,56,58—59,70

general theory of relativity and,广义相对论和~57—58,67,71,73—74,76,231

nature of gravity and,引力的本性和~56—57

predictions of bodily motion in,~中的物体运动的预言55,56,76

special relativity vs.,狭义相对论与~5—6,24,33,53,55—56,73—74,84

noncommutative geometry,非对易几何379—380

non-constant-velocity motion,非匀速运动,见accelerated motion

nuclear forces,核力,见strong force;weak force

nuclei, of atoms,原子核7,11,13,141,170

one-branes,1-膜,见strings

orbifolding,轨形256,257,269

ordinary vibrations of strings,弦的一般振动240,246—247

particle accelerators,粒子加速器42,52,136,137,141,143,151,179,215,222,370,384

probe particles and,探针粒子和~153—154

paticles, elementary,基本粒子7—10,143,147,167

antiparticles and,反粒子和~8—9,120,159,176,223,292

black holes and,黑洞和~320—322,329—333

“fabric”of,~的结构146

families of,~族9,9,123,216—217,219,255—256,257—258,280 force charges of,~的力荷,见force charges

of forces,力的~,见force particles

light as,作为~的光96,97—103

mass of,~的质量9—10,11,12, 15,205—206,217—218,224

messenger,信使123—124

quantum electrodynamics and,量子电动力学和~121—122

spin of,~的自旋170—172,173,175,180,182,222

in standard model,标准模型中的~,见point particles

and string theory,~和弦理论14,14,15—16,18,135,136,137,138,139,141,142,145,146,147,151—152,175,180,182,216—221,220—222,223,255—256,257—258,280

in strong force,强力的~10,13,125—126,136—137

superpartners of,~的超伙伴,见su-perpartners

in uncertainty principle,不确定性原理下的~113—114,115—116,118,154—155

参见specific particles

p-branes, p-膜316—317

perturbation theory,微扰论218,288—297

and classical physics,~和经典物理学289—290

cosmology and,宇宙学和~357

failure of,~的失败290

string theory and,弦理论和~288—289,291—297,357

phase transitions:相变:

of black holes,黑洞的~331,332

in early universe,早期宇宙的~350—352

photinos,光子中微子174

photoelectric effect,光电效应94—97

and particle properties of light,~和光的粒子性95—96,97,103

photon energy in,~中的光能96—97

speed of ejected electrons in,~中出射电子的速度94—95,96—97

photons,光子11,32,51,56,74,77,123,150,153,159,161,251,377

as bundles of quanta,作为量子束的~97

in early universe,早期宇宙中的~347,348

as electromagnetic messenger particles,

作为电磁信使粒子的~123—124 in light clocks,光子钟里的~38—41,96

in photoelectric effect,光电效应的~96—97

as quanta of light,作为光量子的~96,97—103

and quantum electrodynamics,~和量子电动力学122

目录
设置
设置
阅读主题
字体风格
雅黑 宋体 楷书 卡通
字体大小
适中 偏大 超大
保存设置
恢复默认
手机
手机阅读
扫码获取链接,使用浏览器打开
书架同步,随时随地,手机阅读
首 页 < 上一章 章节列表 下一章 > 尾 页