1. 2013年数据。World Bank, “Life Expectancy at Birth, Male (Years)” and “Life Expectancy at Birth, Female (Years),” accessed March 29, 2015, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.MA.IN/countries and http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.FE.IN/countries.
2. Ralph Nader, Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-In Dangers of the American Automobile (New York: Grossman, 1965).
3. Jad Mouawad and Christopher Drew, “Airline Industry at Its Safest since the Dawn of the Jet Age,” New York Times, February 11, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/12/business/2012-was-the-safest-year-for-airlines -globally-since-1945.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.
4. US Food and Drug Administration, “About FDA: Commissioner’s Page. Harvey Washington Wiley, MD,” http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/ CommissionersPage/ucm113692.htm. Wiley called it the Imperial Health Laboratory in his autobiography: Harvey W. Wiley, An Autobiography (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1930), p. 150.
5. Stuart Chase and Frederick J. Schlink, Your Money’s Worth: A Study of the Waste of the Consumer’s Dollar (New York: Macmillan, 1927), pp. 4–5.
6. Ibid.
7. US Department of Agriculture, Grain Inspection, Packing, and Stockyard Administration, “Subpart M—United States Standards for Wheat,” accessed May 1, 2015, http://www.gipsa.usda.gov/fgis/standards/810wheat .pdf.
8. Interview with Anthony Goodeman of the GIPSA, January 2015; US Department of Agriculture, Grain Inspection, Packing, and Stockyards Administration, “Explanatory Notes,” table 5, “Inspection and Weighing Program Overview,” pp. 20–33, accessed May 1, 2015, http://www.obpa.usda.gov/ exnotes/FY2014/20gipsa2014notes.pdf. 在表格中，检查了多少粮食的数据很含糊，这是因为其中的一部分（尤其是那些用来出口的）会被检查两次。
9. Ibid., Interview with Anthony Goodeman of the GIPSA.
10. US Department of Agriculture, Farm Service Administration, “Commodity Operations: United States Warehouse Act,” accessed March 14, 2015, http://www.fsa.usda.gov/FSA/webapp?area=home&subject=coop&topic=was-ua; Kansas Statutes Annotated (2009), chap. 34, “Grain and Forage,” article 2, “Inspecting, Sampling, Storing, Weighing and Grading Grain; Terminal and Local Warehouses, 34-228: Warehouseman’s License; Application; Financial Statement; Waiver; Quali.cations; License Fee; Examination of Warehouse,” accessed May 1, 2015, http://law.justia.com/codes/kansas/2011/ Chapter34/Article2/34-228.html.
11. Underwriters Laboratories, “Our History” and “What We Do,” accessed March 3, 2015, http://ul.com/aboutul/history/ and http://ul.com/ aboutul/what-we-do/.
12. American National Standards Institute, “About ANSI” and “ANSI: Historical Overview,” accessed March 14, 2015, http://www.ansi.org/about _ansi/overview/overview.aspx?menuid=1 and http://www.ansi.org/about_ansi/introduction/history.aspx?menuid=1.
13. Lawrence B. Glickman, Buying Power: A History of Consumer Activism in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), p. 195.
14. Ibid., p. 212.
15. Gwendolyn Bounds, “Meet the Sticklers: New Demands Test Consumer Reports,” Wall Street Journal, May 5, 2010, accessed March 14, 2015, http:// www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703866704575224093017379202 #mod=todays_us_personal_journal. 这730万份中包含了电子订阅数量。
16. Consumer Federation of America, “Membership,” accessed March 14, 2015, http://www.consumerfed.org/about-cfa/membership.
17. Glickman, Buying Power, pp. 31–32 and following, and p. 69 and following.
18. Florence Kelley, Notes of Sixty Years: The Autobiography of Florence Kelley, ed. Kathryn Kish Sklar (Chicago: Illinois Labor History Society, 1986).
19. Glickman, Buying Power. pp. 182–83.
20. National Consumers League, “Our Issues: Outrage! End Child Labor in American Tobacco Fields,” November 14, 2014, accessed March 15, 2015, http://www.nclnet.org/outrage_end_child_labor_in_american_tobacco_.elds.
21. The Guardians, or Society for the Protection of Trade against Swindlers and Sharpers (probably London, 1776), https://library.villanova.edu/Find/ Record/1027765.
22. David Owen, “The Pay Problem,” New Yorker, October 12, 2009, accessed March 12, 2015, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/10/12/ the-pay-problem; David A. Skeel Jr., “Shaming in Corporate Law,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 149, no. 6 (June 2001): 1811–68.
