foresee （v.预知）即fore+see，fore前缀“在前”（如forehead额←fore+head），see看，“在事情发生前就能看到”→预知。He who foresees calamities suffers them twice over.预见灾难的人承受了它们两次。
sufficient ------------ （足够的）即suf+fici+ent；suf-前缀“在下”（=sub-，f前b变形为f），fici看作face面（元音字母替换），-ent形容词后缀，低于(suf)平均水平(fici)的(ent)消费使本来不多的收入变得“足够的”；insufficient ------------? （不足的）←in否定前缀+sufficient。Life is the art of drawing sufficient conclusions from insufficient premises.生活是从不足的前提得出足够的结论的艺术。
mediation ------------? （仲裁，媒介作用）即medi+ation，medi(=middle)词根“中间的”，-ation名词后缀，文中指代“镇痛剂”。同根词：medium（中等的；媒介；手段）←medi+um后缀。
maintain ------------ （v.维修；维持；支持）即main+tain，main词根=hand，tain词根=hold（参unsustainable，2003年Text 4）。He who tells a lie is not sensible how great a task he undertakes; for he must invent twenty more to maintain that one.说谎者没有意识到自己要承担多么艰巨的任务，因为他必须再说二十个谎言来维持这个谎言。
prescribe ------------? （v.指示；开处方）←pre在前+scribe写，“在拿药之前写”→开处方。If I were a medical man, I should prescribe a holiday to any patient who considered his work important.我如果是医生，就会开处方给所有认为自己的工作非同小可的病人放一天假。
legitimate ------------ （合法的；v.合法）即legitim+ate，legitim词根“合法”（leg即词根“法律”），-ate后缀。
homicide ------------ （n.杀人，杀人者）即homi+cide，homi词根“人”=human，cide词根“切”=cut。
debate ? （v.n.争论，辩论）即de+bate，de-向下，bate词根“打”=beat，“通过语言把对手打倒”→“辩论”。同根词：combat（v.n.战斗，格斗）←com一起+bat。Debate is the best catalyst of thought.争论是思想最好的催化剂。
ineffectual ------------ （无效的）←in否定前缀+effect效果+ual形容词后缀，与ineffective意思相近但有区别，ineffectual强调“不起作用的”，ineffective强调“效率低的”。To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace.备战是维持和平的最有效途径之一。
hospice ? （收容所）可看作hosp(ital)+ice，医院里什么都没有，只有冰，于是就不能再叫医院了，叫“收容所”。
predictably ------------? （可预言地）←pre+dict+abl(e)+(l)y，参prediction（2003年Text 1）。
systematic ------------? （系统的；有计划的）←system系统+-atic形容词后缀。systematic liar 故意说谎者。
incompetently ------------ ? （无能力地）即in+competent+ly，in-否定前缀，competent（有能力的），-ly副词后缀。
define ? （下定义；限定）即de+fine，de-向下，fine词根“界限”。Man is made in such a way that he continually has to define himself and continually escape his own definitions.人注定要不断地给自己下定义，又不断地逃避他自己的定义。Bigotry may be roughly defined as the anger of men who have no opinions.可以给偏执下一个粗略的定义：没有观点的人的愤怒。
desperate ------------ （绝望的；不顾一切的）←desper+ate，desper同despair（v.n.绝望），-ate形容词后缀。If the failures of this world could realize how desperate half the present-day geniuses once felt, they would take heart and try again.世上的失败者若能了解到当今的天才有半数一度感到过多么绝望，他们就会振作精神再次努力。It is a characteristic of wisdom not to do desperate things.不做孤注一掷之事是智者的特征。Never despair. But if you do, work on in despair.永远都不要绝望。但如果已经绝望，就在绝望中继续工作。←在绝望中复习考研！
morphine 吗啡（音译）；well-meaning 善意的。
难句解析：
①The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
▲要理解本句，一定要抓住它的核心成分，主语是The Supreme Court's decisions，谓语是carry，宾语是important implications，后面有一个how引导的从句作介词for的宾语。
△该句是本文的第一段，也是第一句，因此理解本句对全文的理解很有帮助。
②Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen — is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
▲该句是一个复杂句，其基本结构是although引导的状语从句后面加一个主句，其主干是the court supported the medical principle of "double effect"，后面是一个对double effect进行说明的同位语，里面又有一个holding引导的宾语从句。
△本句阅读的重点在于搞清基本句子结构。在最开始阅读时可以先不看对double effect进行修饰的成分。
③Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."
