isolate ------------ （v.隔离，孤立）←isol+ate，isol即isle“小岛”（元音可增减替换），-ate动词后缀，使像小岛一样被“孤立”。The word, even the most contradictions word, preserves contact — it is silence which isolates.话语，甚至最矛盾的话语也维持着人们的联系——是沉默使人们隔离。
generation ------------ （产生；一代人）←generat(e)+ion，generate（v.产生），-ion名词后缀。Each generation imagines itself to be more intelligent than the one that went before it, and wiser than the one that comes after it.每代人都想象自己比前一代聪明，也比后一代明智。
commute （v.乘公交车上下班，乘车船往返于两地）即com+mute，com-前缀“一起”，mute词根“交换”，于是“一直在两地间交换位置”→乘车往返上下班。参mutually，2003年Text 1。
divorce ? （v.n.离婚；分离）与diverse（多种多样的；不同的）一起记，“离婚”后双方就成为“不同的”人。Friendship is the marriage of the soul, and this marriage is liable to divorce.友谊是心灵的结合，这种结合是易于解体的。It is only in marriage with the world that our ideals can bear fruit; divorced from it, they remain barren.只有与现实联姻，我们的理想才能结果；如果脱离现实，理想将永无生机。divorce — ①a tragedy that after a while feels suspiciously like relief ②the best way to replace the first mistake by a second ③puts men back in circulation 离婚——①一场悲剧，片刻之后又似乎觉得像是一种解脱 ②用第二次错误代替第一次错误的最佳方法 ③将男人放回可流通领域。
cultivation ------------ （耕作；培养）←cultivat(e)+tion，cultivate（v.耕作；培养），-tion名词后缀。To cultivate oneself in disposition is not for the others, but for strengthening his own capacity in life.修养性情不是为了他人，而是为了加强自己的生活能力。
tolerant ------------ （宽容的）←toler+ant。The public is wonderfully tolerant — it forgives everything except genius.公众宽容得惊人——他们宽恕一切，除了天才。
难句解析：
①Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.
▲whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe是Japan的定语从句。
△千万注意hardly是否定词，相当于not。
②The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.
▲本句的主语是The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market，谓语是have limited，宾语是the opportunities of teen-agers，而who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs是宾语的定语从句，该从句中involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs又是personal sacrifices的补语。
△age是“时代”，表示这一代已经成为社会的主力军；baby boom指在战后的“生育高峰，婴儿潮”；questioning的意思是“质问，质疑”；involved in指“与某事有关，由某事引起”。
③Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."
▲本句主语是Mitsuo Setoyama，谓语是raised eyebrows，who was then education minister是主语的定语，when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."是全句的时间状语从句，其中that引导的从句是argued的宾语，该宾语从句中主语是liberal reforms，谓语是had weakened，宾语是the "Japanese morality of respect for parents"，introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II是liberal reforms的补语。
△注意raised eyebrows是“瞋目”的意思，此处指“瞪起眼睛，情绪激愤”。
④With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households.
