▲此处出现了两个比较级,less interested in success and its signs now than formerly和less in demand today than a decade or two years ago。
△千万注意两句中的双重否定:“do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly”means“seem at least as interested in success and its signs now as formerly, if not more”,后面的do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago也是如此。
⑤What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.
▲what一词指代的是that引导的从句,从句中as easily and openly as once they could又是下一层的状语,此外lest引导带虚拟语气的假设状语从句。
△注意lest一词的含义(“唯恐”)和用法(引导虚拟语气)。而且在阅读过程中应该能够推测出pushing,acquisitive,vulgar三词都是贬义。
⑥Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.
▲本句的主句是we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles。后面有一个非限定性的定语从句修饰spectacles。在冒号的后面是三个并列的名词性短语,其核心词分别是critic,publisher和journalist。
△要理解本句,首先要正确理解be treated to的意思是“被款待,被招待”;因此后面的spectacles就不是“眼镜”,而是“壮观景象”,此处有一定的反讽意味。后面即使不理解其具体含义,大致也应该抓住的是虚伪,说一套做一套的具体事例,从这个角度理解就比较清楚了。
⑦The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive.
▲此句是用分号隔开的两个并列句,后面的一个分句中有一个where引导的定语从句,从整体上来修饰its public defenders,只不过先行词用了where。
△要理解分号前后是从正反两个方面来说明人们对于ambition的态度,同时注意最后的定语从句中的那个双重否定,表达了作者的一种态度,说明作者对于野心的维护者是抱肯定的态度的,从而也能推出作者对于野心也是持积极态度的,而作者所不齿的是对于野心问题虚伪的、说一套做一套的做法。
试题解析:
67. [A] 意为:其收益足以抵得上做出的牺牲。
文章第一句指出,如果正确看待野心(雄心),由野心所带来的收益——如财富、名声以及对自己命运的控制力等——必须被看做是抵得上为(实现)野心所做出的牺牲的。言外之意,只有树立雄心壮志,并为实现雄心壮志做出努力和牺牲,收到的回报就会大于做出的牺牲,使你感到没有白白做出牺牲。作者在本文中谈到了如何正确看待树立“野心”,不要对“野心”避而不谈。
B意为:野心使人取得金钱、名誉和权力(或力量)。在第一句中,财富、名誉以及对自己命运的控制力只是作为取得回报的三个例子,并非仅包括这三方面而已。因此,选择项[A]更加确切地表达了第一句的意思。
C意为:其目标是精神上的而不是物质方面的。
D意为:野心是富人和名人共有的。第一段第二句的意思是:如果野心的传统要保持其生命力(指这一传统要持续下去),人们必须普遍拥有野心——特别是那些受过教育的人更是如此。然而,奇怪的是,恰恰是这些人回避这一话题,虽然他们从中受益匪浅。
68. [C] 意为:在目标实现后又不诚实地否认(拥有)野心(的重要性)。
第一段最后一句的前半句指责这些人是虚伪的(hypocrisy),后半句是一个比喻。含意为:他们是野心的受益者,但又虚伪地否认拥有野心的重要性。
A意为:受过教育者习惯于口头上摈弃野心。含意为:口头上否认自己有野心,但行动上实践之。原句中的“虚伪”并非指这些人口是心非,而是指他们是野心的受益者(也许他们自己都没有认识到这一点),但又虚伪地否认拥有野心的重要性。
B意为:野心一旦被释放出来就无法控制。
D意为:对受过教育者来说,享受野心所带来的益处是不现实的。
69. [D] 意为:他们不想看起来贪婪、卑鄙。
根据第二段第三句,事实是:人们不坦陈自己的梦想(即指野心)——不像从前一样容易公开承认梦想,以防被人看做是爱出风头的、贪婪的(acquisitive)和庸俗的人。
A意为:他们将此看做是不道德的。
B意为:他们追求的不是名誉或财富。
C意为:野心与物质利益没有密切关系。
70. [B] 意为:公开并热情地。
根据最后一段第四、五句,由于人们不公开表达自己的野心,就产生一些不良后果,有些野心就成为暗中拥有的东西,使人变得狡黠。由此推论,作者认为,人们不应该隐瞒自己的“野心”,以免产生人对人的猜疑和阴谋。