▲该句的主语是Nancy Dubler，后面有一个修饰它的同位语，句子的谓语是contends，后面有一个宾语从句，其中从句的宾语又有一个who引导的很长的定语从句。
△本句阅读的重点在于理清句子主干结构，另外对于一些词的理解也很关键。Mediation本意是“调停，调和”，此处结合上下文，它更倾向于指代医生用来缓解病人疼痛的药物，因此最好把它理解为“镇痛剂”。
④On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
▲该句的主语是many，谓语是acknowledge承认，后面有一个宾语从句，用的是被动语态，而其中由by引导的短语后面又有一个定语从句for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying来修饰前面的patients。
△本句阅读的重点在于理清句子主干结构。
⑤It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.
▲该句的主语it，指代的是上文提到的NAS，谓语的主干结构是identifies something as something，宾语有两个并列成分the undertreatment of pain和the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures"，后面的一个还有个定语从句来修饰。
△本句阅读的重点在于理清句子主干结构，并且要抓住复杂宾语中的核心部分。
试题解析：
56. [B]
此题的难度合适，区分度好。
本题的答题依据是第二段中的“there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide”，即从法规上讲，在医生帮助下的自杀是不合法的。
57. [C]
此题的难度合适，区分度好。
这是一道总括性的题，需要以文章中的多处信息为线索。这些信息较多地集中在文章的前三段：尽管在医生帮助下的自杀是不合法的，但是最高法院认为只要医生的本意是为了减轻病人的痛苦，那么他们使用大剂量的镇痛药就是允许的。
58. [B]
此题的难度合适，区分度很好。
本题的答题依据是第七段的第二句话中的“the undertreatment of pain”，理解了该短语的意思，这道题也就迎刃而解了。
59. [A]
此题稍难，但区分度好。
选择四个选项的考生人数比较平均。这道题考查考生根据上下文判断词义的能力。一方面考生对“aggressive”这个词的基本意思要有所了解，同时要运用上下文的信息。
60. [D]
此题的难度合适，区分度不大理想。
有29.6％的考生选择A项。本题的答题依据是文章的最后一段。在这一段中，Annas对大量的医生置病人的痛苦于不顾，无端地延长病人不必要的痛苦这种行为提出了批评，认为这种行为构成了“虐待病人”，并认为这样的医生应该予以吊销行医执照。考生选择A的主要原因是受到了最后一句话中的“that are incompetently managed”的影响。
全文翻译：
最高法庭关于医生协助病人结束生命问题的裁决，对于如何用药物减轻病危者的痛苦这个问题来说，具有重要的意义。
尽管裁决认为，宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利，然而最高法庭实际上却认可了医疗界的“双效”原则，这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为，如果某种行为具有双重效果（希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果），那么，只要行为实施只是想达到好的效果，这个行为就是可以允许的。
近年来，医生们一直在借用这项原则，为自己替病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛的做法提供正当的理由，尽管他们知道，不断增加的剂量最终会杀死病人。蒙特非奥里医疗中心主任南希·都博勒认为，这项原则将消除部分医生的疑虑，这些医生在此之前一直强烈地认为，如果给病人充分的药品来止痛会加速他们的死亡的话工那就不能这样做。
波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治·安纳斯坚持认为，只要医生是出于合理的医疗目的开药，那么即使服用此药会加速病人的死亡，医生的行为也没有违法。“这就像做手术，”他说，“我们不能称那些死亡为杀人是因为医生并没有想杀死病人，尽管他们敢冒病人死亡的危险。假定你是一名医生，只要你并没有想让病人自杀，你就可以去冒你的病人自杀的风险。”
另一方面，许多医疗界人士承认，致使医助自杀这场争论升温的部分原因是由于病人们的绝望情绪，对这些病人来说，现代医学延长了临终前肉体的痛苦。
就在最高法庭对医助自杀进行裁决的前三周，全国科学学会公布了一份长达两卷的报告——临近死亡：完善临终护理。报告指出了医院临终关怀护理中存在的两个问题：对病痛处理不力和大胆使用“无效而强制性的医疗程序，这些程序可能会延长死亡期，甚至会让死亡期难堪”。
“医疗行业采取步骤，让年轻医生去晚期病人休养所培训，对各种大胆的镇痛疗法方面的知识进行评估，为医院护理制定一份符合美国医疗保障方案的付款条例，以及为评估和治疗临终痛苦制定新的标准。
安纳斯说，律师可以在要求把医疗界的这些善意的行为变成更好的护理行动方面发挥关键作用。“不少医生对病人所遭受的毫无必要的，可预见的痛苦无动于衷”，乃至于已构成“蓄意虐待病人”。他说，行医资格理事会“必须明确表明——病人痛苦地死亡，可以推定，是由于医生处理不力造成的，应该因此吊销其从医资格”。
2001 Passage 1
Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where as the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
51. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________.
