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第15章 远望.4

作者:美-B·格林 当前章节:15438 字 更新时间:2026-6-23 00:15

spin of,~的自旋172

superpartners of,~的超伙伴174

in uncertainty principle,不确定性原理下的~113,118,119

physical laws, symmetries of nature and,物理学定律,自然的对称性和~124—126,168—170,173

physics, classical:经典物理学:

perturbation theory and微扰论和~289—290

quantum mechanics vs.,量子力学与~107,112,114,115,340—342

参见Maxwell's electromagnetic theory;Newton's laws of motion;Newton's universal theory of gravity

physics, field of:物理学领域:

accomplishments of,~的成就117

determinism in,~中的决定论340—342

pivotal conflicts in,~中的重大问题5—6

problem-solving differences in mathema-tics vs.,数学与~解决问题的不同271,275

theory construction in,~中的理论建设380—381

Planck, Max,普朗克,M.23,86,104,114

and resolution of infinite-energy paradox,~和无穷大能量疑难的解决88—93

Planck energy,普朗克能量149,150,151,220,350

Planck length,普朗克长度130,135,136,141,142,148,155,177,192,215,224,232,234,235,239,242,243,248,252,253—254,358,380,387,396

Planck mass,普朗克质量149,151,176,224,317,321—322

Planck's constant(h),普朗克常数93,105,113,114,116,130

Planck tension,普朗克张力148

Planck time,普朗克时间346,350

参见inflationary cosmology;standard mo-del of cosmology;string cosmology

point-particle quantum field theory,点粒子量子场论224—225,350

particle interaction in,~中的粒子相互作用158—161,159,162—163,164

point particles,点粒子135,136,137,141,142—143,157—158,170—172

dimensionality of,~的维165,237,240

electric charge of,~的电荷223

probing sensitivity of,~的探测灵敏度154—155,158

strings approximated by,点粒子近似的弦307—308

superpartners of,~的超伙伴173—174

参见particles, elementary

points:点:

in Riemannian geometry,黎曼几何中的~232—234

universe originating as,~起源的宇宙83

参见point particles

positrons,正电子8,120

interaction of electrons and,电子与~的相互作用159—160,159

primordial nucleosynthesis,原初核合成346,349

principle of relativity,相对性原理28—30,40,61

probability,几率118

in quantum mechanics,量子力学中的~105—108,112—116,201—202,341—342

testing of,~的检验107

and wave nature of matter,~和物质的波动性,见probability waves

probability waves,几率波105—108,106,109,115,118,342

probe particles,探针粒子153—157

probing sensitivity:探测灵敏度:

of point particles,点粒子的~154—155,158

of strings,弦的~155—157,158,250—252

protons,质子7,11,13,14,54,124,150,153,224,322,347

quanta,量子91—97,118

quantum chromodynamics,量子色动力学122,137

quantum electrodynamics:量子电动力学:

electrons in,~中的电子121—122

photons in,~中的光子122

quantum electroweak theory,量子弱电理论122—123

quantum field theory,量子场论120—123

of gravitational force,引力的~124—130,138,158,320

special relativity and,狭义相对论和~120—122,226

参见quantum chromodynamics;quantum electrodynamics;quantum electroweak theory

quantum foam,量子泡沫127—129,128

quantum geometry,量子几何231—262,298—299

duality and,对偶性和~312—314

Garden-hose universe analogy in,~中的花园水管宇宙类比236—248

interchange of winding number and vibra-tion number in,~中缠绕数与振动数的交换239—247

minimum size in,~中的最小尺度252—254

mirror symmetry and,镜像对称性和~255—262

stock market analogy of string energy in,~中弦能量股市类比241—242

quantum mechanics,量子力学15,86—116

classical physics vs.,经典物理学与~107,112,114,115,340—342

Feynman's alternative formulation of,~的费曼形式108—112,279—280 general relativity vs.,广义相对论与~3—5,6,14,84,117—131,138,152,198,202,235,322

