△注意一些词汇的含义:much-publicized十分张扬的;She是杂志的名字,因此首字母须大写;build-up积聚;juggling忙碌;brings with it far greater rewards than带来的利益远远不止……。
④Downshifting — also known in America as "voluntary simplicity" — has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism.
▲本句的句子结构是Downshifting has bred a new area,破折号之间的是插入结构,ironically也是插入语,可放在句首,what相当于thought which。
△重点是抓住句子的主干成分。
⑤While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline — after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late '80s — and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.
▲本句首先应该从in Britain的前面一分为二,前面讲的是在美国的情况,其中破折号之间的是一插入成分,而后面讲的是在英国的情况。
△注意英美两国的差异。
⑥For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the '80s, downshifting in the mid-'90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life — growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one — as a personal recognition of your limitations.
▲本句主谓结构为... downshifting in the mid-'90s is not...。who were urged to keep juggling through the '80s是修饰the women of my generation的定语从句。growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one既是插入语,又是the mythical good life的同位语。
△注意not so much A(a search for the mythical good life) as B(a personal recognition of your limitations)的句式含义,即“与其说是A,不如说是B”。
试题解析:
67. [B] 意为:作者因环境所迫而辞职。
根据第一段,当作者决定辞去她的全职工作时,她从没有想到自己可能成为一个国际新时尚的一分子。作者写道,一次始料未及的行动伤害了我的自尊,阻碍了我在工作上的进一步发展,使得我不得不放弃相对具有良好公众形象的工作生涯,虽然当时自己像一个出丑的政府部长一样,不得不用“我想多花些时间和家人在一起”这样的话来掩饰自己的辞职。
A意为:全职工作是一种新的国际时尚。第一句中所说的新时尚实际上指下文提到的“激流勇退”(downshifting),过简朴而无强工作压力的生活。
C意为:“一次意想不到的行动”指放弃全职工作。lateral原来的意思是“横向的”,这里意思是“超出预料的”,含义是“没有按原设定好的进程而发生的”;move意为“步骤”或“行动”。根据原文,a lateral move是作者失去工作的原因,而不是指失去工作这一过程本身。
D意为:作者太想多花点时间和家人在一起了。
68. [B] 意为:使作者形成了一种新的生活哲学。
作者在第二段指出,奇怪的是,经过了约两年半的时间并发表了两部小说以后,我在美国人称之为“激流勇退”的生活方式上的实验,却不期将我那乏味的借口(指第一段最后一句掩饰性的话)转化为实实在在的现实。我从一个“全力以赴”生活哲学——在过去七年里Linda Kelsey一直在“她”这份杂志上鼓吹这种生活方式——的积极倡导者,演变成一个乐于随遇而安的女人。
在第三段作者又指出,像Linda Kelsey有一天也许会认识到的那样(在经历过越来越大的压力之后,她辞去了“她”杂志的编辑工作,她的辞职被炒得沸沸扬扬),摒弃“玩耍生活”的生活哲学,而代之以“激流勇退”的生活哲学,会给人带来比经济上的成功和社会地位更高的益处。现在,谁也不能劝我再回到Kelsey所倡导的——并且我自己也曾经喜欢的那种生活方式中去了:一天工作12小时,充满压力的一件件有最后期限的事情,办公室规章所带来的可怕的压力,以及做母亲(所能花在家人身上)的有限的“高质量时间”。
A不对。新的生活方式是她始料未及的,可以说是她的意外发现——辞职时她并没有梦想要像现在这样生活。
C意为:促使她放弃了自己很高的社会地位。根据原文,作者是在辞去工作以后才过上现在这种生活的。
D意为:使她接受了“她”杂志所倡导的生活哲学。恰恰相反,她放弃了这一生活哲学。
69. [C] 意为:极度紧张。
juggle的原义是“耍弄,摆弄”,在第三段中,juggling your life和downshifting相提并论,而downshifting这里应该和第二段第二句中的settle for a bit of everything属于同义,相应地,juggling one's life应该和第二段第二句中的having it all同义。根据第四段,downshifting本文指过简朴、自在的生活,那么,juggling one's life当指进取的生活方式,工作中的不断进取当然是与工作压力成正比的。
A意为:不追求物质利益的生活方式。根据第四段第一句,这是downshifting的生活特点。
B不对。根据第二段,这也是downshifting的生活特点。
D意为:反消费主义。根据第四段第二句,所谓“反消费主义”与“自愿过简朴的生活”是一致的。
70. [D]
根据第五段,在美国,这种趋势(指上一段提到的downshifting生活方式)的出现最初是对经济衰退的一种反应。
A意为:快节奏的现代生活。
B意为:人们的冒险精神。
C意为;人们对神秘的生活体验的追求。
全文翻译:
当我决定辞去自己的全日制工作时决没有想到,自己竟成了一种新的国际性潮流的一分子。一次平级的人事调动伤了我的自尊心,并阻断了我的事业发展,这促使我放弃自己地位较高的职业,当然,就像面子扫尽的政府部长那样,我也掩饰说“我只想与家人更多的呆在一起”。
奇怪的是,大约两年半的时间我写完两部小说后,我这个被美国人称为“放慢生活节奏”的试验,却使我老掉牙的借口变成了现实。我已从一个“获得一切”哲学(琳达·凯茜过去七年中在《她》这本杂志所宣扬的)的狂热支持者,变成了一个乐于接受任何东西只要一丁点的女人。
我已经发现(由于压力过大,凯茜已多次公开宣称要辞去《她》杂志编辑的职务,在这之后她也许会有同样发现),放弃“忙忙碌碌”的生活哲学,转而过一种“放慢生活节奏”的生活所带来的回报,比经济成功和社会地位更有价值。什么也说服不了我回到过去那种凯茜所宣扬的、我也曾自得其乐的生活中去:每天12小时的工作日,压得人喘不过气来的最后期限,可怕而紧张的办公室的争权夺利,以及因为时间有限连做母亲也得“高效率”所造成的种种限制。
