kkk) Clearly, the racial problems in America have no easy answers.
lll) The fines for speeding are large, but even so, they are not always a deterrent.
mmm) And it is true that after his death she ceased to exist for the world beyond the farm.
nnn) But in spite of the hardships, real efforts and progress are being made.
ooo) A false belief may nevertheless be justified.
ppp) Though employment growth is down, the area is still attracting health care, high tech, banking and sports-related industries.
7. 表示结果
accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in this way, so, therefore, thus
qqq) Some of the laws were contradictory. Accordingly, measures were taken to clarify them.
rrr) As many as 2,500 people died as a result of the earthquake and the ensuing tidal waves.
sss) Most computer users have never received any formal keyboard training. Consequently, their keyboard skills are inefficient.
ttt) The cost of transport is a major expense for an industry. Hence factory location is an important consideration.
uuu) In this way normal healthy people may be tested without inducing any damage in their brain.
vvv) The building work is taking quite a long time, and therefore costing us money.
www) Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. Thus it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty.
8. 表示转折
although, but, despite, except for, though, however, in spite of, instead, nevertheless, on the other hand, otherwise, rather than, though, yet
xxx) You can copy down my answers, although I'm not sure they're right.
yyy) In the US it is normal for the police to carry guns, but not in Britain.
zzz) Despite international pressure, progress has slowed in the peace talks
aaaa) Pen Pros: Except for personal letters, handwritten notes are withering into extinction.
bbbb) The rooms, though small, were pleasant and airy.
cccc) This is a cheap and simple process. However there are dangers.
dddd) In spite of her success, Spencer continues to get depressed.
eeee) Cardew did not join the navy. Instead, he decided to join the theater and become an actor.
ffff) Thus we can talk of a local government system which is different from a central government system but nevertheless interacts with it.
gggg) Reintroduction of food after elemental regimens must nevertheless be undertaken with the greatest of care irrespective of whether or not elimination diets are used.
hhhh) The hamburger was tough and overcooked. The fries, on the other hand, were terrific, and well worth the money.
iiii) Stir the sauce until it cools, otherwise it will be lumpy.
jjjj) It presumes that reality is dynamic rather than static, and therefore seeks relationships between ideas, to aim at synthesis.
kkkk) There is no important theory-based reason why these countries rather than others were selected.
llll) The offenders were dealt with firmly though fairly.
mmmm) They charge incredibly high prices, yet customers keep coming back for more.
9. 表示结论
as has been noted (mentioned, stated), at last, finally, in a word, all in all, in brief, in conclusion, in short, in sum, in summary, to conclude, to sum up, to summarize
nnnn) An Inhibition as mentioned above, is rarely used.
oooo) At last, we were able to afford a house.
pppp) We finally found a decent apartment close to campus.
qqqq) Pop, in a word, is fascination versus meaning.
rrrr) It was, all in all, more like a prison than an office.
ssss) In brief, the President plans to cut defense spending and lower taxes.
tttt) In conclusion, I want to thank all the people who have volunteered their time to our organization.
uuuu) In short, the report says that more money should be spent on education.
vvvv) In sum, we need to cut costs.
wwww) In summary, do not sell your shares.
xxxx) To conclude, the prospects for philosophy of religion look brighter than they have done for many moons.
yyyy) To sum up, for a healthy heart you must take regular exercise and stop smoking.
zzzz) To summarize, in most cases the schools were achieving the standards set.