23. Skeel, “Shaming in Corporate Law,” p. 1812.
24. National Association of Realtors, “Code of Ethics,” accessed March 15, 2015, http://www.realtor.org/governance/governing. 页纸是采用WORD文档打印。
25. M. H. Hoeflich, “Laidlaw v. Organ, Gulian C. Verplanck, and the Shaping of Early Nineteenth Century Contract Law: A Tale of a Case and a Commentary,” University of Illinois Law Review (Winter 1991): 55–66. Also see the case itself: Laidlaw v. Organ, 15 U.S. 178, 4 L. Ed. 214, 1817 U.S. LEXIS 396 (Supreme Court 1817).
26. 下面的解释来自霍弗里奇（Hoe.ich）的观点，当时一位很有影响力的法学家韦普郎克（Verplanck）认为，“并不是马歇尔大法官不将道德纳入法律中来，而是在这个特殊案例中，他误解了隐瞒的事实与何种程度的隐瞒造成欺诈；‘因此隐瞒是不诚实的、具有欺诈性的；对卖方拒绝交割货物的争论是缺乏良心的表现’”（Hoe.ich, “Laidlaw v. Organ,” p. 62）。欺诈能使得奥根提出的诉求无效。欺诈的作用可以从马歇尔大法官判决的措辞中看出，“每一方都需要注意不要说任何会强加给另一方的语句”。
27. Sally H. Clarke, “Unmanageable Risks: MacPherson v. Buick and the Emergence of a Mass Consumer Market,” Law and History Review 23, no. 1 (2005): 1.
28. Ibid., p. 2.
29. MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co., New York Court of Appeals, accessed March 15, 2015, http://www.courts.state.ny.us/reporter/archives/ macpherson_buick.htm.
30. US Legal Inc., “U.S. Commercial Code,” accessed March 15, 2015, http://uniformcommercialcode.uslegal.com/.
31. Ibid.
32. LawInfo, “Legal Resource Library: What Is the U.C.C.?” accessed March 15, 2015, http://resources.lawinfo.com/business-law/uniform -commercial-code/does-article-2-treat-merchants-the-same-as-no.html.
33. DealBook, “Goldman Settles with S.E.C. for $550 Million,” New York Times, July 15, 2010.
34. Knowledge@Wharton, “Goldman Sachs and Abacus 2007-AC1: A Look beyond the Numbers,” April 28, 2010, accessed March 15, 2015, http:// knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/goldman-sachs-and-abacus-2007-ac1-a-look-beyond-the-numbers/.
35. Ibid.
36. US Securities and Exchange Commission, “Goldman Sachs to Pay Record $550 Million to Settle SEC Charges Related to Subprime Mortgage CDO,” July 15, 2010, accessed March 15, 2015, http://www.sec.gov/news/press/ 2010/2010-123.htm.
37. Christine Harper, “Goldman’s Tourre E-Mail Describes ‘Frankenstein’ Derivatives,” Bloomberg Business, April 25, 2010, accessed March 15, 2015, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-04-24/-frankenstein -derivatives-described-in-e-mail-by-goldman-s-fabrice-tourre.
38. Justin Baer, Chad Bray, and Jean Eaglesham, “‘Fab’ Trader Liable in Fraud: Jury Finds Ex-Goldman Employee Tourre Misled Investors in Mortgage Security,” Wall Street Journal, August 2, 2013, accessed March 15, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323681904578641843284450004.
39. Nate Raymond and Jonathan Stempel, “Big Fine Imposed on Ex-Goldman Trader Tourre in SEC Case,” Reuters, March 12, 2014, accessed March 15, 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/12/us -goldmansachs-sec-tourre-idUSBREA2B11220140312.
40. Karen Freifeld, “Fraud Claims Versus Goldman over Abacus CDO Are Dismissed,” Reuters, May 14, 2013, accessed March 15, 2015. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/14/us-goldman-abacus-idUSBRE94D10120130514.
41. Joshua Bernhardt, Interstate Commerce Commission: Its History, Activities and Organization (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1923).
42. Christine Bauer-Ramazani, BU113: Critical Thinking and Communication in Business, “Major U.S. Regulatory Agencies,” accessed March 15, 2015, http://academics.smcvt.edu/cbauer-ramazani/BU113/fed_agencies.htm.
43. Marver H. Bernstein, Regulating Business by Independent Commission (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955).
44. George J. Stigler, “The Theory of Economic Regulation,” Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science 2, no. 1 (1971): 3; Richard A. Posner, “Theories of Economic Regulation,” Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science 5, no. 2 (1974): 335.
45. “本文的中心论点是，法规监管会被业界所俘获，并且主要为其利益进行设计和执行的。确实有部分监管规则在被监管的行业中有不可否认的反向效应。一个简单的例子就是对行业产品（比如威士忌、扑克牌）征收差异性的重税。然而，这些法规都是非常特殊的，并且也可以被解释‘有利’法规（我们称之为被俘获的法规）的同一套理论所解释。”Stigler, “The Theory of Economic Regulation,” p. 3.