在美国,摆脱忙碌,转而过一种简单、不大物质化的生活已成明确趋势。具有讽刺意味的是,“放慢生活节奏”——在美国也称“自愿简单化”——甚至孕育了一个崭新的、可称之为反消费主义的生活方式。对于那些想简单生活的人来说,有许多很畅销的帮你轻松生活的自助书籍;有各种简讯,例如省钱简报,会给美国人提供成千上万条有用的点子去做事,从回收保鲜腊到自制肥皂;甚至还有一些帮助团体,帮人按90年代中期脱离传统社会的人的生活方式去生活。
在美国,这种趋势一开始是对经济衰落所做出的一种反应——出现于80年代后期缩小经济规模所引起的大量人员冗余之后——在英国,至少在我所认识的中产阶级的简化生活者中,这种趋势仍被认为与节俭政治有关联,虽然如此,然而我们有着不同的缘由去寻求使自己的生活简单化。
对我们这一代女性来说,整个80年代我们曾被迫忙碌地生活,90年代中期的简化生活与其说是寻求神话般的好生活——自己种有机蔬菜以及冒险制造有机蔬菜——倒不如说我们都认识了自身的局限。
2000 Passage 1
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. "American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. "It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity," says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, D.C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States."
51. The US achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱ because________.
[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal
[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before
[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors
[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy
52. The loss of US predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American________.
[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market
[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises
[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions
[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market
53. What can be inferred from the passage?
[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.
[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.
[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.
[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.
54. The author seems to believe the revival of the US economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the________.
[A] turning of the business cycle
[B] restructuring of industry
[C] improved business management
[D] success in education
重点词汇:
handicap ------------ (v.阻碍;使不利)←hand+i(n)+cap,据说源自古代一种赌博:将罚金置于帽子里,手进入帽子抽签,抽中者处不利地位。cultural handicap 文化障碍;language handicap 语言障碍。
unparalleled ------------?(无可比拟的)←un+parallel+ed;parallel(n.v.a.平行;相似)即para+llel,para-前缀“在旁边”=beside,llel三个l看作是“平行线”。parallel points in the characters of different men 不同人的个性的相同之处。
prosperous ------------(繁荣的)←prosper(v.繁荣)+ous;prosperity ------------ (繁荣)←prosper+ity名词后缀。The problems to be resolved demand, and create, spiritual resources which the prosperous ease of a golden age will never inspire.等待解决的问题需要并且造成了黄金时代的繁荣安逸不可能激发的精神资源。The prosperity of a people is proportionate to the number of hands and minds usefully employed.国家的繁荣与有效使用的人手和头脑的数量成比例。If we did not something taste of adversity, prosperity would not be so welcome.如果不偶尔遭遇不幸,幸福就不会如此甜蜜。prosperity — something the businessmen create for the politicians to take credit for 繁荣——实业家发明出来让政客居功的某种东西。
predominance ------------? (优势)即pre+domin+ance,pre-“在前”,domin词根“支配”(如dominate→domin+ate动词后缀→支配;占优势),-ance名词后缀;predominant(占优势的;起主要作用的)←pre+domin+ant形容词后缀。the predominant feature of sb.'s character 某人性格的主要特征。
sensational ------------ (感动的;引起轰动的)即sens(e)+ation+al,sense词根“感觉”,-sation名词后缀,-al形容词后缀。sensational literature 令人激动的作品;a sensational crime 骇人听闻的罪行。
