spin of,~的自旋172
superpartners of,~的超伙伴174
in uncertainty principle,不确定性原理下的~113,118,119
physical laws, symmetries of nature and,物理学定律,自然的对称性和~124—126,168—170,173
physics, classical:经典物理学:
perturbation theory and微扰论和~289—290
quantum mechanics vs.,量子力学与~107,112,114,115,340—342
参见Maxwell's electromagnetic theory;Newton's laws of motion;Newton's universal theory of gravity
physics, field of:物理学领域:
accomplishments of,~的成就117
determinism in,~中的决定论340—342
pivotal conflicts in,~中的重大问题5—6
problem-solving differences in mathema-tics vs.,数学与~解决问题的不同271,275
theory construction in,~中的理论建设380—381
Planck, Max,普朗克,M.23,86,104,114
and resolution of infinite-energy paradox,~和无穷大能量疑难的解决88—93
Planck energy,普朗克能量149,150,151,220,350
Planck length,普朗克长度130,135,136,141,142,148,155,177,192,215,224,232,234,235,239,242,243,248,252,253—254,358,380,387,396
Planck mass,普朗克质量149,151,176,224,317,321—322
Planck's constant(h),普朗克常数93,105,113,114,116,130
Planck tension,普朗克张力148
Planck time,普朗克时间346,350
参见inflationary cosmology;standard mo-del of cosmology;string cosmology
point-particle quantum field theory,点粒子量子场论224—225,350
particle interaction in,~中的粒子相互作用158—161,159,162—163,164
point particles,点粒子135,136,137,141,142—143,157—158,170—172
dimensionality of,~的维165,237,240
electric charge of,~的电荷223
probing sensitivity of,~的探测灵敏度154—155,158
strings approximated by,点粒子近似的弦307—308
superpartners of,~的超伙伴173—174
参见particles, elementary
points:点:
in Riemannian geometry,黎曼几何中的~232—234
universe originating as,~起源的宇宙83
参见point particles
positrons,正电子8,120
interaction of electrons and,电子与~的相互作用159—160,159
primordial nucleosynthesis,原初核合成346,349
principle of relativity,相对性原理28—30,40,61
probability,几率118
in quantum mechanics,量子力学中的~105—108,112—116,201—202,341—342
testing of,~的检验107
and wave nature of matter,~和物质的波动性,见probability waves
probability waves,几率波105—108,106,109,115,118,342
probe particles,探针粒子153—157
probing sensitivity:探测灵敏度:
of point particles,点粒子的~154—155,158
of strings,弦的~155—157,158,250—252
protons,质子7,11,13,14,54,124,150,153,224,322,347
quanta,量子91—97,118
quantum chromodynamics,量子色动力学122,137
quantum electrodynamics:量子电动力学:
electrons in,~中的电子121—122
photons in,~中的光子122
quantum electroweak theory,量子弱电理论122—123
quantum field theory,量子场论120—123
of gravitational force,引力的~124—130,138,158,320
special relativity and,狭义相对论和~120—122,226
参见quantum chromodynamics;quantum electrodynamics;quantum electroweak theory
quantum foam,量子泡沫127—129,128
quantum geometry,量子几何231—262,298—299
duality and,对偶性和~312—314
Garden-hose universe analogy in,~中的花园水管宇宙类比236—248
interchange of winding number and vibra-tion number in,~中缠绕数与振动数的交换239—247
minimum size in,~中的最小尺度252—254
mirror symmetry and,镜像对称性和~255—262
stock market analogy of string energy in,~中弦能量股市类比241—242
quantum mechanics,量子力学15,86—116
classical physics vs.,经典物理学与~107,112,114,115,340—342
Feynman's alternative formulation of,~的费曼形式108—112,279—280 general relativity vs.,广义相对论与~3—5,6,14,84,117—131,138,152,198,202,235,322
Kaluza-Klein theory and,卡鲁扎—克莱茵理论和~191—192
mathematical framework of,~的数学框架103—108
meaning of,~的意义108
precision and inherent difficulty of,~的精度和内在困难86—88
probability in,~中的几率105—108,112—116,201—202,341—342
scale in,~中的尺度6,7—10,85—116,118,127—130,135,176,177—178,191—192,198
string theory and reformulation of,弦理论和~的重建380—382
string theory vs.,development of,弦理论与~,~的发展226
universe in,~中的宇宙107—108,118—120,127—130,135