Kaluza-Klein theory and,卡鲁扎—克莱茵理论和~191—192

mathematical framework of,~的数学框架103—108

meaning of,~的意义108

precision and inherent difficulty of,~的精度和内在困难86—88

probability in,~中的几率105—108,112—116,201—202,341—342

scale in,~中的尺度6,7—10,85—116,118,127—130,135,176,177—178,191—192,198

string theory and reformulation of,弦理论和~的重建380—382

string theory vs.,development of,弦理论与~,~的发展226

universe in,~中的宇宙107—108,118—120,127—130,135

quantum smearing,量子抹平152,155,156,158,163—164

quantum tunneling,量子隧道115—116

quantum wavelength, probing sensitivity of particles and,量子波长,粒子探测灵敏度与~154—155

quarks,夸克3,5,14,124,150,223,224,384

discovery of,~的发现7

naming of,~的命名7,12

strong force and,~和强力10,13,125—126

superpartners of,~的超伙伴174

types of,~的类型7,8,9

quasars,类星体81,384

radioactive decay,辐射衰变11,124

reductionism, string theory and,还原论,弦理论和~16—17

relativistic quantum field theory,相对论

量子场论,见quantum field theory resonanse patterns:共振模式:

dark matter and,暗物质和~225, 235

in sound waves,声波的~143,144,145,145

of strings,弦的共振模式143—152,144,145,155,160,172,180—182,202—203,205—206,216—218,220—221,222,223,225,239—247,244,245,291—292,331,377—378

Riemannian geometry,黎曼几何231—234

and cosmological studies,~和宇宙学研究234

distortions in distance relations analyzed in,~中分析的距离关系的扭曲232—234,263

and general of relativity,~和广义相对论81,231—233,263

string theory and,弦理论和~231—232,234,249—254

rotational symmetry,旋转对称性125—126,170,173

scale:尺度:

in general theory of relativity,广义相对论中的~127—130

in quantum mechanics,量子力学中的~6,7—10,85—116,118,127—130,135,176,177—178,191—192,198

in string theory,弦理论中的~14,14,136,137,141,146,148,149,151,155—157,164,205—206,208,212,215,217,225,232,235—236,248—249,252—254,291,306,358—359,379—380,387

Schrödinger equation,薛定谔方程105—107,109,120—121,341

second law of thermodynamics,热力学第二定律334—335,336,337

second superstring revolution,第二次超弦革命140,165,285,286—288,298

selectrons,超电子174

singularities,奇性343—344 string theory and,弦理论和~344

sneutrinos,超中微子174

solar eclipses,日食76—77

sound, speed of,声速55—56

sound waves,声波90,90,93,143,145

space:空间:

fabric of,~的结构,见spacetime

flat,平直~67—68,68,73,127

smoothness of substrate of,~基底的光滑性263

spacetime,时空66

big bang as eruption of,~的大爆炸喷发83,346

in general theory of relativity,广义相对论的~,见

general theory of relativity, warping of spacetime in nature of,~的本性376—380

in special theory of relativity,狭义相对论的~5,6,24,25—27,33—51,66,376,377

string theory and nature of,弦理论和~本性377—380

warping of,~的弯曲,见spacetime, warping of

spacetime, tearing of,时空,~的破裂263—282

black holes and,黑洞和~265

branes as protective barrier in,~中起屏障作用的膜324,325,329—330

conifold transitions and,锥形变换和~281,325—333,360—361

in extended dimension,展开维中的~281,323,324,325,327

flop transitions and,翻转变换和~266—282,267,273,329

in point particle theory vs. string theory,点粒子理论的~与弦理论的~278—279

in the present,~现状281—282

world-sheet of string as protective barrier in,作为~保护屏障的世界叶279—280,323

wormholes and,虫洞和~264—265,264

spacetime, warping of:时空,~的弯曲:

big bang and,大爆炸和~81—83,234—235

black holes and,黑洞和~75,78—81

in general theory of relativity,广义相对论的~6,53,62—75,233,376

mass and,质量和~68—74,69,75

neutron stars and,中子星和~75

Riemannian geometry and analysis of,黎曼几何和~分析231—234,233

rubber membrane-bowling ball analogy of,~的橡皮碗状膜类比67—73,69,70,72,73

starlight paths as proof of,作为~证明的星光路径77

special theory of relativity,狭义相对论23—52,78,87

apparent counterintuitiveness of,~明显的反直觉表现25—26,27,36,50,53

dimensions in,~的维49—51,185

light speed and,光速和~5,24,27,31—33,34—37,41,42,44—45,47,50—51,53,55—56,74

Newton's universal theory of gravity vs.,牛顿万有引力理论与~5—6,24, 33,53,55—56,73—74,84

observers in constant-velocity motion and,匀速运动观测者和~24—25,26—27,34—37,40,41,43—46,47,58,75