▲has come centralization是一个倒装结构，原形为centralization has come。Where引导的定语从句修饰cities。
△本句中须弄清一些词汇的含义，如：centralization集中化；community礼俗社会；extended family多代同堂式的家庭；in favor of由…取代；households家庭。
试题解析：
63. [B] 意为：正面的例子。
第一段第一句指出，战后，日本的生产率与和谐的社会状态是美国和欧洲所羡慕的，其发展目标明确（主句的直译意思是：无目标性一直不是日本的特点）。
A意为：处于无目标的发展状态下。
C意为：是西方国家的劲敌。
D意为：正在走下坡路。
64. [D] 意为：生活方式受西方价值观的影响。
第一段指出，日本人越来越多地目睹着一场传统的工作道德价值观的沦丧。十年前，年轻人工作努力，将工作看作是生存(being)的重要动力；但是，日本目前在很大程度上满足了其经济发展的需要，年轻人反而不知道下一步的发展目标了。
在第二、三段，文章探讨了造成这种现象的原因。在第四段第一句，作者指出，这（that指上一段提到的现象）也许更多地是与日本人的生活方式有关（have... to do with意为：与……有关）。
A意为：妇女参加社会活动受到限制。第二段第一句的意思是：随着战后进入高生育时期，并随着妇女进入过去男人占统治地位的就业市场，青少年的机会受到限制，他们已经表现出对为爬上严格的社会阶层——如进入好学校或获得好工作——所做出的巨大的个人牺牲提出质疑。
B意为：更多的工人对自己的工作感到不满。
C意为：过多地注重基础训练。根据第三段，虽然外国人经常称赞日本教育对基础训练的强调，日本的教育却倾向于强调考试和机械的学习，而忽视丁创造力和自我表达的培养。可见，强调基础的教育是好的，但是忽视创造力和自我表达的培养也是不对的。这里，强调基础是教育的目的，强调考试和机械的学习是日本实现这一目的的方法；目标并没有错（不会导致道德水平的下降），错误的是实现这一目标的方法。
65. [C] 意为：应该更多地强调创造力的培养。
参阅第64题题解。
A意为：日本的教育受到赞赏，因为它有助于年轻人爬上社会阶梯。日本的教育受到外国人赞赏的原因是它强调整础教育。参阅第64题对选择项[C]的解释。
B意为：日本教育既强调机械的学习也强调创造力。参阅第64题对选择项[C]的解释。
D意为：失学导致了对考试的反感。根据Toshiki Kaifu的看法，对这种东西（指上一句提到的强调考试，忽视个性、能力、勇气或人性教育）的反感使孩子们弃学，变得难以管教。可见，选择项[D]颠倒了因果。参阅第三段。
66. [A] 意为：年轻人更难以忍受生活中的困难。
根据Yoko Muro的观点，对日本人来说，问题一直不是一个他们能否享受工作和生活的问题，而是一个他们有多大的承受力的问题。例如，城市居民长期以来一直承受着上下班时间长和生活环境拥挤的折磨，但是，随着旧的价值观被摈弃，（与之相关的）困难开始表面化了（tell意为：产生影响；显现出来）。这里的意思是，日本人以前默默地忍受生活的困苦，但是，现在年轻的日本人觉得这种牺牲太大，对此产生了逆反情绪。参阅第四段。
B意为：日本人的离婚率超过了美国人。根据第四段最后一句，日本人的离婚率仍然大大地(well)低于美国人。
C意为：日本人比以前需要忍受的东西更多了。
D意为：日本人喜欢自己目前的生活方式。
全文翻译：
战后日本的生产率和社会的和谐为美国和欧洲所称羡，因此漫无目标很难说是战后日本的特色。但是，日本人正在经历传统工作道德价值观的日益衰退。10年前，日本人工作勤奋，将工作视为他们存在的主要理由，但现在日本大体上已经满足了其经济需求，年轻人却不知道他们下一步的目标在哪里。
战后婴儿出生高峰期的到来及妇女进入男性主宰的就业市场，限制了青少年的发展机遇，这些青少年已经开始质疑在进好学校，找好工作，攀登日本等级森严的社会阶梯的过程中所做出的沉重的个人牺牲是否值得。在最近一次调查中发现与62.7％的美国学生相比较，只有24.5％的日本学生对学校生活完全满意。此外，与被调查的其他10个国家的工人相比，对自身工作表示不满的日本工人多得多。
虽然日本的教育因强调基础知识而经常受到外国人的赞扬，但是它往往强调考试和机械学习，而不重视创造性和自我表现。“在考分中得不到体现的那些东西——个性、能力、勇气或人性——完全被忽视，”执政的自民党教育委员会主席Toshiki Kaifu说，“对这类事情灰心丧气，致使孩子辍学、放荡不羁。”去年日本发生了2125起校园暴力事件，其中包括929起袭击老师事件。在一片抗议声中，许多保守党领导人正在力图回复到战前，强调道德教育；去年，当时任教育大臣的Mitsuo Setoyama就提出责难，他申辩说二战后美国占领当局引进的自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德观”。
但是，那也许与日本人的生活方式关系更大。“在日本，”教育家 Yoko Muro说，“问题绝对不是你是否喜欢自己的工作和生活，而仅仅是你能承受多大的负荷。”随着经济的发展，居住集中化也跟着来了，在日本1亿1900万人当中，足有76％住在城市，在那里社区和几世同堂的大家庭已经成为过去，而取而代之的是单门独户的两代之家。城市里的日本人长期忍受着漫长的上下班来回路程和拥挤不堪的居住条件，随着旧的群体家庭道德观的削弱，令人不舒服的结果开始显现出来。在过去10年中，日本的离婚率，尽管仍远在美国之下，已经上升了50％，而自杀事件则上升了近1/4。
2000 Passage 5
If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition — wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny — must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have give up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition — if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped — with the educated themselves riding on them.
Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs — The locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, "Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious."
The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.
67. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if ________.
[A] its returns well compensate for the sacrifices
[B] it is rewarded with money, fame and power
[C] its goals are spiritual rather than material
[D] it is shared by the rich and the famous
68. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is________.
[A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in words
[B] too late to check ambition once it has been let out
[C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal
[D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition
69. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because________.
[A] they think of it as immoral
[B] their pursuits are not fame or wealth
[C] ambition is not closely related to material benefits
[D] they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible
70. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained________.
[A] secretly and vigorously
[B] openly and enthusiastically
[C] easily and momentarily
[D] verbally and spiritually
重点词汇：
ambition （雄心，野心）看作am+bit+ion，am是，bit一点，-ion名词后缀，考研的人都是(am)有一点点(bit)野心(ambition)，谐音“俺必胜”！形容词形式为ambitious ←ambit+ious形容词后缀。All ambitions are lawful except those which climb upward on the miseries or credulities of mankind.野心是合法的，不过利用人们的痛苦或轻信者除外。ambition — ①the noble name one gives to his money problems ②the immemorial weakness of the strong 志向——①给经济困难取的高雅名字 ②坚强者的永久性虚弱。
destiny （命运）看作de+s+tiny，de-否定前缀，s谐音“是”，tiny微小的，命运(destiny)不(de)是(s)小事情(tiny)。A tyrant's authority for crime, and a fool's excuse for failure.命运：暴君作恶的理由，傻瓜失败的借口。destiny — statistics by another name 命运——统计学的代名词。
vitality ------------? （生命力）即vit(a)+al+ity，vita词根“生命”（如vitamin←vita+min，原义为“维持生命的胺类物质”，即“维生素”），-al形容词后缀，-ity名词后缀。vitality — the pursuit of life 活力——对生命的追求。
hypocritical ------------ ? （伪善的）看作hypo+critical，hypo-前缀“在……之下、次于”（如hypothesis→hypo+thesis论点→次于论点地位的→n.假设），critical批评的，“在批评之下的”→伪善的；名词形式为hypocrisy ------------? （虚伪，伪善）。hypocrisy — ①the lubricant of society ②the most difficult and nerve-racking vice that any man can pursue; it needs an unceasing vigilance and a rare detachment of spirit 伪善——①社会的润滑剂 ②人们所能学到的最困难、最刺激的恶习；它需要不懈的警惕性和精神的高度超脱。
escape ? （v.n.逃跑；避免）看作es+cap+e，es-(=ex-)，cap帽子，“从帽子里出去”→“金蝉脱壳”→逃跑。Investing the future has been man's favourite game of escape.虚构未来一向是人类最喜爱的逃避把戏。Many have been ruined by their fortunes, and many have escaped ruin by the want of fortune.有许多人毁于幸运，还有许多人由于缺乏幸运而免于毁灭。
confess ? （v.供认；坦白；忏悔）即con+fess，con-一起，fess词根“说”，“把知道的全都说了”。同根词：profess ? （v.声称；教授）←pro向前+fess说，“走到前面对大家说”。I'm not ashamed to confess that I'm ignorant of what I don't know.我不耻于承认对自己不懂的事情的无知。
pushing （有进取心的；急功近利的）←push推+ing形容词后缀。
acquisitive ------------? （渴望获得的；贪得无厌的）即acquisit+ive，acquisit为acquire（v.获得）之变形，-ive形容词后缀。参acquisition，2001年Passage 4。In an acquisitive society the form that selfishness predominantly takes is monetary greed.在一个贪婪的社会里，贪财是自私自利的突出表现形式。