quantum smearing,量子抹平152,155,156,158,163—164
quantum tunneling,量子隧道115—116
quantum wavelength, probing sensitivity of particles and,量子波长,粒子探测灵敏度与~154—155
quarks,夸克3,5,14,124,150,223,224,384
discovery of,~的发现7
naming of,~的命名7,12
strong force and,~和强力10,13,125—126
superpartners of,~的超伙伴174
types of,~的类型7,8,9
quasars,类星体81,384
radioactive decay,辐射衰变11,124
reductionism, string theory and,还原论,弦理论和~16—17
relativistic quantum field theory,相对论
量子场论,见quantum field theory resonanse patterns:共振模式:
dark matter and,暗物质和~225, 235
in sound waves,声波的~143,144,145,145
of strings,弦的共振模式143—152,144,145,155,160,172,180—182,202—203,205—206,216—218,220—221,222,223,225,239—247,244,245,291—292,331,377—378
Riemannian geometry,黎曼几何231—234
and cosmological studies,~和宇宙学研究234
distortions in distance relations analyzed in,~中分析的距离关系的扭曲232—234,263
and general of relativity,~和广义相对论81,231—233,263
string theory and,弦理论和~231—232,234,249—254
rotational symmetry,旋转对称性125—126,170,173
scale:尺度:
in general theory of relativity,广义相对论中的~127—130
in quantum mechanics,量子力学中的~6,7—10,85—116,118,127—130,135,176,177—178,191—192,198
in string theory,弦理论中的~14,14,136,137,141,146,148,149,151,155—157,164,205—206,208,212,215,217,225,232,235—236,248—249,252—254,291,306,358—359,379—380,387
Schrödinger equation,薛定谔方程105—107,109,120—121,341
second law of thermodynamics,热力学第二定律334—335,336,337
second superstring revolution,第二次超弦革命140,165,285,286—288,298
selectrons,超电子174
singularities,奇性343—344 string theory and,弦理论和~344
sneutrinos,超中微子174
solar eclipses,日食76—77
sound, speed of,声速55—56
sound waves,声波90,90,93,143,145
space:空间:
fabric of,~的结构,见spacetime
flat,平直~67—68,68,73,127
smoothness of substrate of,~基底的光滑性263
spacetime,时空66
big bang as eruption of,~的大爆炸喷发83,346
in general theory of relativity,广义相对论的~,见
general theory of relativity, warping of spacetime in nature of,~的本性376—380
in special theory of relativity,狭义相对论的~5,6,24,25—27,33—51,66,376,377
string theory and nature of,弦理论和~本性377—380
warping of,~的弯曲,见spacetime, warping of
spacetime, tearing of,时空,~的破裂263—282
black holes and,黑洞和~265
branes as protective barrier in,~中起屏障作用的膜324,325,329—330
conifold transitions and,锥形变换和~281,325—333,360—361
in extended dimension,展开维中的~281,323,324,325,327
flop transitions and,翻转变换和~266—282,267,273,329
in point particle theory vs. string theory,点粒子理论的~与弦理论的~278—279
in the present,~现状281—282
world-sheet of string as protective barrier in,作为~保护屏障的世界叶279—280,323
wormholes and,虫洞和~264—265,264
spacetime, warping of:时空,~的弯曲:
big bang and,大爆炸和~81—83,234—235
black holes and,黑洞和~75,78—81
in general theory of relativity,广义相对论的~6,53,62—75,233,376
mass and,质量和~68—74,69,75
neutron stars and,中子星和~75
Riemannian geometry and analysis of,黎曼几何和~分析231—234,233
rubber membrane-bowling ball analogy of,~的橡皮碗状膜类比67—73,69,70,72,73
starlight paths as proof of,作为~证明的星光路径77
special theory of relativity,狭义相对论23—52,78,87
apparent counterintuitiveness of,~明显的反直觉表现25—26,27,36,50,53
dimensions in,~的维49—51,185
light speed and,光速和~5,24,27,31—33,34—37,41,42,44—45,47,50—51,53,55—56,74
Newton's universal theory of gravity vs.,牛顿万有引力理论与~5—6,24, 33,53,55—56,73—74,84
observers in constant-velocity motion and,匀速运动观测者和~24—25,26—27,34—37,40,41,43—46,47,58,75
in quantum field theory,量子场论的~120—122,226
spacetime in,~的时空5,6,24,25—27,33—51,66,376,377
speed,速度33
and effects of special relativity,~和狭义相对论效应25—26,27,36—37,41,42—43,50—51,53
