[D] about laws and requirements of literature
60. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to________.
[A] determine its purposes
[B] ignore its flaws
[C] follow the new fashions
[D] accept the principles
61. Futurists claim that we must________.
[A] increase the production of literature
[B] use poetry to relieve modern stress
[C] develop new modes of expression
[D] avoid using adjectives and verbs
62. The author believes that Futurist poetry is________.
[A] based on reasonable principles
[B] new and acceptable to ordinary people
[C] indicative of basic change in human nature
[D] more of a transient phenomenon than literature
重点词汇：
farfetched ------------? （牵强的）即far+fetch+ed，far远的，fetch拿来，-ed形容词后缀，叫别人到很远(far)的地方去把东西拿回来(fetch)，这个要求是很“牵强的”(fartetched)。
futurist ------------ （未来派的；未来派艺术家）即futur(e)+ist，future（未来；未来的），-ist后缀。If we open a quarrel between the past and the present, we shall find that we have lost the future.我们如果在过去和现在之间展开争吵，就会发现我们丧失了未来。Every hour of lost time is a chance of future misfortune.失去的每一小时都构成未来不幸发生的可能。future — something which everyone reaches at the rate of sixty minutes an hour 未来——每个人都在以每小时60分钟的速度接近的东西。future shock — the shattering stress and disorientation that we induce in individuals by subjecting them to too much change in too short a time 未来的冲击——我们通过让个人在太短的时间内承受太多的变化而施加给他们的破坏性压力和定向障碍。
undergo ------------ （v.经历；承受）即under+go，“在下面走”→经历。You cannot create experience, you must undergo it.你不能创造经验，你必须经历它。undergo a long process of tempering 经受长期的磨练。
corresponding ------------ （相应的；符合的）即cor+respond+ing，cor-共同（con-在r前的变形），respond反应（见2003年Text 2），-ing形容词后缀；动词形式为correspond（相应；符合；通信）。Two delusions fostered by higher education are that what is taught corresponds to what is learned, and that it will somehow pay off in money.高等教育造成了两种错觉，一是教的东西就等于学到的东西，二是它总会通过某种方式以金钱回报。Science is the attempt to make the chaotic diversity of our sense-experience correspond to a logically uniform system of thought.科学试图将杂乱纷繁的感官经验纳入思维的逻辑有序的体系中。
interpret ------------（v.解释；口译）；interpretor（译员）←interpret+or后缀表“人”。The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it.哲学家们只是以不同的方式解释世界，而问题在于改变世界。interpretor — someone who lies in two languages 译员——用两种语言说谎的人。
essential （必不可少的；本质的）；名词形式为essence（本质；精华），记谐音“爱深思”→只有爱深思(essence)才可能发现事物的“本质”和“精华”。As a researcher perhaps two characters are most essential, one is love for sciences, the other is curiosity.作为研究人员有两种品质也许是最基本的：一是对科学的热爱，一是对事物的好奇心。The essence of romantic love is that wonderful beginning, after which sadness and impossibility may become the rule.浪漫的爱的本质是奇妙的开始，随后注定是悲伤与不可能。
finite ------------（有限的）即fin+ite，fin词根“完”（如finish→fin+ish后缀→v.n.完成），-ite形容词后缀，“有完的”→有限的。反义词：infinite（无限的；无限的东西）←in否定前缀+finite。参define（下定义；限定），2002年Text 4）。We must accept finite disappointment, but we must never lose infinite hope.我们必须接受有限的失望，但我们决不可失去无限的希望。a finite number of possibilities 有限的几种可能性。
explanatory ------------ （说明的，解释的）即ex+plan+atory，ex-前缀=out，plan即plain（元音可增减），-atory形容词后缀，“简单明白地表达出来的”→解释的；动词形式为explain←ex+plain；名词形式为explanation←ex+plan+ation。Mediocrities can explain everything, and are surprised at nothing.庸人能够解释一切，他们对任何事都不感到意外。←mediocrity参2000年Passage 2。A little inaccuracy sometimes saves tons of explanations.少许的含糊有时能省去大量的解释。
fulfill （v.完成，履行）即ful+fill，ful即full“完全”，fill“填满”，故“完全填满”→完成。Only they who fulfill their duty in everyday matters will fulfill them on great occassions.只有在日常工作中尽责的人才会在重大时刻尽责。
determine ------------ （v.决心；确定）即de+termine，de-加强前缀，termine词根“结束”（参terminal，2002年Text 2），故“使结束”→决定；名词形式为determination←de+termin+ation。The surest way not to fail is to determine to succeed.不致失败的最可靠方法是决心成功。When it is not in our power to detemine what is true, we ought to follow what is most probable.在无法认定何者正确之时，就应采用可能性最大的一个。The important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it.人生最重要的事就是确立一个伟大的目标，并有决心使其实现。
all the same 仍然；at will 随意。
难句解析：
①When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.
