varieties of,~的种类,见curled-up dimensions;extended dimension
distance,距离33
in string theory,弦理论的~249—254
Dixon-Lerche-Vafa-Warner conjecture,狄克松-勒克-瓦法-瓦纳猜想255—258 double-slit experiments,双缝实验97—102,98,99,100,101
electrons in,~中的电子104,109—114,118
Feynman's approach to,~的费曼方法109—112,110
interference pattern in,~的干涉图样
100—102,101,104,105,109
light as particles in,光粒子的~98—99,98,99,101—103
light as waves in,光波的~99—101,100,102—103
water waves and,水波和~99—100,101
down-quarks,下夸克7,9
duality,对偶性297—306,312—316,313,315,318,332—333,381—382
mirror symmetry and,镜像对称和~299
and quantum geometry,~和量子几何312—314
string coupling constants and,弦对偶常数和~303—306,315—316
strong-weak,强弱~299—300,304—305,318
supersymmetry and,超对称性和~301—303,306,382
duration,持续时间33
earth,地球67,169,235,386
and gravitational influence of sun,~和太阳的引力效应68—70,70,71,72,73,75,289—290
E=mc2,51—52,103—104,120,121,145,149,238,317
Einstein, Albert,爱因斯坦,A.3,20,62,88,94—97,104,114,272,387
and cosmological constant,~和宇宙学常数82,225,346
on experimental confirmation of general theory,~关于广义相对论的实验验证166
and Kaluza-Klein theory,~和卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论187,197
on probability in physics,~关于物理学中的几率107—108,201
and unified field theory,~关于统一场论4—5,15,283
参见general theory of relativity;photoe-lectric effect;special theory of relativity electric charge,电荷10,12,171
and Calabi-Yau spaces~和卡-丘空间205—206,223—224
of point particles,点粒子的~223
electromagnetic field,电磁场23—24,377
electromagnetic force,电磁力10,11,12,15,126,374,384
in early universe,早期宇宙的~350,352
electric charges and,电荷和~10,12,171
gravitational force vs.,引力与~12
intrinsic strength of,~的内禀强度176—177
in Kaluza-Klein theory,卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论的~187,196—197,287
messenger particles of,~的信使粒子,见photons
and quantum electrodynamics,~和量子电动力学121—122
strong force and,强力和~175—176,198
electromagnetic waves,电磁波88—90,89
composition of,~的组成97
energy of,~的能量88—89,90,92—93,94,97
light as,作为~的光24,97,98,99—101,100,102—103
electron-neutrinos,电子中微子,见neutrinos
electrons,电子3,7,8,9,14,15,42,54,146,150,153,218,347
in double-slit experiments,双缝干涉实验的~104,109—114,118
interaction of positrons and,质子和~的相互作用159—160,159
in photoelectric effect,光电效应的~94—97
quantum electrodynamics and,量子电动力学和~121—122
spin of,~的自旋170—172
in uncertainty principle,不确定性原理的~112—115,118—119
electron waves,电子波,见probability wa-ves
electroweak force,弱电力122—123, 175—176,352
elementary particles,基本粒子,见partic-les, elementary
energy,能量51
of electromagnetic waves,电磁波的~88—89,90,92—93,94,97
mass and,质量和~52,81,120,144—145,149,238
of photons in photoelectric effect,光电效应中的光子~96—97
and resonance patterns of strings,~和弦共振模式144—145,144,145,148—152,155,216—218,220—221,239—247,244,245,291—292
and wave frequency,~和波频率92—93,94—95,104
entropy:熵:
black hole,黑洞~333—340
high vs. low,~的高与低333—334参见Bekenstein-Hawking entropy
equivalence principle,等效原理58—62,68,75,125,374,375,382
symmetry and,对称性和~169—170,374—375
Euclidean geometry,欧几里得几何64,65,231
Euler beta-function,欧拉β函数137
event horizon,事件视界79—81,79,342,344
area-increase law and,面积增加定理和~335,336,340
gravitational force and,引力和~79—80,265,336,337
extended dimension,延展维186,186,187—192,188,191,204,208,248—249,251
in M-theory, M理论的~165,309—312,309,311,315—317,324, 325,379
tearing of spacetime in,~时空的破裂281,323,324,325,327
extremal black holes,极端黑洞339—340,343
families, of elementary particles,族,基本粒子的~9,9,123,216—221,219,255—256,257—258,280
fermions, spin of,费米子,~的自旋175,180,182
