1. George A. Akerlof and Paul M. Romer, “Looting: The Economic Underworld of Bankruptcy for Pro.t,”Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2 (1993): 36. 另一个由国家金融机构改革、振兴和执行委员会给出的成本的备择估计是在7%~11%或者更高。
2. James H. Stock and Mark W. Watson, “Forecasting Output and In.ation: The Role of Asset Prices,”Journal of Economic Literature 41 (2003): 797. 对于商业周期的日期, 见National Bureau of Economic Research, “U.S. Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions,” accessed January 13, 2015, http://www.nber.org/cycles.html。
3. Akerlof and Romer, “Looting.”
4. 隧道技术概念的使用,见Simon Johnson, Rafael La Porta, Florencio López de Silanes, and Andrei Shleifer, “Tunneling,”Ameircan Economic Review 90, no.2 (May 2000): 22–27.
5. Council of Economic Advisors, Economic Report of the President 2013, table B-64, “Year-to-Year Inflation of the Consumer Price Index,” accessed December 1, 2014, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/erp2013/full_2013_economic_report_of_the_president.pdf.
6. Ibid., table B-73, “Bond Yields and Interest Rates, 1942–2012,” column 1.
7. US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Tables and Calculators by Subject; Unemployment Rates by Month, http://data.bls.gov/pdq/SurveyOutputServlet.
8. Council of Economic Advisors, Economic Report of the President 2013, table B-73, column 9.
9. 货币市场基金在20世纪80年代几乎持有零资产。见图, “The Future of Money Market Funds,” September 24, 2012, http://www.winthropcm.com/TheFutureofMoneyMarketFunds.pdf. 图中的数字与投资公司协会2014年资料册的数据一致。该数据不包括1980~1984年,但是它们确实表明,在1990年之前,货币市场基金资产已经达到4 980亿美元。http://www.icifactbook.org/fb_data.html. Last accessed January 1, 2015.
10. Akerlof and Romer, “Looting,” p. 23.
11. Ibid., p.34,以1993年美元计价的200亿~300亿美元的纾困方案成本,换算成现在的美元价值。
12. 对于得克萨斯州达拉斯的繁荣与破灭的描述,见同上, pp. 39–42.
13. Ibid., pp.23–24.
14. R. Alton Gilbert, “Requiem for Regulation Q: What It Did and Why It Passed Away,”Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review (February 1986): 22–37. 储蓄贷款协会的利率上限比银行储蓄存款的监管上限要稍微高一些。在20世纪80年代,银行的上限大约是5.5%。见p. 29, chart 3。
15. Akerlof and Romer, “Looting,” p.24.
16. Garn-St. Germain的10%, 见Carl Felsenfeld and David L. Glass, Banking Regulation in the United States, 3rd, ed. (New York: Juris, 2011), pp.424–25. 对于储蓄贷款协会如何自由解释10%,见“Top Ten U.S. Banking Laws of the 20th Century,” accessed December 1, 2014, http://www.oswego.edu/~dighe/topten.htm.
17. Akerlof and Romer, “Looting,” p.27. 作为丰厚的分红,开发商可以抽取一个“开发费”(例如2.5%),从而发起项目。
18. James E. O’Shea, The Daisy Chain: How Borrowed Billions Sank a Texas S & L (New York: Pocket Books, 1991), 尤其是29~34页。在相关例子中,资金以一种不同的证券购买方式通过渠道被转移出去。
19. 在奥谢的例子中,开发商以虚高的价格从储蓄贷款协会的所有者手中购买产品。
20. Stephen Pizzo, Mary Fricker, and Paul Muolo, Inside Job: The Looting of America’s Savings and Loans (New York: Harper Perennial, 1991), p.108.
21. Ibid., p.14.
22. Akerlof and Romer, “Looting,” p.40, table 11.2. 当然,达拉斯建筑业也逐渐收缩,但是与休斯敦相比,相当缓慢,也没那么剧烈。
23. Steve Brown, “Office Market Outlook: Dallas,”National Real Estate Investor News, June 1982, p.46.
24. Steve Brown, “City Review: Dallas,”National Real Estate Investor News, October 1983, p.127.
25. Steve Brown, “City Review: Dallas,”National Real Estate Investor News, October, 1984, pp.183 and 192.
26. Steve Brown, “City Review: Dallas,”National Real Estate Investor News, June 1985, pp.98–100.
27. Pizzo, Fricker, and Muolo, Inside Job.