[A] sociology and chemistry
[B] physics and psychology
[C] sociology and psychology
[D] physics and chemistry
52. We can infer from the passage that ________.
[A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation
[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________.
[A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation
[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
[C] the change of policies in scientific publications
[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
54. The direct reason for specialisation is ________.
[A] the development in communication
[B] the growth of professionalisation
[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge
[D] the splitting up of academic societies
重点词汇：
specialisation ------------ ? （专业化）即special+is(e)+ation，special（特别的；额外的），-ise动词后缀（specialise即v.专业化），-ation名词后缀；specialist（专家；专科医生）←special+ist后缀表“人”。Love is a special affection for a man or a woman, which is stronger than that for any other person.爱情是对一个男人或女人的特殊的好感，它比对其他任何人的好感都强烈。specialist — a doctor whose patients can be ill only during office hours 专科医生——一位医生：他的病人只有在上班时间才能生病。specialist — one who knows more and more about less and less 专家——对越来越少的东西懂得越来越多的人。
response （回复；响应）是respond（见2003年Text 2）的名词形式。The sartorial artist no less than the sculptor, the painter and the musician dreams of creations that will awaken a response in the soul of the world.好裁缝跟雕塑家、画家和音乐家一样，梦想着能在世人灵魂中引起反响的作品。
accumulation ------------ ?（积累，堆积）即accumulate+ation，accumulate（v.积累，堆积），-ation名词后缀。University are full of knowledge; the freshmen bring a little in and the seniors take none away, and knowledge accumulates.大学里充满了知识，新生带进来一些，高年级学生则一点也不带走，于是知识就积累了下来。Books are the ever-burning lamps of accumulated wisdom.书籍是积累智慧的明灯。
professionalisation ------------ （职业化）即professional+is(e)+ation，professional（职业的；职业人员），-ise动词后缀（professionalise即v.职业化），-ation名词后缀。In love woman are professionals, men are amateurs.在恋爱中女子是专业者，男子是业余者。
clear-cut 明确的，清晰的。
amateur （业余的；业余爱好者）可记谐音“爱慕它”，“业余爱好者”选择某专业必定是“爱慕它”。Every artist was once an amateur.所有的艺术家都曾经是业余爱好者。amateur — a young man who, when flattering women, is afraid of overdoing it 业余选手——奉承女人时怕做过头的年轻人。
distinction ------------ （差别，区分）即distinct+ion，distinct（清楚的，明显的），-ion名词后缀。同根词：extinct灭绝（因为有x而省略s）；instinct本能。Success seems to be that which forms the distinction between confidence and conceit.成功似乎是形成自信与自负区别的东西。
connotation ------------ （涵义）即con+not(e)+ation，con-前缀“一起”，note记录，-ation名词后缀，“所有东西都被一起记录在其中”→涵义。
integrate ------------? （使成为一体）←integr完整+ate，参disintegrate（2003年Text 4）。