in quantum field theory,量子场论的~120—122,226

spacetime in,~的时空5,6,24,25—27,33—51,66,376,377

speed,速度33

and effects of special relativity,~和狭义相对论效应25—26,27,36—37,41,42—43,50—51,53

of light,光速,见light, speed of spheres,球326,327

extradimensionality and,多维和~199,199

one-dimensional,1维~,见circles

two-dimensional,2维~266—268,322,325,326,326,327,331

three-dimensional,3维~323—326,326,327,331

zero-dimensional,0维~326,326 spin,自旋173

of black holes,黑洞的~321

of bosons,玻色子的~175,180,182

of elementary particles,基本粒子的~170—172,173,175,180,182,222

squarks,超夸克174

standard model of cosmology,宇宙学标准模型345—356

cosmic background radiation and,宇宙背景辐射和~348—349

horizon problem and,视界问题和~353—356,362

primordial nucleosynthesis in,~中的原初核合成346,349

string theory vs.,弦理论与~357

symmetry breaking in,~中的对称破缺350—352

standard model of particle physics,标准模型和粒子物理学123,198,381

elementary particles in,~中的基本粒子,见point particles

shortcomings of,~的缺点135,142—143

string theory vs.,弦理论与~135—136,139,143,147,152—165,224—225

supersymmetry and,超对称性和~174—175,181,222

stars,恒星3,4,5,32—33,54,290

apparent vs. actual position of,~的视位置与实际位置77

collapse of,~的坍缩13,339

formation of,~的形成13,347,365,367,369

strange quarks,奇异夸克8

string cosmology,弦宇宙学357—370

cosmological initial conditions and,宇宙学初始条件和~365—366

dimension in,~的维357,358—361,365

pre-big bang scenario in,~大爆炸前的图景362

standard model of cosmology vs.,宇宙学的标准模型与~357

T. O.E.and, T.O.E.(包罗万象的理论)和~364—370,385—386

string coupling constant,弦耦合常数294—297,300—306

BPS states and, BPS态和~303,304,316

size of,~的大小294—295

values of,~的值295—297,303306,308—312,309,315,317,318

strings:弦:

antistrings vs.,反弦与~359,360

approximated by point particles,点粒子近似的~307—308

brane mass vs. mass of,膜质量与~质量317

coherent state of,~的相干态377—378

composition of,~的组成141—142

dimensionality of,~的维165,310—311,309,311,324

interaction of,~的相互作用160—165,160,162,163,164,291—297,291,292,293

loops of,~圈292—294,293,381

probing sensitivity of,~探测灵敏度155—157,158,250—252

resonance patterns of,~的振动模式143—152,144,145,155,160,172,180—182,202—203,205—206,216—218,220—221,222,223,225,239—247,244,245,291—292,331,377—378

size of,~的大小14,14,136,137,141,146,148,149,155—157,206,212,215,224,379,398

superpartners and,超伙伴和~173,175

tension of,~的张力148—152

unwrapped,未缠绕~238—239,238,249—250,359

vibrational motion of,~的振动240—246,244,245

world-sheet of,~的世界叶160,161—163,162,279—280,323

wrapped,缠绕的~,见wrapped strings Strings 1995 Conference,弦1995年会140

string theory,弦理论14

big crunch and,大收缩和~235—236,239,252—254,

black holes and,黑洞和~19,320—344

cosmology and,宇宙学和~,见string cosmology criticism of,~的批评211—213

current state,~的现状18—21

development of quantum mechanics vs.,量子力学的发展和~226

dimensions in,~的维6,18,184—210,216—221,236,248—249,254—262,263—282,307,308—312,323—333,378—379

distance measured in,~测量的距离294—254

duality in,~中的对偶性297—306,312—316,313,315,318,332—333,381—382

elementary particles in,~中的基本粒子14,14,15—16,18,135,136,137,138,139,141,142,145,146,147,151—152,175,180,182,216—221,220—222,223,255—256,257—258,280

equations of,~的方程285,295—97,318,319

experimentalists vs. theorists and,实验家与理论家和~213—215

experimental signatures in,~中的实验信号210—227,383—384

force particles and,力粒子和~16,142,150,218

future of,~的未来373—387

gravitational force and,引力和~158,163—164,165,210—211,218,307—312,314,320

history of,~的历史136—140

loops of string in,~中的圈,见strings

mathematics of,~的数学19,140, 202,203—204,218,参见quantum geometry

as merger of general relativity and quan-tum mechanics,融合广义相对论与量子力学的~4—5,6,14,18,136,138,152—165,181—182,201,218,221,226,227,266,333,344,357,379,383,387