10．表示顺序
and, besides, finally, first, firstly, further, in the first place, last, next, second, secondly, third, thirdly, to begin with, to start with,
a) It also assigned staff people to work with individual companies that wanted to launch a program.
b) This is a flexible and user-friendly system suitable for beginners and advanced users alike.
c) You need to know what rights you have and how to use them.
d) Besides going to aerobics twice a week, she rides horses on Saturdays.
e) And finally, I'd like to thank the crew.
f) First, I'd like to thank everyone for coming.
g) The application of the five stages to the task illustrated would involve, firstly, the definition of the task.
h) It is possible to make good movies cheaply. Further, "low-budget" doesn't have to mean "bad."
i) And there is the question of the relevance of the trading of information in the first place.
j) Connect the red wires first and the black ones last.
k) First you need to select the text you want to move. Next, click on the "Move" command at the top of the screen.
l) But, second, in the vast majority of markets, efficient production can be attained with a high degree of competition.
m) The more you practise the better you will become at selecting historical information to suit firstly your essay and secondly your argument.
n) To begin with, much of this new housing is not affordable.
o) I'm not going to Vegas. To start with, I don't like gambling, and I also can't get time off work.
考研写作基本要领
? 使用规范的句子
1. 完整
1) 意义的完整
Bikes are so popular in China.
(Bikes are so popular in China that almost every family has at least one.)
2) 结构的完整
指代不明
It is incredible to many people. Cigarette smokers spend money for illness.
(It is incredible to many people that cigarette smokers spend money for illness.)
省略错误
I said I have more respect for him than his wife.
(I said I have more respect for him than for his wife.)
断句不严
We couldn’t decide upon a new car, there were many attractive models.
(We couldn’t decide upon a new car, for there were many attractive models.) or
(We couldn’t decide upon a new car. There were many attractive models.)
2. 连贯
1) 代词指向不明确
He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it was not serious.
(He was knocked down by a bicycle, but was not seriously hurt.)
2) 不定式、分词、动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致
To succeed in a scientific research project, persistence is needed.
(To succeed in a scientific research project, one needs to be persistent.)
3) 结构不平行
Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory method is employed.
(Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method; now it is taught by the laboratory method.)
It was both a long ceremony and very tedious.
(The ceremony was both long and tedious.)
4) 主次不分，重点不突出
The competition for college enrollment is extremely keen this year and the candidates spend days and nights preparing for the entrance examination and they neglect their health and so the newspapers carry articles urging teachers and parents to take up this problem seriously.
(As the competition for college enrollment is extremely keen this year, the candidates spend days and nights preparing for the entrance examination, neglecting their health. In view of this, the newspapers carry articles urging teachers and parents to take up this problem seriously.)
3. 简练
1) 删除（多余成分）
The distant explosion was audible to the ear.
(The distant explosion was audible.)
There are four companies in Shanghai, and any of them can supply us with spareparts.
(Any of the four companies in Shanghai can supply us with spareparts.)
2) 替换（用词或词组替代从句）
The bottles that are placed on the shelf contain some chemicals that have been newly discovered.
(The bottles on the shelf contain new chemicals.)
Mr. Li, who is my favourite professor, has received a Distinguished Teacher Award.
(Mr. Li, my favourite professor, has received a Distinguished Teacher Award.)
4. 多样化
1) 简单句与复杂句
I am sorry not to have answered your letter earlier.
I am sorry that I have not answered your letter earlier.
2) 双重否定
The value of the information he has provided cannot be overestimated.
There is no general rule without some exceptions.
3) 变化主语
If you take this medicine, you will feel better.
This medicine will make you feel better.
? 常用句型
1. 相似性
1) A is to B what/as C is to D
Moral corruption is to the State as physical disease is to an individual body.
2) Just as … , so …
Just as woods are indispensable to birds, so is the earth to human beings.
3) A and B have sth. in common
As far as personality is concerned, they have almost everything in common.
4) A is similar to B
My hobby is similar to his in that we both like collecting records, foreign and domestic.
5) The same is true of, The same can be said of
As the economies of all countries are closely interrelated no country can develop in self-seclusion. The same is true of China.
2. 相异性
1) A is just the opposite (to B)
Beijing is populous and crowded, while Canberra is just the opposite.
2) A differs from B in that …
China’s condition differs from ours in that China has the largest population in the world.
3) … is not the same
While it may be true that basketball and volleyball share certain features, the excitement each arouses in the spectators is not the same.