46. Daniel Carpenter and David A. Moss, “Introduction,” pp. 5–8, and Carpenter, “Detecting and Measuring Capture,” pp. 57–70, in Carpenter and Moss, eds., Preventing Regulatory Capture: Special Interest Influence and How to Limit It (New York: Cambridge University Press / The Tobin Project, 2014).
47. Carpenter and Moss, “Introduction,” p. 9.
48. Ibid., p. 5. 卡彭特和莫斯写道：“关键问题是，俘获的存在是否可以被抑制及被预防。我们认为证据所显示的答案是肯定的。”本卷的众多文章都展示了一些不放松监管而同时成功抑制“俘获”的例子，所用的方法各式各样：“允许地方政府官员参与联邦公告和意见，创立能够看好监管者的消费者赋权项目，培养多元化的独立专家，机构内倡议制度化，并扩大信息与规制事务办公室的审查范围，包括机构的作为与不作为”（“Conclusion,” p. 453, in Carpenter and Moss, Preventing Regulatory Capture）。（信息与规制事务办公室是由美国国会于1980年作为总统办公室的一部分创立。）本书中研究的一个案例是公共保险评议会的得克萨斯办公室，该机构创立于1991年，但其初始职能并不是一家监管机构（注意它完全独立于得克萨斯州保险部），而是作为监管者与被监管者协商时候的消费者代表。公共保险评议会在防止监管者被俘获方面有很多明显的成功案例，比如它通过游说成功禁止了一条允许计划管理人自行决定是否索赔（司法审查有限）的条款，以及撤消了某些要求消费者交付法庭仲裁的法律条文。可见Daniel Schwarcz, “Preventing Capture through Consumer Empowerment Programs: Some Evidence from Insurance Regulation,” pp. 365–96, in Carpenter and Moss, Preventing Regulatory Capture。
49. Benjamin N. Cardozo, “The Altruist in Politics” (commencement address, Columbia University, 1889), https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1341/ 1341-h/1341-h.htm.
结论 案例与一般教训
1. 《美国精神病学期刊》（American Journal of Psychiatry）已经发表了一篇社论，称“网瘾”应当作为一种疾病被收录于《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》（Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders）中。可见Jerald J. Block, “Issues for DSM-V: Internet Addiction,” American Journal of Psychiatry 165, no. 3 (2008): 306–7。韩国曾经对网瘾开展了重点研究，韩国高中生平均每周花23小时玩游戏。值得一提的是，韩国曾经培训了千余名治疗网瘾的辅导员，还包括医院和治疗中心，并且在学校也开展预防项目。中国相关的估计显示，大约有13.7%的青少年网民都符合“网络成瘾诊断标准”。
2. 举例来说，可参阅Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR (New York: Random House, 1955); 罗斯福新政时期可以参见William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal (New York: Harper and Row, 1963)。
3. David E. Rosenbaum, “The Supreme Court: News Analysis; Presidents May Disagree, but Justices Are Generally Loyal to Them,” New York Times, April 7, 1994.艾森豪威尔曾公开表示，对厄尔·沃伦（Earl Warren）以及小威廉·布伦南（William J. Brennan Jr.）的任命是他犯过的“最重大的错误”之一。
4. Social Security Perspectives, “President #6: Richard M. Nixon (1969– 1974),” May 8, 2011, http://socialsecurityperspectives.blogspot.com/2011/05/ president-6-richard-m-nixon-1969-1974.html.
5. 布鲁诺·博卡拉（Bruno Boccara）在最近出版的一本新书中描述了精神力量如何参与生成国家故事，反过来这也影响了政治目标。可见Boccara, Socio-Analytic Dialogue: Incorporating Psychosocial Dynamics into Public Policies (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2014)。
6. 根据詹姆斯·帕特森（James T. Patterson）撰写的“牛津大学历史丛书”《美国史》（时间跨度为1974~2001年），里根“一遍又一遍”地说“政府并不是我们解决问题的救星，政府正是问题所在”。Patterson, Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 162.我们最喜欢引用的版本应当来自1986年的一次新闻发布会：“英语中，最可怕的句子是：我来自政府，我是来帮助你们的。”对于这句话，还有许多其他版本。Ray Hennessey, “The 15 Ronald Reagan Quotes Every Business Leader Must Know,” accessed January 16, 2015, http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/234547.
7. Elizabeth Warren and Amelia Warren Tyagi, All Your Worth: The Ultimate Lifetime Money Plan (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005), p. 26.