of light,光速,见light, speed of spheres,球326,327
extradimensionality and,多维和~199,199
one-dimensional,1维~,见circles
two-dimensional,2维~266—268,322,325,326,326,327,331
three-dimensional,3维~323—326,326,327,331
zero-dimensional,0维~326,326 spin,自旋173
of black holes,黑洞的~321
of bosons,玻色子的~175,180,182
of elementary particles,基本粒子的~170—172,173,175,180,182,222
squarks,超夸克174
standard model of cosmology,宇宙学标准模型345—356
cosmic background radiation and,宇宙背景辐射和~348—349
horizon problem and,视界问题和~353—356,362
primordial nucleosynthesis in,~中的原初核合成346,349
string theory vs.,弦理论与~357
symmetry breaking in,~中的对称破缺350—352
standard model of particle physics,标准模型和粒子物理学123,198,381
elementary particles in,~中的基本粒子,见point particles
shortcomings of,~的缺点135,142—143
string theory vs.,弦理论与~135—136,139,143,147,152—165,224—225
supersymmetry and,超对称性和~174—175,181,222
stars,恒星3,4,5,32—33,54,290
apparent vs. actual position of,~的视位置与实际位置77
collapse of,~的坍缩13,339
formation of,~的形成13,347,365,367,369
strange quarks,奇异夸克8
string cosmology,弦宇宙学357—370
cosmological initial conditions and,宇宙学初始条件和~365—366
dimension in,~的维357,358—361,365
pre-big bang scenario in,~大爆炸前的图景362
standard model of cosmology vs.,宇宙学的标准模型与~357
T. O.E.and, T.O.E.(包罗万象的理论)和~364—370,385—386
string coupling constant,弦耦合常数294—297,300—306
BPS states and, BPS态和~303,304,316
size of,~的大小294—295
values of,~的值295—297,303306,308—312,309,315,317,318
strings:弦:
antistrings vs.,反弦与~359,360
approximated by point particles,点粒子近似的~307—308
brane mass vs. mass of,膜质量与~质量317
coherent state of,~的相干态377—378
composition of,~的组成141—142
dimensionality of,~的维165,310—311,309,311,324
interaction of,~的相互作用160—165,160,162,163,164,291—297,291,292,293
loops of,~圈292—294,293,381
probing sensitivity of,~探测灵敏度155—157,158,250—252
resonance patterns of,~的振动模式143—152,144,145,155,160,172,180—182,202—203,205—206,216—218,220—221,222,223,225,239—247,244,245,291—292,331,377—378
size of,~的大小14,14,136,137,141,146,148,149,155—157,206,212,215,224,379,398
superpartners and,超伙伴和~173,175
tension of,~的张力148—152
unwrapped,未缠绕~238—239,238,249—250,359
vibrational motion of,~的振动240—246,244,245
world-sheet of,~的世界叶160,161—163,162,279—280,323
wrapped,缠绕的~,见wrapped strings Strings 1995 Conference,弦1995年会140
string theory,弦理论14
big crunch and,大收缩和~235—236,239,252—254,
black holes and,黑洞和~19,320—344
cosmology and,宇宙学和~,见string cosmology criticism of,~的批评211—213
current state,~的现状18—21
development of quantum mechanics vs.,量子力学的发展和~226
dimensions in,~的维6,18,184—210,216—221,236,248—249,254—262,263—282,307,308—312,323—333,378—379
distance measured in,~测量的距离294—254
duality in,~中的对偶性297—306,312—316,313,315,318,332—333,381—382
elementary particles in,~中的基本粒子14,14,15—16,18,135,136,137,138,139,141,142,145,146,147,151—152,175,180,182,216—221,220—222,223,255—256,257—258,280
equations of,~的方程285,295—97,318,319
experimentalists vs. theorists and,实验家与理论家和~213—215
experimental signatures in,~中的实验信号210—227,383—384
force particles and,力粒子和~16,142,150,218
future of,~的未来373—387
gravitational force and,引力和~158,163—164,165,210—211,218,307—312,314,320
history of,~的历史136—140
loops of string in,~中的圈,见strings
mathematics of,~的数学19,140, 202,203—204,218,参见quantum geometry
as merger of general relativity and quan-tum mechanics,融合广义相对论与量子力学的~4—5,6,14,18,136,138,152—165,181—182,201,218,221,226,227,266,333,344,357,379,383,387
musical metaphors for,~的音乐比喻15—16,135,146