A意为;秘密并严格地。
C意为:容易并暂时地。
D意为:在语言上和精神上。
全文翻译:
个人的雄心如果能被正确看待的话,那么它的回报——财富、声誉、对命运的掌握——则应该被认为值得为之付出牺牲。如果雄心的传统具有生命力,那么它就应该受到广泛的推崇,尤其应该受到那些自身得到他人羡慕的人们的高度重视,当然那些接受过良好教育的人也应包括在内。然而,恰恰是那些受过良好教育的人却不可思议地声称他们已经放弃了雄心壮志这一理想。奇怪的是他们已经从雄心壮志中获益颇多了——如果不是他们自己的雄心,那么就是他们父母的和祖父母的。这其中有着浓厚的虚伪色彩,恰如马跑后再关上马厩的门那样,而受过良好教育的人自己正骑在那些马背上。
当然,现在人们对成功及其标志的兴趣似乎并未比从前减弱,避暑别墅,欧洲旅行、宝马车——它们的位置、地名和商标可能会改变,但现在对这些东西的需求似乎并未比一二十年前减少。现在的情况是人们不能像以前那样轻易地、公开地坦陈自己的梦想,惟恐别人认为自己爱出风头、贪婪、庸俗不堪。相反我们目睹了比以前任何时候都多的虚伪景观:美国物欲主义批评家在南安普顿拥有一幢避暑别墅;激进的出版商到三星级宾馆就餐;倡导终生参与民主制的新闻记者却把自己的子女送进私立学校。对于这样的人,还有那些也许不太出色的人而言,“不惜一切代价获得成功,但避免让他人看出雄心勃勃”是对他们最好的诠释。
对雄心的攻击非常之多,出自各种不同的角度;公开为之辩解的则少之又少,虽不能说他们是完全没有吸引力的,但却未能给人们留下深刻印象。因此,在美国,作为一种健康的冲动,一种应该令人称羡并扎根于青年人心灵的品质的雄心,它所得到的支持也许比以往任何时期都低。但这并不意味着雄心已经穷途末路,人们不再感觉到它对人们的激励了,只是人们不再公开地以它为荣,更不愿公开地坦白了。当然这样就带来了很多不良后果,其中的一些后果就是雄心被赶入地下,或暗藏于胸。于是情况就成了这样:左边是愤怒的批评家,右边是愚蠢的支持者,而居中的通常是大多数认真而努力追求成功的人。
1999 Passage 1
It's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.
Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprised! — fall off. The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly."
While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, for example — and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.
Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We're really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute — a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities," says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.
51. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?
[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.
[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.
[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.
[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.
52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________.
[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products
[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products
[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability
[D] feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first concern
53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________.
