1. 这一点已经在有关上瘾的神经学证据中被发现。对此观点以及对该证据的回顾，参见B. Douglas Bernheimand Antonio Rangel, “Addiction and Cue-Triggered Decision Processes,”American Economic Review 94, no.5 (December 2004): 1558–90. 正如该文章指出的，“最近关于上瘾神经科学的研究已经证实了，在有关上瘾物质的消费决策方面，大脑具有似乎会产生系统错误的特征”（p.1562）。
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Smoking and Tobacco Use: Fast Facts,” accessed December 9, 2014, http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/.
3. Allan M. Brandt, The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America (New York: Basic Books, 2007), picture between pp.184 and 185.
4. US Surgeon General, Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of The Public Health Service (1964), p.5, accessed November 28, 2014, http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/.
5. 15岁及以上人群的人均消费量参见：Ibid., chap.5, p.45, table 1。
6. Ibid., p.25. 到1955年，达到了27 000例；到1962年，超过了41 000例。
7. Brandt, The Cigarette Century, pp.131–34.
8. Ernst L. Wynder and Evarts A. Graham, “Tobacco Smoking as a Possible Etiologic Factor in Bronchogenic Carcinoma Study of Six Hundred and Eighty-Four Proved Cases,”Journal of the American Medical Association 143, no.4 (May 27, 1950): 329–36. 他们发现只有3.5%的癌症组病人不属于“在常年连续吸烟者里中等严重的”。而对照样本的比较数字是26.3%（p.336）。
9. Brandt, The Cigarette Century, pp.131–32.
10. Ibid., p. 157. 但不幸的是，他戒烟戒得太晚，最终还是死于肺癌。
11. 对于男性，其中不抽烟者，肺癌样本与对照样本的比例是0.075；每天吸1~4支烟的吸烟者的比例是0.56；每天吸5~14支烟的比例是0.87；每天吸15~24支烟的比例是1.03；每天吸25~49支烟的比例是1.91；每天吸50支烟以上的比例是2.5。Richard Doll and A. Bradford Hill, “Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung: Preliminary Report,”British Medical Journal 2, no.4682 (September 30, 1950): 742, .g. 1. 对于女性，这一结果同样呈现上升趋势，尽管这一增加趋势有更多干扰，但是由于肺癌病人中只有6%是女性，这一现象也并不意外。在644例肺癌的样本中只有41名女性患有肺癌（p.742，table 5）。
12. Ernst L. Wynder, Evarts A. Graham, and Adele B. Croninger, “Experimental Production of Carcinoma with Cigarette Tar,” Cancer Research 13, no. 12 (1953): 863.
13. Oscar Auerbach et al., “Changes in the Bronchial Epithelium in Relation to Smoking and Cancer of the Lung: A Report of Progress,” New England Journal of Medicine 256, no. 3 (January 17, 1957): 97–104.
14. Jeffrey K. Cruikshank and Arthur W. Schultz, The Man Who Sold America (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2010), pp. 354–56.
15. Kenneth Roman, The King of Madison Avenue: David Ogilvy and the Making of Modern Advertising, paperback ed. (New York: Macmillan, 2009), p. 223.
16. Brandt, The Cigarette Century, p.165; Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway, Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming (New York: Bloomsbury, 2010), p.15. 娜奥米·奥瑞思（Naomi Oreskes）和埃里克·康威（Erik Conway）记录了怀疑的创造过程，不仅仅是有关吸烟效果的怀疑，也有有关酸雨、臭氧空洞、全球变暖，以及杀虫剂DDT的。他们证明了，在策略上将怀疑引入与以上每个领域相关的公共话题是多么的容易。
17. Brandt, The Cigarette Century, pp.171 and 175.
18. “Little, Clarence Cook, Sc.D. (CTR Scientific Director, 1954–1971),” accessed November 28, 2014, http://tobaccodocuments.org/profiles/little_clarence_cook.html. 网页已经不存在，来自作者存档。
19. Ibid.; Time Magazine, “Clarence Cook Little”: Cover Story, April 22, 1937; George D. Snell, “Clarence D. Little, 1888–1971: A Biographical Memoir by George D. Snell” (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1971).
20. Brandt, The Cigarette Century, p. 176.
21. Ibid., p. 175.
22. Ibid., p. 177.
23. 这当然是公共健康警示语。该警示语按1970年《公共健康烟草吸烟法》要求强制执行，印刷在每个烟盒上。“Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act,”Wikipedia, accessed March 28, 2015, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Health_Cigarette_Smoking_Act.