3. 权衡
1) The advantages outweigh the disadvantages
It seems safe to say that the advantages of marriage outweigh the disadvantages of divorce.
2) Nothing can rival …
Perhaps nothing can rival the pleasure from reading.
3) … has drawbacks as well as merits.
There could be no doubt that job-hopping has its drawbacks as well as merits.
4) A is superior to B
Men may be superior to women in physical affairs. Yet, there is no difference in intelligence.
5) … varies from person to person
People’s attitude towards drugs varies from person to person.
4. 过渡句
1) It is true that most jobs are a series of more or less unpleasant chores, but it doesn’t follow that that’s all they are.
2) This is true, no doubt, but it is not the whole story by any means.
3) It is fairly well known that Vitamin C is indispensable to health. But it is probably less well known that taking it excessively may do harm to the human body.
4) This story also illustrates the importance of seizing an opportunity when it presents itself. It is one thing to be offered an opportunity; it is another thing to take it and use it well.
5. 表示倍数与比例关系
1) Asia ranks first both in area and in population among the seven continents. Europe is second to Asia in population, but in area it is the last but one.
2) We all hope that a country’s population should be in proportion to its area. Unfortunately, the reality often goes against our will.
3) A is by far the larger university, being over three times as big as B.
4) And in August as many as 39 car accidents were reported, indicating an increase of about 79 percent as compared with the number of January.
6. 图表作文中的过渡
1) This table provides several important points of comparison between the two universities. As can be indicated in the table, the housing space for the staff of A in 1995 was 34 500 square meters, which nearly doubled the B’s corresponding figure.
2) As we could find out later in this unit, his plan was not quite as he had expected.
3) As is revealed in the graph …
4) As the survey results show …
7. 描述曲线走势
1) The population rose rapidly until it reached 600 000 in 1990. Since 1990 the growth has continued but the population has risen relatively slowly.
2) Before 1970 the birth rate remained level. Then in 1970 it fell until it reached 30 per thousand in 1980.
3) The birth rate in this region rocketed to the highest peak in 1963.
4) After a steady decline for a whole decade the country’s fertility rate shows signs of leveling off.
8. 图表作文中的开头与结尾
1) This table provides several important points of comparison between the two key universities.
2) The two graphs depict the same thing seen in two different ways. The first diagram simply records … The second graph throws a now light on …
3) The key findings taken from the surveys are as follows: …
4) If drivers continue to drive more carefully and further strengthen their sense of safety, the rate of accidents can be expected to decline even more dramatically in the year 1991.
? 句子之间的连接
1. 过渡词语
1) 附加递进：and, also, moreover, furthermore, in addition, besides
3) 对比转折：but, yet, while, whereas, although, however, nevertheless, on the other hand, in contrast
3) 陈述理由：for, since, as, because, due to, on the grounds that, owing to
4) 表达结果：so, as a result, thus, consequently, therefore
5) 肯定强调：obviously, certainly, of course, undoubtedly, in fact, indeed
6) 罗列条件：if, as long as, provided that, unless
7) 顺序列举：firstly, to begin with, then, after this, last but not least
8) 举例论证：for instance, for example, namely, such as, including
9) 总结说明：in conclusion, in summary, to sum up, to conclude
2. 反义词或互补词
1) 反义词：Years ago a TV set was regarded as a luxury. Today it is a necessity.
2) 互补词：Discrimination is mainly practiced against women in the field of science. We don’t find men complaining about this.
3. 概括词或上下义词
1) 概括词：An electron tube is generally used for amplification. Vacuum tube is another name for this device.
2) 上下义词：Yesterday a pigeon carried the first message from London to Liverpool. The bird covered the distance in two hours.
4. 词汇链
Brain injuries do not heal as do hurts in other parts of the body. A broken leg can be set. A black eye clears up. But the brain, once damaged, never recovers. The destruction of brain cell is permanent.