Feynman, Richard,费曼,R.86—87,97,102,120,157,212—213
and alternative formulation of quantum mechanics,~和量子力学的新形式108—112,279—280
final theory,最后的理论,见theory of everything
first superstring revolution,第一次超弦革命139—140,297
flat space,平直空间67—68,68,73,127
flop transitions,翻转变换266—282,266,267,273,322,323,325,329
mirror symmetry and,镜像对称和~267,268—278,273
参见conifold transitions
force charges,力荷10—13,15,321
of black holes,黑洞的~321
and resonance patterns of strings,~和弦共振模式143—144,145—146,205—206,222
force-free motion,自由运动,见constant——velocity motion
force particles,力(传播)粒子11,11,13,142,147,172
spin of,~的自旋172,173,222
in standard model,标准模型的~123
and string theory,~和弦理论16,142,150,218
参见messenger particles;specific force particles
forces, fundamental,力,基本~10—13,15
common features of,~的共性11—12 differences in intrinsic strength of,~内禀强度的差别12
distance and intrinsic strength of,~的内禀强度和(作用)距离176—178,178
in early universe,早期宇宙的~350—352
and enforcing symmetries,~和加强对称性124—126
force particles of,~的传播粒子,见force particles
grand unification and,大统一和~175—178
M-theory and merging of, M理论和~的融合363—364,363
supersymmetry and intrinsic strengths of,超对称性和~的内禀强度178,179参见specific forces
frequency wave,频率波89,102,103
energy and,能与~92—93,94—95,104
fusion,(核)聚变13,51
galaxies,星系3,4,54,234,235,348,368
formation of~的形成13,347
Garden-hose universe:花园水管宇宙:
and Kaluza-Klein theory,~和卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论186—196,186,188,194,195,236
point particles in,~中的点粒子236—237,237
quantum geometry and,量子几何和~236—248
gauge symmetry,规范对称性124—126,170,374,375
general theory of relativity,广义相对论53—84,87,126,169,210,289,343,377
aesthetics of,~的美学75—76,166
applications of,~的应用78—83
equivalence principle and,等效原理和~,见equivalence principle
expansion and contraction of universe and,宇宙的膨胀、收缩和~81—83,225,346,357
experimental verification of,~的实验验证75—78,83—84,166
identification of agent of gravity in,~中引力作用的认定67,71
and Kaluza-Klein theory,~和卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论187,196—197,199,287
mathematics of,~的数学81,231—233,263
Newton's theory of gravity and,牛顿的引力理论和~57—58,67,71,73—74,76,231
quantum mechanics vs.,量子力学与~3—5,6,14,84,117—131,138,152,198,202,235,322
scale in,~的尺度127—130
warping of spacetime in,~中的时空弯曲6,53,62—75,233,376
gluinos,胶子中微子174
gluons,胶子11
spin of,~的自旋172
as strong force messenger particle,作为强力信使粒子的~123—124,138
superpartners of,~的超对称伙伴174
grand unification,大统一175—178,180
distance and intrinsic strength of forces in,~中力的作用距离和内禀强度176—178,178
gravitational field,引力场377
gravitational force,引力15,54,67,122,135
of black holes,黑洞的~75,79—80,265,336,337,343
Calabi-Yau spaces and,卡-丘空间和~218,363—364
critical density and,临界密度和~234—235
electromagnetic force vs.,电磁力与~12
in equivalence principle,等效原理下的~58—62,68,75,125,374,375,382
event horizon and,事件视界和~79—80,265,336,337
in general theory of relativity,广义相对论的~6,53,62—75,126,233,376
intrinsic strength of,~的内禀强度175
in Kaluza-Klein theory,卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论的~187,197
mass and,质量和~10,11,54—55,68—69,71,78—81
of moon and sun,月亮和太阳的~68—70,70,71,72,72,73,75,289—290
in Newton's universal theory of gravity,牛顿万有引力理论下的~,见New-ton's universal theory of gravity
quantum field theory of,~的量子场论124—130,138,158,320
on space stations,太空站的~3
and stellar formation and collapse,~与星体的形成和坍缩13,339
string theory and,弦理论和~158,163—164,165,210—211,218,307—312,314,320
gravitons,引力子11,12,125,377
as messenger particles of gravitational force,作为引力信使粒子的~138,150,163,172,218