attribute ------------? (属性v.归因于)即at+tribute,at-(=to),tribute词根“给”,于是“把属性给某物”→归因于;contribute ------------? (v.贡献;捐献;投稿)即con一起+tribute,“一起给”→捐献→引申为“投稿”。参distribution,2003年Text 1。I attribute the little I know to my not having been ashamed to ask for information, and to my rule of conversing with all descriptions of men on those topics that form their own peculiar professions and pursuits.我把自己这点知识归因于不耻于提问,归因于常常与各种各样的人谈论那些造成了他们各自专业与行当的主题。The value of a man is decided by what he has contributed, not by what he has obtained.人的价值取决于他所贡献的,而非他所获取的。
executive ------------?(执行的;执行官)可看作exe+cut+ive,exe即“可执行文件”后缀名,cut切,-ive后缀,“执行(exe)官的任务是——如果你不听话,就把你cut掉”。The business system is blessed with a built-in corrective, namely, that one executive's mistakes become his competitor's assets.商界有一条天然的校正法则,即:决策者的失误会变成竞争对手的资产。executive — a person who always decides; sometimes he decides correctly 管理人员——总在做决定的人;有时候他也能做出正确决定。
productivity ------------ ? (生产率)即produc(e)+tiv(e)+ity,produce生产,-tive形容词后缀,-ity名词后缀。raise the labour productivity 提高劳动生产率。
impetus (n.推动;推动力)可看作im+pet+us,im-即in-(in-在p前变形为im-),pet宠物,us我们,宠物(pet)里面(im)有我们(us)的动力(impetus)。the primary impetus behind the economic recovery 促使经济复苏的主要推动力。
manifest ------------?(明白的;v.表明)看作man+if+est,man男人,if是否,est形容词最高级,“男人是否最明白”。No amount of manifest absurdity... could deter those who wanted to believe from believing.无论明显的荒唐有多大……都无法阻止那些由于相信而相信的人。
withdraw (v.撤销;缩回;提取)←with+draw,with-(=back, against),draw拉,“拉回来”。This is no time for any man to withdraw into some ivory tower and proclaim the right to hold himself aloof from the problems and the agonies of his society.现在对于任何人都不是缩进某座象牙塔并声明自己有权置身于社会问题与痛苦之外的时候。
restructure ------------ (v.重组)←re+structure,re-再=again,structure(v.n.构造)。The past has revealed to me the structure of the future.过去向我揭示了未来的结构。
at a loss 不知所措;on the ropes 岌岌可危;take sth. for granted 认为理所当然;quick-witted 机智的;think-tank 智囊团。
难句解析:
①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force.
▲该句是一个并列句,由前后两个转折关系的分句组成,其间的连词为but。but与后一个分句之间又插入一个由if引导的条件状语if properly handled,该状语原来是一个if引导的条件状语从句,即if it(a history of long and effortless success) is properly handled,其中的it is由于和该分句的主句部分主谓语一致而被省略掉了。
△本句结构比较简明,只需注意but与it may become a driving force之间的if结构是一个插入语,并且是一个省略了主语和系动词的被动语态。此外handicap意为“不利条件”。
②Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
▲前一句中its workers the most skilled是一个伴随状语,省略了其中的being,补齐成分后应为its workers being the most skilled。后一句中beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians作prosperous的状语,beyond为介词,是“超越,超出”的意思。而whose economies the war had destroyed作定语从句修饰the Europeans and Asians,原形是the war had destroyed the economies of the Europeans and Asians。
△注意beyond一词的意思,它表示“在……之外”。
③For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
▲该句带有一个表语从句,其表语从句中又套有两个并列的定语从句。全句主句部分的主谓结构是it looked...,as though(即as if好像)引导的从句是looked(看上去)的表语。表语从句中主语为the making of semiconductors,谓语为was going to be,而逗号之间的两个which从句是the making of semiconductors的非限定性定语,同时又是插入语。
△注意理解the next casualty的含义,casualty本意为“伤亡”,此处是“被国外产品击败的美国本土产业”。
④Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
▲英语的句式词汇一般都比较简练,如果将本句用中国人习惯的语式讲出应该如下:Their sometimes surprising findings about the causes of American's industrial decline are full of the warnings about the growing competition from overseas nations.