24. US Surgeon General, The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress (2014), pp.21–22, accessed March 6, 2015, http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/50-years-of-porgress//full-report.pdf.
25. US Surgeon General, Smoking and Health (1964), p.102, table 19.
26. Jason Bardi, “Cigarette Pack Health Warning Labels in US Lag behind World: Internal Tobacco Company Documents Reveal Multinational Effort to Block Strong Warning to Smokers,” University of California at San Francisco, November 16, 2012, accessed December 8, 2014, http://www.ucsf.edu/news/2012/11/13151/cigarette-pack-health-warning-labels-us-lag-behind-world. 有关美国，亦见Mark Joseph Stern, “The FDA’s New Cigarette Labels Go Up in Smoke,”Wall Street Journal, September 9 2012, accessed March 28, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390443819404577633580009556096；以及US Food and Drug Administration, “Tobacco Products: Final Rule ‘Required Warnings for Cigarette Packages and Advertisements,’” accessed March 28, 2015, http://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/Labeling/Labeling/CigaretteWarningLabels/ucm259953.htm。对于澳大利亚，见Tobacco Labelling Resource Center, “Australia: Health Warnings, 2012 to Present,” accessed March 28, 2015, http://www.tobaccolabels.ca/countries/australia/.
27. 电视和广播广告由1970年4月的《公共健康烟草吸烟法》禁止。从那时起，该法案就一直被修订。2009年《烟草控制法》带来了新增的限制。“Tobacco Advertising,”Wikipedia, accessed December 8, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_advertising.
28. Brandt, The Cigarette Century, pp.432–37. 除了46个州的判决以外，还有对于密西西比州、佛罗里达州、得克萨斯州，以及明尼苏达州的额外400亿美元的判决。
29. Ibid., pp. 267–69.
30. Ibid., p. 271.
31. Ibid., p. 288.
32. US Surgeon General, Smoking and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General (1979), “Appendix: Cigarette Smoking in the United States, 1950–1978,” p. A-10, table 2, accessed November 28, 2014, http://www.surgeongeneral. gov/library/reports/.
33. 2014年的数据, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Cigarette Smoking in the United States: Current Cigarette Smoking among U.S. Adults 18 Years and Older,” accessed March 28, 2015, http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/resources/data/cigarette-smoking-in-united-states.html。
34. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Trends in Current Cigarette Smoking among High School Students and Adults, United States, 1965–2011,” November 14, 2013, accessed December 9, 2014, http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/tables/trends/cig_smoking/.
35. 使用table 2来自http://www.lung.org/.nding-cures/our-research/trend-reports/Tobacco-Trend-Report.pdf, 1965年人均卷烟消费量（18岁及以上）为4 259支，2011年为1 232支。Table 4来自http://www.lung.org/.nding-cures/our-research/trend-reports/Tobacco-Trend-Report.pdf指出，1965年成人样本总体中的42.4%是吸烟者，2011年成人样本总体的19.0%是吸烟者（http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/tables/trends/cig_smoking/）。因此，在1965年，平均每个吸烟者每天要抽掉27.52支烟，2011年是17.76支，或者1965年是1 376包，2011年是0.89包。根据世界卫生组织2015年的估计，巴西15岁及以上人群的样本总体中，15.2%的人吸烟；中国有26.3%的人吸咽；法国有24.7%的人吸烟；德国有26.2%的人吸烟；俄罗斯有37.3%的人吸烟。
36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Smoking and Tobacco Use: Tobacco-Related Mortality,” accessed March 28, 2015, http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/tobacco_related_mortality/. 估计数字是2005~2009年由吸烟引发的年平均死亡人数。吸烟引发的年死亡总人数估计有4 803 137例。吸烟直接导致127 700例死于肺癌，113 100例死于呼吸道疾病，以及160 000例死于心血管和代谢疾病。41 300例死亡由二手烟导致——其中7 300例来自肺癌，34 000来自冠状心脏病。
37. Bridget F. Grant et al., “The 12-Month Prevalence and Trends in DSM-IV Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: United States, 1991–1992 and 2001–2002,”Drug and Alcohol Dependence 74, no.3 (2004): 228, table 2.