▲该句是一个因果关系的并列句，表示结果的部分是When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at，表示原因的部分是for it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal。而for与it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal之间是一个插入语，也是由however+形容词引导的状语从句，意为“不管他们（这群前卫艺术家们）的时尚原则在今天看来多么牵强无理”。
△句中attain原意为“达到”，此处应理解为“发展成”；advocates指倡导的人；however不是“然而”，而是“不论多么”。
②With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be — even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right — it can hardly be classed as Literature.
▲该句也是一个因果关系的并列句。结果为With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult，其中however是插入语，表示此句与上一句之间是转折关系；原因为for之后的部分whatever Futurist poetry may be — even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right — it can hardly be classed as Literature，其中破折号之间的部分even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right是插入语，on which it is based是the theory的定语从句，it指代Futurist poetry。
△注意however一词是对上一句内容的转折信号，了解这一点，the case is rather difficult的意思就不难领会了。同时要抓住作者的态度，他对未来主义诗歌是持完全否定的态度的。
③We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs.
▲该句中主句为We must pour out a large stream of essential words，而unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs是过去分词引导的伴随状语。
△注意or连接的qualifying adjectives和finite verbs与stops并列，而不与a large stream of essential words并列。
④But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river — and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: "Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."
▲句中开始的it是形式主语，它指代的是to read及后面的定语从句和to find及其后面的宾语从句。that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river是read的宾语从句，其中off which they both fall into the river是bridge的定语从句；that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: "Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."是find的宾语从句。
△该句相对较复杂，一定要注意upsetting的意思，它是指当我们先是从注释中得知某诗行讲述了一个场景，便怀着新奇感去读原文，结果却发现原文如此枯燥拙劣，心中不免感到不舒服。
⑤All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression.
▲此处的that从句是proposition的同位语，说明了其内容。
△注意句中的双重否定：no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition没有一个有思想的人能否决他们自己最初的主张，也就是“几乎人人都会坚持自己最初的主张”。
试题解析：
59. [B] 意为：对未来派诗歌的评述。
本文是一篇文学评论。第一段开门见山地对未来派诗歌进行批评，指出，无论未来派诗歌是什么东西——即使承认其理论根据是正确的，却很难将它归作是文学作品。第二段简述了未来派诗歌诞生的基本历史背景，第三、四段又转入对它的批评。注意第四段第一句对第一段第二句的照应。
A意为：对新的艺术理论的评价。这个选择项表达的内容过泛，缺乏针对性。
C意为：有关未来主义运动的优点。
D意为：有关文学（创作）的法则和要求。这个选择项表达的内容过泛，缺乏针对性。
60. [A] 意为：确认其目的。
第一段第一句指出，每当一个新艺术思潮达到一定流行程度时，（在评价它之前）最好先找出其倡导者的目的，因为，无论其（创作）原则在今天看来可能是多么不着边际、多么荒谬，但是在未来它也许会被看做是正常的东西。
B意为：忽视其缺陷。
C意为：追随这些新思潮。
D意为：接受其（创作）原则。
61. [C] 意为：挖掘新的表达方式。
第二段简述了未来派诗歌诞生的基本历史背果。未来派认为，一个世纪以来，生活状况一直在有条件地加速发展，以致我们今天生活在一个喧闹、暴力和迅变的世界里，结果，我们的感觉、思想和情感经历了相应的变化。未来派认为，这种生活（节奏）的加快需要一种新的表达方式（与之相适应）。
A意为：增加文学作品的创作（数量）。第二段第四句指出，为了诠释当今世界的（生活）压力，我们必须加快文学的创作。这里所说的speed up our literature的具体内容包括下两句提到的文学创作方法，并非指加大文学作品的创作数量。
B意为：用诗歌来化解当今的压力。见对选择项[A]的解释，interpret（解释）的意思不同于relieve（缓解；解除）。
D意为：不使用形容词和动词。第二段第五甸的意思是：我们（在诗歌中）注入大量的基本词汇，这一语流不为句号、修饰性形容词或限定性动词所打断。从这句来看，并没有提到不使用形容词和动词。
62. [D] 意为：与其说是文学（作品）不如说是一种暂时的现象。
在最后一段最后一句作者反问道：我们的时代真的发生了根本变化吗？言外之意，我们生活的变化被未来主义考夸大了，因此他们对历史和现实的认识是不正确的，所以其理论根据是站不住脚的。
A意为：基于合理的原理。
B意为：对普通人来说是新的、易于接受的。
D意为：表明人性的根本变化。
全文翻译：
当一场新的艺术运动形成某种时尚时，理应弄清其倡导者的目标所在，因为无论他们的准则在今天看来是多么牵强附会、不可思议，将来都有可能被视为正常的。然而，就未来派诗歌而言，情况却相当不同，因为无论未来派诗歌为何物——即使承认其理论根据可能正确，也很难称之为文学。
简而言之，未来派诗人宣称：一个世纪以来，过去的生活一直在有条件地急剧变化；现在，我们生活在一个充斥着喧嚣、暴力和快节奏的世界之中。因此，我们的感情、思想和情绪都经历了相应的变化。未来派诗人声称，这种加速的生活节奏需要一种新的表达形式。如果我们想诠释现代生活的压力，就必须加快文学发展的步伐。我们必须大量使用基本词汇，摆脱句号，修饰性形容词及限定动词的羁绊。我们不应描绘声音，我们必须造出模仿声音的词语；我们必须在同一张纸上使用不同型号和不同颜色的墨水，任意缩短或加长词语。
他们对战斗的描述确实让人很难理解。但是读到一句描写战斗的诗行的注解时，则令人有点生厌，注解中说该诗描写了一名土耳其军官和一名保加利亚军官在一座桥上发生了搏斗，结果双双从桥上掉进河中——结果，诗把他们两人落水的声音和体重写在了一起：“扑通！扑通！185公斤。”
尽管这符合未来派诗歌的规则和要求，却很难被归入文学之列。实际上，没有一个善于思考的人会拒绝接受他们的第一个观点：即情感生活的巨大变化要求表达方式也随之变化。实际问题是：我们发生了根本的变化吗？
2000 Passage 4
Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't know where they should go next.