and nature of spacetime,~和时空本性377—380
notion of distance in,~中的距离概念249—252
perturbation theory and,微扰论和~288—289,291—297,357
probability values in,~中的几率值202
and reformulation of quantum mechanics,~和量子力学的重建380—382
scale in,~中的尺度14,14,136,137,141,146,148,149,151,155—157,164,205—206,208,212,215,217,225,232,235—236,248—249,252—254,291,306,358—359,379—380,387
and singularities,~和奇性343—344
spin in,~中的自旋172,173,175,180,182,222
standard model of cosmology vs.,宇宙学的标准模型与~357
standard model vs.,标准模型与~135—136,139,143,147,152—165,224—225
and strong force,~和强力137,138
strong-weak duality in,~中的强弱对偶性299—300,304—305,318
supersymmetry in,~中的超对称性,见superstring theory;supersymmetry as T.O.E.,作为T.O.E.的~15—17,142,146,147,183,363—364
topology-changing transitions and,拓扑改变变换和~266—282,322—333,360—361
参见M-theory;string cosmology;supers-tring theory
strong force,强力10—11,12,13,15,122,123,136—137,199,350,351
electromagnetic force and,电磁力和~175—176,198
quarks and,夸克和~10,13,125—126
string theory and,弦理论和~137,138
strong force symmetry,强力对称性~126
“sum over paths,”“路径求和”111
sun,太阳56,67
eclipses of,日食,见solar eclipses
gravitational influence of,~的引力影响68—70,70,71,72,72,73,75,289—290
Superconducting Supercollider,超导超级对撞机215
supergravity,超引力307—312,314
dimensions in,~的维307—312
strings approximated by point particles in,~中点粒子近似的弦307—308
superpartners:超伙伴:
mass of,~的质量179,222
supersymmetry and,超对称性和~173—174,175,178,181,221—222,384
superstring theory,超弦理论167,181—183
inception of,~之初181
versions of,~的形式182—183,284,286—287,286,287
参见M-theory;string theory
supersymmetric quantum field theories,超对称量子场论174—175,181,307
supersymmetric string theory,超对称弦理论,见superstring theory
supersymmetry,超对称性173—183,375
arguments for,~的讨论174—180
desired confirmation of,~需要的证明384
duality and,对偶性和~301—303,306,382
experimental signals of,~的实验信号221—222
and higher-dimensional supergravity,~和高维超引力200—201
and intrinsic force strengths,~和力的内禀强度178,179
resonance patterns and,共振模式和~180—181,182
standard model and,标准模型和~174—175,181,222
superpartners and,超伙伴和~173—174,175,178,181,221—222,384
symmetry,对称性168—170,173,301
and equivalence principle,~和等效原理169—170,374—375
gauge,规范~124—126,170,374,375
mirror,镜像~255—262,267,268—278,273,299
multiverse and,多重宇宙和~367 rotational,旋转~125—126,170,173参见supersymmetry
symmetry breaking,对称破缺122—123
early universe and,早期宇宙和350—352,358—360
tachyons,快子180—181,182
tau-neutrinos,τ子中微子8
taus,τ子8,9
temperature of black holes,黑洞的温度336,337—338
of cosmic background radiation,宇宙背景辐射的~353—356
theories, scientific:理论,科学的~:
aesthetics of,~的美学166—167
typical construction of,~的典型结构380—381
参见各具体理论
theory of everything(T. O.E):包罗万象的理论(T.O.E):
cosmological speculation and,宇宙学沉思和~364—370,385—386
and deviations from inevitability,~与不可避免性的差距283—285
string theory as,作为~的弦理论15—17,142,146,147,183,363—364
three-branes,3-膜324
in wrapped configuration,缠绕构形的~329—331,330
time:时间:
black holes and,黑洞和~80
as dimension,~维49—50,185,204—205
time, effect of motion on:时间,运动对~的影响:
human life expectancy and,人类寿命和~41—43
as measured by light clocks,光子钟测量的~37—41
muon life expectancy and,μ子寿命和~42
observers'differing perspectives and,观测者的不同视点和~24—25,26—27,34—37,40,41,43—46,47,50,58,60—61,63—64,65,66—67,74—75,125
time warping and,时间弯曲和~,见general theory of relativity;spacetime, warping of
time dilation,时间膨胀27
T. O.E.,见theory of everything
topology changing transitions,拓扑改变变换,见conifold transitions;flop transitions top quarks,顶夸克8,10,150