and resonance patterns of strings,~和弦共振模式145,148,158,165,210
spin of,~的自旋172
Greenwich observatory,格林尼治天文台77
heavy string modes,重弦模式251—254
Heterotic-E string theory(Heterotic E8×E8string theory),杂化E弦理论(杂化E8×E8弦理论)183,284,286,287,306,308,309—311,309,313,313,315,316,405—406
Heterotic-O string theory(Heterotic O(32)string theory),杂化O弦理论(杂化O(32)弦理论)182,284,286,287,303—304,305,306,308,313,313,314
high entropy, low entropy vs.,高熵,低熵与~333—334
higher-dimensional supergravity,高维超引力199—201,199,200
holographic principle,全息原理401
horizon problem,视界问题353—356,362
inflation and,暴胀和~355—356 human life expectancy, and effect of motion on time,人类寿命,~和运动对时间的影响41—43
inflationary cosmology,暴胀宇宙学355—356,362
infrared radiation,红外辐射94
Institute for Advanced Study,(普林斯顿)高等研究院270,271—272,274,277
interference patterns,干涉图样100—102,101,104,105,109,111,112,118
Kaluza-Klein theory,卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论186—203
Garden-hose universe analogy and,花园水管宇宙类比和~186—196,
186,188,194,195,236
general relativity and electromagnetic the ory unified by,~统一的广义相对论和电磁理论187,196—197,199,287
quantum mechanics and,量子力学和~191—192
Klein-Gordon equation,克莱茵-戈登方程341
light:光:
black holes and,黑洞和~79,81
color of,~的颜色26,94—95,96
composition of,~的组成96,97—103
参见electromagnetic waves
light, speed of,光速354
constancy of,~不变性32—33,34,35,36,40,41,47,52,56
in E=mc2,E=mc2中的~51—52,105
gravitational disturbances and,引力扰动和~56,74
and Maxwell's electromagnetic theory,~和麦克斯韦电磁理论5,24,27,32
and Newton's laws of motion,~和牛顿运动定律5,24,32,33
and special theory of relativity,~和狭义相对论5,24,27,31—33,34—37,41,42,44—45,47,50—51,53,55—56,74
light clocks,光子钟38—41,38,39
“ticks”of,~的“滴答”38
time differences between moving and sta-tionary,运动~与静止~的时间差39—41
light paths, solar eclipses and bending of,光的路径,日食和~的弯曲77
light string modes,轻弦模式251—254 light waves,光波,见electromagnetic waves light-years,光年248
loops of strings,弦圈14,14,292—294,293,381
Lorentz contraction,洛伦兹收缩26—27,63
low entropy, high entropy vs.,低熵与高熵333—334
lumps of energy, electromagnetic wave energy as,能量包,表现为~的电磁波能,见quanta
magnetism,磁171
mass,质量51
of black holes,黑洞的~79,80,81,321,330—331,337,338
of branes,膜的~317,330—331
of elementary particles,基本粒子的~9—10,11,12,15,205—206,217—218,224
energy and,能量和~52,81,120,144—145,149,238
and gravitational force,~和引力10,11,54—55,68—69,71,78—81
of particles in Calabi-Yau spaces,卡-丘空间中的~217—218,259, 281
and resonance patterns of strings,~和弦共振模式143—145,151,205—206,220
of stars,星体的~339
and string tension,~和弦张力149—152
of superpartners,超伙伴的~179,222
and warping of spacetime and time,~和时空与时间的弯曲68—74,69,75
and wave-particle duality,~与波粒二象性103—104
of wrapped strings,缠绕弦的~238—239
matter,物质14,14,54
antimatter vs.,反物质与~8—9,120,159,176,223,292
composition of,~的组成7—10,226 waves of,~波103—105,106
Maxwell's electromagnetic theory,麦克斯韦电磁理论5,23—24,27,32,89,103,121
and Kaluza-Klein theory,~和卡鲁扎-克莱茵理论187,196—197,199,287
messenger particles,信使粒子123—124,125,138,150,167,218
参见force particles;specific messenger particles
microwaves,微波348—349
mirror manifolds,镜像流形256—258,259—261,269,273—278,273
in mathematics vs.,physics construction,数学的~与物理学结构的比较270—271
mirror symmetry,镜像对称255—262
duality and,对偶性和~299
flop-transitions and,翻转变换和~267,268—278,273
mirror manifolds in,~下的镜像流形,见mirror manifolds
physics and mathematics of,~的物理和数学259—262
momentum,动量119,120,155
moon,月亮169
gravitational influence of earth and sun on,地球和太阳引力对~的影响70,289—290