38. Mandy Stahre et al., “Contribution of Excessive Alcohol Consumption to Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost in the United States,”Preventing Chronic Disease 11 (2014), accessed March 28, 2014, http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2014/13_0293.htm. 我们用斯达勒（Mandy Stahre）对于酒精导致死亡的数量除以可比时期的总死亡人数。
39. George E. Vaillant, Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012), pp.54-55.
40. Ibid., p.67: 这些年轻人在哈佛被挑选出来，他们都是“特别有可能引领‘成功’生活”的人。
41. Ibid., p. 66.
42. Ibid., p. 54.
43. Ibid., p. 296.
44. Ibid., p.298. 这23%包括了滥用者和依赖者。对于这一百分比的分母，我们使用了持续参加这一项目的受访者的总数（242），而不是项目最开始的数字，268。
45. Ibid., p.301.
46. Ibid., pp.303–7.
47. 在资助研究对象中，57%的离婚夫妻双方至少一方是酗酒者（Ibid., p.358）。鉴于酗酒在男人中比在女人中出现的概率更大（这一点我们可以通过NESARC来了解），并且在哈佛研究对象中，酒精滥用者与依赖者的比重大约是23%，这是一个庞大的数字。亦见Fred Arne Thorberg and Michael Lyvers, “Attachment, Fear of Intimacy and Differentiation of Self among Clients in Substance Disorder Treatment Facilities,”Addictive Behaviors 31, no.4 (April 2006): 732–37; and Frank P. Troise, “The Capacity for Experiencing Intimacy in Wives of Alcoholics or Codependents,”Alcohol Treatment Quarterly 9, no.3 (October 2008): 39–55。
48. Vaillant, Truimphs of Experience, pp.321–26.
49. Dave Newhouse, Old Bears: The Class of 1956 Reaches Its Fiftieth Reunion, Reflecting on the Happy Days and the Unhappy Days (Berkeley: North Atlantic Books, 2007).
50. Ibid., pp. 17–31.
51. Ibid., pp. 33–39.
52. Ibid., pp. 290–91.
53. Ibid., pp. 127–28.
54. Ibid., pp. 57 and 316.
55. National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Alcohol Use and Alcohol Use Disorders in the United States: Main Findings from the 2001–2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), January 2006, “Exhibit 2, National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (Section 2B): DSM-IV Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Diagnostic Criteria and Associated Questionnaire Items,” pp. 8–9, accessed November 12, 2014, http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/ publications/NESARC_DRM/NESARCDRM.pdf.
56. Philip J. Cook, Paying the Tab: The Costs and Benefits of Alcohol Control (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), p. 210, n. 14.
57. Ibid., p. 71.
58. Ibid., pp. 72–73.
59. Ibid., pp. 103–5 and tables 6.4 and 6.5.
60. US Department of the Treasury, Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, “Tax and Fee Rates,” accessed April 30, 2015, www.ttb.govtax_audit/atftaxes.shtml.
61. Urban Institute and the Brookings Institution, Tax Policy Center, “State Alcohol Excise Tax Rates 2014,” accessed December 13, 2014, http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxfacts/dispalyafact.cfm?Docid=349.
62. Jeanette DeForge, “Ballot Question to Revoke Sales Tax on Alcohol Approved by Massachusetts Voters,” Republican, November 3, 2010, accessed December 13, 2014, http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2010/11/ballot _question_to_revoke_sale.html; and Dan Ring, “Massachusetts Senate Approves State Sales Tax Increase to 6.25 Percent as Part of $1 Billion Tax Hike,” Republican, May 20, 2009, accessed December 13, 2014, http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/05/massachusetts_senate_approves.html.
63. Mothers against Drunk Driving, “History and Mission Statement,” accessed March 28, 2015, http://www.madd.org.
64. “Drunk Driving Statistics,” accessed December 13, 2014, http://www.alcoholalert.com/drunk-driving-statistics.html. 可比时期为1982~2011年。由于机动车行驶里程的总数增长比样本总数增长快很多，因此更多的清醒驾驶员在这段时期末上路。所以，对他们而言，这也许并不是一个坏的安全记录。样本总体统计数据来自Council of Economic Advisors, Economic Report of the President 2013, p.365, table B-34, accessed December 1, 2014, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/.les/docs/erp2013/full_2013_economic_report_of_the_president.pdf。
65. US Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, “Traffic Safety Facts, 2011: Alcohol Impaired Driving,” December 2012, accessed May 25, 2015, http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811700.pdf.
66. “Voices of Victims,” on the of.cial MADD website, accessed December 13, 2014, http://www.madd.org/drunk-driving/voices-of-victims/.
67. National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Surveillance Report #95 Apparent Per Capita Ethanol Consumption, United States, 1850-2010 (August 2012), table 1, http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Surveillances95/CONS10.htm.