musical metaphors for,~的音乐比喻15—16,135,146

and nature of spacetime,~和时空本性377—380

notion of distance in,~中的距离概念249—252

perturbation theory and,微扰论和~288—289,291—297,357

probability values in,~中的几率值202

and reformulation of quantum mechanics,~和量子力学的重建380—382

scale in,~中的尺度14,14,136,137,141,146,148,149,151,155—157,164,205—206,208,212,215,217,225,232,235—236,248—249,252—254,291,306,358—359,379—380,387

and singularities,~和奇性343—344

spin in,~中的自旋172,173,175,180,182,222

standard model of cosmology vs.,宇宙学的标准模型与~357

standard model vs.,标准模型与~135—136,139,143,147,152—165,224—225

and strong force,~和强力137,138

strong-weak duality in,~中的强弱对偶性299—300,304—305,318

supersymmetry in,~中的超对称性,见superstring theory;supersymmetry as T.O.E.,作为T.O.E.的~15—17,142,146,147,183,363—364

topology-changing transitions and,拓扑改变变换和~266—282,322—333,360—361

参见M-theory;string cosmology;supers-tring theory

strong force,强力10—11,12,13,15,122,123,136—137,199,350,351

electromagnetic force and,电磁力和~175—176,198

quarks and,夸克和~10,13,125—126

string theory and,弦理论和~137,138

strong force symmetry,强力对称性~126

“sum over paths,”“路径求和”111

sun,太阳56,67

eclipses of,日食,见solar eclipses

gravitational influence of,~的引力影响68—70,70,71,72,72,73,75,289—290

Superconducting Supercollider,超导超级对撞机215

supergravity,超引力307—312,314

dimensions in,~的维307—312

strings approximated by point particles in,~中点粒子近似的弦307—308

superpartners:超伙伴:

mass of,~的质量179,222

supersymmetry and,超对称性和~173—174,175,178,181,221—222,384

superstring theory,超弦理论167,181—183

inception of,~之初181

versions of,~的形式182—183,284,286—287,286,287

参见M-theory;string theory

supersymmetric quantum field theories,超对称量子场论174—175,181,307

supersymmetric string theory,超对称弦理论,见superstring theory

supersymmetry,超对称性173—183,375

arguments for,~的讨论174—180

desired confirmation of,~需要的证明384

duality and,对偶性和~301—303,306,382

experimental signals of,~的实验信号221—222

and higher-dimensional supergravity,~和高维超引力200—201

and intrinsic force strengths,~和力的内禀强度178,179

resonance patterns and,共振模式和~180—181,182

standard model and,标准模型和~174—175,181,222

superpartners and,超伙伴和~173—174,175,178,181,221—222,384

symmetry,对称性168—170,173,301

and equivalence principle,~和等效原理169—170,374—375

gauge,规范~124—126,170,374,375

mirror,镜像~255—262,267,268—278,273,299

multiverse and,多重宇宙和~367 rotational,旋转~125—126,170,173参见supersymmetry

symmetry breaking,对称破缺122—123

early universe and,早期宇宙和350—352,358—360

tachyons,快子180—181,182

tau-neutrinos,τ子中微子8

taus,τ子8,9

temperature of black holes,黑洞的温度336,337—338

of cosmic background radiation,宇宙背景辐射的~353—356

theories, scientific:理论,科学的~:

aesthetics of,~的美学166—167

typical construction of,~的典型结构380—381

参见各具体理论

theory of everything(T. O.E):包罗万象的理论(T.O.E):

cosmological speculation and,宇宙学沉思和~364—370,385—386

and deviations from inevitability,~与不可避免性的差距283—285

string theory as,作为~的弦理论15—17,142,146,147,183,363—364

three-branes,3-膜324

in wrapped configuration,缠绕构形的~329—331,330

time:时间:

black holes and,黑洞和~80

as dimension,~维49—50,185,204—205

time, effect of motion on:时间,运动对~的影响:

human life expectancy and,人类寿命和~41—43

as measured by light clocks,光子钟测量的~37—41

muon life expectancy and,μ子寿命和~42

observers'differing perspectives and,观测者的不同视点和~24—25,26—27,34—37,40,41,43—46,47,50,58,60—61,63—64,65,66—67,74—75,125

time warping and,时间弯曲和~,见general theory of relativity;spacetime, warping of

time dilation,时间膨胀27

T. O.E.,见theory of everything

topology changing transitions,拓扑改变变换,见conifold transitions;flop transitions top quarks,顶夸克8,10,150

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