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.
While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. "Those things that do not show up in the test scores — personality, ability, courage or humanity are completely ignored," says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee. "Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild." Last year Japan experienced 2125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War Ⅱ had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents".
But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. "In Japan," says educator Yoko Muro, "it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure." With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.
63. In the Westerner's eyes, the postwar Japan was________.
[A] under aimless development
[B] a positive example
[C] a rival to the West
[D] on the decline
64. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?
[A] Women's participation in social activities is limited.
[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.
[C] Excessive emphasis his been placed on the basics.
[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.
65. Which of the following is true according to the author?
[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder
[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.
[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.
[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.
66. The change in Japanese Life-style is revealed in the fact that________.
[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life
[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the US
[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before
[D] the Japanese appreciate their present life
重点词汇：
postwar ------------? （战后）←post前缀“在后”+war；prewar ------------ （战前）←pre前缀“在前”+war。postwar architecture — the accountants' revenge on the prewar businessmen's dreams 战后的建筑——会计师们对战前商人们的梦想的报复。
harmony （和谐，融洽）可看作har+mony，har谐音“哈”，mony即money，于是“哈！money！”→有钱很多事情都会变得“和谐”与“融洽”。No family harmony, no social stability.没有家庭的和睦，就没有社会的稳定。harmony — the husband likes fishing, the wife likes cooking fish, and the child likes eating fish 和谐——丈夫喜欢钓鱼，妻子喜欢烧鱼，孩子喜欢吃鱼。
sacrifice ------------（v.n.牺牲；奉献）可看作sa+cri+fice，sa谐音似“杀”，cri看作cry（元音替换），fice看作face（元音替换），于是“因马上要被杀(sa)而泪留(cri)满面(fice)的东西”→牺牲。Good manners are made up of petty sacrifices.得体的举止由许多细小的牺牲构成。Whenever you have an aim you must sacrifice something of freedom to attain it.无论何时，只要有目标，你就要牺牲一定的自由以达到它。Success can be only one ingredient in happiness, and is too dearly purchased if all the other ingredients have been sacrificed to obtain.成功只能是幸福的一个因素，如果为了获得成功而牺牲其它幸福的因素，就未免得不偿失了。
counterpart ------------?（相似或对应的人或物）即counter+part，counter-前缀“对等”，part部分，“对等的部分”。
personality ------------ ?（人格；个性）←person+ality名词后缀。Personality is to man what perfume is to a flower.个性之于人一如香气之于花。personality — everything that's false in a human, everything that's been added on to him and contrived 个性——人类身上所有虚假的东西，所有强加在他身上的不自然的东西。
assault ? （v.n.攻击）即as+sault，as前缀=to，sault沪方言“烧掉”之谐音，于是“去把敌人的东西烧掉”→“火攻”→攻击。Against the assault of laughter nothing can stand.没有东西能抵挡笑声的进攻。
conservative ------------? （保守的；保守主义者）即con+serv(e)+ative，con-前缀“全部”，serve词根“保持”（=keep），-ative后缀；参conservation（2002年Text 3）。When a nation's young men are conservative, its funeral bell is already rung.当一个国家的青年因循守旧，这个国家的丧钟即已敲响。conservative — ①someone who wants to keep what he already had lost ②a man who wants the rules changed so that no one can make a pile the way he did ③someone who believes that nothing should be done for the first time 守旧者——①试图保留已经失去的东西的人 ②希望改变一下规矩，使任何人都不能再像他那样赚钱的人 ③相信什么事都不应当有第一次的人。
authorities ------------? （当局，官方）；原形为authority（权力；权威；权威者）←author作者+ity名词后缀。All authority belongs to the people.一切权力属于人民。Authority is not truth, but truth possesses the authority.权威不是真理，但真理拥有权威。authority — a high hat under which every donkey can hide his ears 权力——一顶高帽子，驴子戴上它也能遮住耳朵。
endure （v.忍受；持续）即en+dure，en-前缀“使”，dure词根“持续”（如durable→持久的）。We have all sufficient strength to endure the misfortunes of others.我们具有极其充足的力量来忍受他人的不幸。Colors fade, temples crumble, empires fall, but wise words endure.色彩会消退，庙宇会坍塌，帝国会崩溃，但智慧的话永存。