8. Stephen Miller, “Income Subject to FICA Payroll Tax Increases in 2015,” Society for Human Resource Management, October 23, 2014, accessed January 16, 2015, http://www.shrm.org/hrdisciplines/compensation/articles/ pages/fica-social-security-tax-2015.aspx.
9. US Census Bureau, “Historical Poverty Tables—People,” table 3, “Poverty Status, by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2013,” accessed December 1, 2014, https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/historical/ people.html.
10. Ke Bin Wu, “Sources of Income for Older Americans, 2012” (Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Institute, December 2013), p. 4.
11. Ibid., p. 1.
12. See chapter 4, n. 10.
13. Robert J. Shiller, “Life-Cycle Personal Accounts Proposal for Social Security: An Evaluation of President Bush’s Proposal,” Journal of Policy Modeling 28, no. 4 (2006): 428.
14. Ibid., pp. 428–29.
15. Ibid., 模拟结果在第438页的表2中。
16. Congressional Budget Of.ce, “Long Term Analysis of a Budget Proposal by Chairman Ryan,” April 5, 2011, pp. 2–4, accessed December 1, 2014, http://www.cbo.gov/publication/22085.在瑞安的计划中，美国医疗补助体系也将作为分类财政补贴拨给各州。他的预算平衡计划不仅需要削减联邦医疗保险体制和医疗补助体系上的花费，还包括从一些不详的渠道来增加政府收益。目前还不清楚通过哪些政策变化可以带来如此大的政府收入增长。关于最后一点可见Paul Krugman, “What’s in the Ryan Plan?” New York Times, August 16, 2012; and “The Path to Prosperity,” Wikipedia, accessed December 15, 2014,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Path_to_Prosperity。
17. 在2013联邦财政年度，证券交易委员会的预算为1 417 514 000美元。US Securities and Exchange Commission, FY 2014 Congressional Budget Justification, p. 16,http://www.sec.gov/about/reports/secfy14congbudgjust.pdf. Budget Request Tables: “FY 2014 Budget Request by Strategic Goal and Program.”在2013年1月, 委员会监管的资产约为49.6万亿美元（见第93页）。
18. Halah Touryalai, “10 Wall Street Expenses That Make the SEC’s Budget Look Pathetic,” Forbes, February 17, 2011, accessed January 16, 2015,http://www.forbes.com/fdc/welcome_mjx.shtml.同样也可以说，花旗集团在营销和广告上的开支已经超过了美国证券交易委员会的全部预算。
19. Vanguard, “See the Difference Low-Cost Mutual Funds Can Make,” accessed January 7, 2015, https://investor.vanguard.com/mutual-funds/ low-cost.
20. Edward Wyatt, “Judge Blocks Citigroup Settlement With S.E.C.,” New York Times, November 28, 2011, accessed June 10, 2015, http://www .nytimes.com/2011/11/29/business/judge-rejects-sec-accord-with-citi.html ?pagewanted=all.
21. Jed S. Rakoff, “The Financial Crisis: Why Have No High-Level Executives Been Prosecuted?” New York Review of Books, January 9, 2014.
22. Harry Markopolos, No One Would Listen: A True Financial Thriller (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2010), Kindle location 587.
23. 这还涉及通过购买看跌期权减少损失（看跌期权允许他在股价跌破执行价格的时候卖出股票）；通过卖出看涨期权支付购买看跌期权的费用（看涨期权允许购买者在股价超过执行价格时从他处买入股票）。
24. Markopolos, No One Would Listen, Kindle locations 850–52.
25. David Kotz, Investigation of Failure of the SEC to Uncover Bernard Madoff’s Ponzi Scheme, Report of Investigation Case No. OIG-509, United States Securities and Exchange Commission, Office of Inspector General (2011), pp. 61–77, accessed May 29, 2015, https://www.sec.gov/news/studies/ 2009/oig-509.pdf.
26. James B. Stewart, “How They Failed to Catch Madoff,” Fortune, May 10, 2011. Accessed May 2, 2015. http://fortune.com/2011/05/10/how-they -failed-to-catch-madoff/.
27. Kotz, Investigation of Failure of the SEC to Uncover Bernard Madoff’s Ponzi Scheme, p. 249.
28. Ibid., p. 247.
29. Ibid., p. 250. 马科波洛斯从他的角度生动地描述了这段对话。No One Would Listen, Kindle location 2585 and following. 同样可以参见舒赫对这件事情的证词: Kotz, Investigation of Failure of the SEC to Uncover Bernard Madoff’s Ponzi Scheme, p. 251.
30. Lorena Mongelli, “The SEC Watchdog Who Missed Madoff,” New York Post, January 7, 2009.
31. Jeffrey Toobin, “Annals of Law: Money Unlimited: How Chief Justice John Roberts Orchestrated the Citizens United Decision,” New Yorker, May 21, 2012.