participation ------------ （参加；分享）即parti+cip+ation，parti(=part)，cip(=cap)抓（参captive，2003年Text 3），-ation名词后缀，“抓取其中一部分”→分享；动词为participate←parti+cip+ate。We participate in a tragedy; at a comedy we only look.悲剧我们参加，喜剧我们仅仅观看。
in terms of 依据；用……措辞。
reveal （v.展现；揭示；泄露）即re+veal，re-前缀(=away)，veal(=veil)面纱，“揭开面纱”→展示。A person reveals his character by nothing so clearly as the joke he resents.没有什么比一个人所反感的笑话更能显露他的为人。If you reveal your secrets to the wind, you should not blame the wind for revealing them to the trees.你如果把秘密泄露给风，就不应责怪风把秘密泄露给树。
emphasis ------------（强调，重点）可看作em+phasis，em-前缀“强调”，phasis看作是phase（阶段）的复述形式，于是“在各阶段里最值得强调的”→强调。I sometime wish that people would put a little more emphasis upon the observance of the law than they do upon its enforcement.有时候我但愿人们多把重点放在遵守法律上，而非强调其实施。
primacy ------------ （首要，首位）即prim(e)+acy，prime首要的，-acy名词后缀，primacy与privacy（隐私）一字母之差，“隐私”是最“首要”的。
definition ------------ （定义）即defin(e)+ition，define（下定义；限定）见2002年Text 4，-ition名词后缀。It is almost a definition of a gentleman to say that he is one who never inflicts pain.说一个人从不给人造成痛苦，这几乎是下了一个关于君子的定义。
represent ------------ （v.描述；代表）←re+present。Books only partially represent their authors.图书只是部分地体现了作者。
reflect （v.反射；反映；思考）←re回+flect弯曲。There are two ways of spreading light: To be the candle, or the mirror that reflects it.散布光的方法有两种：当蜡烛或者当反射烛光的镜子。Who reflects too much will accomplish little.思虑过多者一事难成。
referee ------------ （仲裁者v.仲裁）←refer+ee。
separate ------------ （分离的v.分离）←se+par+ate，se-前缀“分离”，par看作part“分离”，-ate后缀。同前缀词：select（v.选择a.精选的）←se+lect选。We sleep in separate rooms, we have dinner apart, we take separate vacations — we're doing everything we can to keep our marriage together.我们在分开的房间睡觉，我们分开吃饭，我们分开度假——我们做着能做的一切以维持婚姻。You can't separate peace from freedom because no one can be at peace unless he has his freedom.你无法将安宁与自由分开，因为得不到自由谁都不会安宁。
delay （v.n.耽搁，延迟）看作de+lay，de-向下，lay放，把事情暂时“放下”→耽搁。Never delay that should be done today until tomorrow.不要把今天应做的事推迟到明天。
reckon （v.认为；估算）看作re+ckon，re-前缀“反复”，ckon谐音“啃”，题目太难了，需要“re啃”才能“估算”出答案。I reckon being ill as one of the great pleasures of life, provided one is not too ill and is not obliged to work till one is better.我把生病当作人生一大乐趣，只要病得不太严重，并且在好转之前不被要求工作。To sensible men, every day is a day of reckoning.对明智的人来说，每一天的时间都要精打细算。
crucial （极重要的，决定性的）即cruc+ial，cruc词根(=cross)，-ail形容词后缀，“处于十字路口的”→关键的。
psychology ------------ （心理学）←psycho+logy，psycho词根“心理”，-logy后缀“……学”。The purpose of psychology is to give us a completely different idea of the things we know best.心理学的用途是告诉我们对最熟悉事物的完全不同的观念。psychology — ①the science that tells you what you already know, in words you can't understand ②the theology of the twentieth century 心理学——①一门科学：它用你听不明白的语言告诉你已经知道的事 ②20世纪的神学。