in solar eclipse,日食中的~77
motion:运动;
and effect on time,~和对时间的影响,见time, effect of motion on
predicted in Newton's theory of gravity,牛顿引力理论预言的~55,56,289—290
in principle of relativity,相对性原理下的~28—30
参见accelerated motion;constant-velo-city motion
M-theory, M理论20,283—319,373—387
and anthropic principle,~和人存原理368
duality in,~中的对偶性312—316,313,315,318,332—333,381—382
extended objects in,~中的延展物165,309—312,309,311,315—317,324,325,379
formation of,~的形成366—367,369—370
future challenges for,~未来的挑战318—319
interconnections in,~的内在联系312—315,315,332—333
and merging of fundamental forces,~和基本力的结合363—364,363
multiverse,多重宇宙366—370,385,387
name of,~的名字312
supergravity and,超引力和~307—312,314
参见string theory
multiverse,多重宇宙366—370,385,387
and anthropic principle,~和人存原理368
formation of,~的形成366—367,369—370
symmetry and,对称性和~367
and T. O.E.,~和T.O.E.(包罗万象的理论)368—370
muon-neutrino,μ子中微子8
muons,μ子8,9,52,174
motion and life expectancy of,~的运动和寿命42
neutrinos,中微子8,9,42,146,224,226
superpartners of,~的超伙伴174
neutrons,中子7,11,13,14,54,124,347
neutron stars,中子星75,226
Newton, Isaac,牛顿,I.5—6,53—57,377,380—381
on light as particles,~的光粒子观97,98—99,101,102
Newton's laws of motion,牛顿运动定律5,24,32,33,103,340—41,377
Newton's universal theory of gravity,牛顿万有引力理论5—6,53—57,101,169,210,289—290
attraction in,~中的吸引54—55,56,58—59,70
general theory of relativity and,广义相对论和~57—58,67,71,73—74,76,231
nature of gravity and,引力的本性和~56—57
predictions of bodily motion in,~中的物体运动的预言55,56,76
special relativity vs.,狭义相对论与~5—6,24,33,53,55—56,73—74,84
noncommutative geometry,非对易几何379—380
non-constant-velocity motion,非匀速运动,见accelerated motion
nuclear forces,核力,见strong force;weak force
nuclei, of atoms,原子核7,11,13,141,170
one-branes,1-膜,见strings
orbifolding,轨形256,257,269
ordinary vibrations of strings,弦的一般振动240,246—247
particle accelerators,粒子加速器42,52,136,137,141,143,151,179,215,222,370,384
probe particles and,探针粒子和~153—154
paticles, elementary,基本粒子7—10,143,147,167
antiparticles and,反粒子和~8—9,120,159,176,223,292
black holes and,黑洞和~320—322,329—333
“fabric”of,~的结构146
families of,~族9,9,123,216—217,219,255—256,257—258,280 force charges of,~的力荷,见force charges
of forces,力的~,见force particles
light as,作为~的光96,97—103
mass of,~的质量9—10,11,12, 15,205—206,217—218,224
messenger,信使123—124
quantum electrodynamics and,量子电动力学和~121—122
spin of,~的自旋170—172,173,175,180,182,222
in standard model,标准模型中的~,见point particles
and string theory,~和弦理论14,14,15—16,18,135,136,137,138,139,141,142,145,146,147,151—152,175,180,182,216—221,220—222,223,255—256,257—258,280
in strong force,强力的~10,13,125—126,136—137
superpartners of,~的超伙伴,见su-perpartners
in uncertainty principle,不确定性原理下的~113—114,115—116,118,154—155
参见specific particles
p-branes, p-膜316—317
perturbation theory,微扰论218,288—297
and classical physics,~和经典物理学289—290
cosmology and,宇宙学和~357
failure of,~的失败290
string theory and,弦理论和~288—289,291—297,357
phase transitions:相变:
of black holes,黑洞的~331,332
in early universe,早期宇宙的~350—352
photinos,光子中微子174
photoelectric effect,光电效应94—97
and particle properties of light,~和光的粒子性95—96,97,103
photon energy in,~中的光能96—97
speed of ejected electrons in,~中出射电子的速度94—95,96—97
photons,光子11,32,51,56,74,77,123,150,153,159,161,251,377
as bundles of quanta,作为量子束的~97
in early universe,早期宇宙中的~347,348
as electromagnetic messenger particles,
作为电磁信使粒子的~123—124 in light clocks,光子钟里的~38—41,96
in photoelectric effect,光电效应的~96—97
as quanta of light,作为光量子的~96,97—103
and quantum electrodynamics,~和量子电动力学122