△sensational即surprising。另外注意本句的中心意思在句末的the growing competition from overseas。
⑤Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride.
▲attribute... to...将……归功或归咎于……。solely作状语修饰attribute,this指代上一句中的five years of solid growth,此外as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle作宾语such obvious causes的补语。
△yield to是“向……屈服”,即“被取代”。此处使用了现在完成时,证明这种状态到现在已成型。
试题解析:
51. [C] 意为:战争摧毁了多数潜在的竞争国的经济。
提问中predominance意为“优势”。
第一段指出,第二次世界大战以后,美国进入一个欣欣向荣的(glowing)发展时期,它拥有八倍于其他任何一个竞争国家的市场,工业经济发展到空前规模,它拥有世界上最优秀的科学家和技术最高的工人。美国的繁荣和美国人的富裕水平,是欧洲人和亚洲人做梦也达不到的,因为战争摧毁了他们的经济。
A意为:它已经为实现这一目标付出了艰苦的努力。
B意为:其国内市场比以前大八倍。
D意为:其劳动力(数量)空前的规模促进了经济的发展。
52. [D] 意为:汽车工业失去了部分国内市场。
第二段第六句提到,进口车和纺织品涌进(美国)国内市场。
A意为;电视工业萎缩回到了国内市场(即:该工业失去了国际市场)。根据第二段,到80年代中期,面对其工业竞争力的日益衰退,美国人感到无计可施(at a loss),美国某些大的行业——如电子消费品——在园际竞争的压力下,面临萎缩或消亡的威胁。到1987年为止,美国仅存的电视制造商只有Zenith一家了(现在已荡然无存:Zenith于7月份(指文章写作年代的7月份)被韩国LG电子有限公司购买)。这里并没有直接提到美国电视失去国际市场,事实上,它连国内市场也保不住了。
B意为:半导体行业被外国公司接管。第二段最后一句提到,在一段时间内,半导体制造业似乎要成为下一个受害者,虽然美国是半导体的发明者,而且半导体又处于新的计算机时代的核心位置(即:在新的时代中起着关键作用)。本句中casualty意为“伤亡”、“受害者”,与上一句中be on the ropes(美语俚语,意为“即将完蛋”)相照应。这里所说的是半导体制造商似乎(as though)要失去国内外市场.而不是被国外企业接管。
C意为:机床制造业自取灭亡。第二段提到了机床制造业“即将完蛋”(on the ropes)。这显然也是说它正在失去国内外市场,并未提到它的灭亡是由其自身原因造成的。
53. [B] 意为:激烈的竞争可能促进经济的发展。
第三段提到,严峻的现实(this指上一段中提到的诸多现状)使美国人失去了自信,他们不再认为繁荣是自然而至的事,他们开始认识到自己的经营方式存在严重问题(failing)。在80年代中期,他们开始挖掘美国经济衰退的原因,他们有时有些惊人的(sensational)发现,其中往往提示人们警惕外来竞争。第四段提到了90年代的经济复苏。其中的含义是:在竞争的压力下,美国人在80年代进行了自我反思和产业结构调整,因此带来了90年代的经济复苏。
A意为:在自我怀疑和盲目骄傲之间摆来摆去是人的本性。(即:人倾向于在这两种心态之间摇摆)。
C意为:经济的复苏取决于国际间的合作。
D意为:长期的成功可以为进一步的发展铺平道路。
54. [A] 意为:经济周期的转机。
在第四段,作者指出,截止到1995年,美国已经经历了五年的稳定(经济)增长,而日本却在困境中挣扎,但是,美国人并不将这一增长看做是美元贬值或经济周期的转机等明显的因素直接带来的,而是由自我怀疑变为盲目的骄傲。这里作者实际上对当前美国人的盲目乐观情绪进行了批评,认为,90年代的增长是由美元贬值或经济周期的转机等因素造成的。
B意为:产业结构的调整。根据Richard Cavanaugh的看法,美国经济的持续增长是由产业结构的调整造成,他认为美国的产业正在“节食”(go on a diet),正在变得更加理智。但这并不是作者的观点。参阅第四段。