vulgar ------------?（粗俗的）谐音“浮哥”，“轻浮的哥哥”→粗俗的；名词为vulgarity（粗俗；粗俗的行为）←vulgar+ity名词后缀。Prejudices are what rule the vulgar crowd.支配庸人们的是偏见。vulgarity — the garlic in the salad of taste 粗俗——味觉色拉里的大蒜。
spectacle------------? （场面；奇观）即spect+acle，spect词根“看”，-acle表“物”。同根词：spectator（观众，旁观者）←spect+ator后缀表“人”。Life is not a spectacle or a feast; it is a predicament.生活并非奇观，亦非盛宴，它是一种困境。
participatory ------------ （供分享的）即parti+cip+atory，parti(=part)，cip(=cap)抓，-atory形容词后缀，“抓取其中一部分”→供分享的。参participation，2001年Passage 1。
democracy ------------? （民主；民主制；民主国家）←demo+cracy，demo-人民，cracy统治，“由人民统治的”；也可把demo看作“演示”（如很多演示版软件就叫Demo），尚处于演示(demo)阶段的统治(cracy)手段→民主(democracy)。另可记：autocracy（独裁统治；专制国家）←auto自己+cracy；autonomy（自治）←auto+nom+y。Democracy means simply the bludgeoning of the people by the people for the people.民主不过是意味着为了人民而由人民来强制人民。democracy — ①the worst form of government except all the others that have been tried ②hypocrisy without limitation ③a process by which the people are free to choose the man who will get the blame ④the recurrent suspicion that more than half of the people are right more than half of the time 民主——①除所有尝试过的形式以外最坏的管理形式 ②无限制的虚伪 ③人们自由选择该责备谁的过程 ④一个反复出现的疑问：大多数情况下大多数人都是正确的吗。
enroll （v.招收；入学；入伍）即en+roll，en-使，roll名册，“使登记入册”。I like your institute but I do not want to enroll.我喜欢你们学院，但我不想报名去那里。
impulse ? （v.n.推动；冲动）看作im+pulse，im-加强前缀，pulse脉搏。There is one thing better than crushing impulse, it is using impulse.有一件事比压制冲动更可取，即利用冲动。
stir ?（v.搅动；激动；鼓动）与star（明星）只一元音字母之差，联想：star有stir的作用。Make no little plans: they have no magic to stir men's blood.不要作小计划，它们没有激动热血的魔力。
earnest ? （热心的，诚挚的）看作earn+est，earn赚钱，est即最高级，“很多很多人非常非常热衷于赚钱”。An earnest desire to succeed is almost always prognostic of success.对成功的热切愿望几乎总是成功的预兆。
contemptible ------------? （卑劣的）即contempt+ible，contempt蔑视，-ible可……的。
at an end 完结；get on in life 出人头地。
难句解析：
①If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition — wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny — must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf.
▲此句包含一个if引导的条件状语从句If ambition is to be well regarded，主句的主语是the rewards of ambition，谓语是must be deemed，而wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny既是插入语，又是the rewards的同位语。made on ambition's behalf是the sacrifices的补语。
△本句中需弄清一些词汇的含义，如：distinction声望显赫或出人头地；worthy of对得起或不辜负；on behalf of为了。
②If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.
▲这是一个并列关系的并列句。前一个分句又包含由if引导的条件状语，主句中的主语it指代the tradition of ambition。后一分句中who are themselves admired修饰people，the educated not least among them是people的补语。
△注意people who are themselves admired指“自己也受人仰慕的人士”；not least意为“相当重要”。
③There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped — with the educated themselves riding on them.
▲a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped是前面主句的补语，with the educated themselves riding on them是补语中的伴随状语。
△hypocrisy虚伪或伪善，理解了这个词，后面的比喻就简单了。要理解这个比喻，最好把句中的马理解为ambition的象征。注意这个比喻和“亡羊补牢”没有任何关系，它的意思更接近于“掩耳盗铃”；在这里是指受过良好教育的人在自己的野心实现以后，从追求野心的过程中受了益，但他们得了便宜还卖乖，反过来谴责野心，并说自己并没有追求野心。
④Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs — the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.