[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law
[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries
[C] product labels would eventually be discarded
[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes
54. The author's attitude towards the issue seems to be ________.
[A] biased
[B] indifferent
[C] puzzling
[D] objective
重点词汇:
compensate ------------ (补偿,赔偿)看作com+pens+ate,com-前缀“一起”,pens钢笔,-ate动词后缀,“把钢笔全都给你”→赔偿;名词形式为compensation------------ ? ←com+pens+ation名词后缀。True tragedy may be defined as a dramatic work in which the outward failure of the principal personage is compensated for by the dignity and greatness of his character.真正的悲剧可以这样定义:一部剧作,剧中主人公的表面失败由其人格的高贵伟大予以补偿。
misfortune ------------ (不幸;灾难)←mis+fortune,mis-否定前缀,fortune(运气;财产)见2003年Text 3。No misfortune can be as great as the loss of time.再大的不幸也比不上时间的损失。misfortune — the gift you receive after you criticize your superior in public 不幸——当众批评上司后收到的礼物。
anticipate ------------ (预料,期望)即anti+cip+ate,anti-前缀“先前的”(如antique→anti+que后缀→古老的;古玩),cip词根“抓”(参participation,2001年Passage 1),-ate动词后缀,于是“在事情发生之前就在脑子里将其抓住”→预料。What we anticipate seldom occurs; what we lest expected generally happens.我们所预料的事很少发生,最预料不到的事却往往出现。
stepladder ------------ (一种通常在顶端有个小平台的活动梯子)←step台阶+ladder梯子。
interaction ------------? (互相作用)←inter互相+act作用+ion名词后缀。It is the interaction of his personality and period that results in the formation of a composer's style.作曲家风格的形成,是其个性与时代相互作用的结果。
regulation ------------? (调整;校准;规章)即regul+ation,regul词根“规则”=rule(如regular→定期的;规则的),-ation名词后缀;动词形式为regulate(调整;校准;管制)←regul+ate。The use of travelling is to regulate imagination by reality, and instead of thinking how things may be, to see them as they are.旅行的价值在于用显示校正想象,目睹事物的本来面目,而非臆想它们可能如何。regulation — the substitution of error for chance 规则——用错误代替变化。
defendant ------------? (辩护的;被告)←defend(防卫;辩护)+ant后缀。I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.我不同意你说的话,但我愿誓死捍卫你说这话的权力。←这是18世纪法国启蒙运动领袖伏尔泰(Voltaire)的名言。
recommendation ------------ (推荐)即re+commend+ation,re-反复,commend称赞,-ation名词后缀,联想记忆:考研辅导班上某名师反复(re)称赞(commend)某本辅导书,这一定是不怀好意的“推荐”(recommendation)。A good presence is letters of recommendation.良好的仪表就是推荐信。
guideline ------------ (指导方针)←guide+line。
tort ?(民事侵权行为)与torture(v.n.折磨;拷问)一起记,“折磨拷问别人是一种民事侵权行为”。
bombard (v.炮轰,攻击)为象声词。
triviality ------------?(琐事)←trivial琐碎的+ity名词后缀。In important matters, we expose our best sides; in trivial matter, we disclose ourselves as we really are.我们在重要的事件中显示自己最好的方面,在无关紧要的小事中露出自己的本来面目。
mention ? (v.n.提及)看作men+tion,“提起了男人”。One measure of friendship consists not in the number of things friends can discuss, but in the number of things they need no longer mention.友谊的尺度之一不在于朋友们可以讨论的事情的数量,而在于他们无须再提及的事情的数量。
oblige (v.迫使,责成)。My ideal of a picture is that every part of it should oblige the looker-on who has any real sense for a whole to see the rest.我理想中的画是这样的:它的每个部分都会促使具有任何真正整体感的观者去看其余的部分。
indifferent ------------ (冷漠的;不积极的)即in+different,in-否定前缀,different不同,“无论怎样都感觉不到什么不同”→漠不关心的。The worst sin towards our fellow creatures is not to hate them, but to be indifferent to them; that's the essence of inhumanity.我们对作为同类的其他人所犯下的最大罪过不是憎恨,而是漠不关心,那是不近人情的本质。The true secret of giving advice is, after you have honestly given it, to be perfectly indifferent whether it is taken or not, and never persist in trying to set people right.提出忠告的真正秘诀在于:诚心诚意地提出之后,就不再关注它是否被采纳,并且决不固执己见地要求别人按自己的意见行事。
objective ------------? (客观的;目标)去e加-ity即为objectivity(客观性)。After many years I have reached the firm conclusion that it is impossible for any objective newspaperman to be a friend of a President.许多年之后,我得出了这个坚定的结论:任何客观的新闻工作者都不可能成为一个总统的朋友。objectivity — subjectivity, expressed statistically 客观性——以统计数字表达出来的主观性。
难句解析:
①While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, for example — and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.
▲在这个主从复合句中,前一个分句是由while引导的让步从句,这个从句由两个并列句组成,中间用and连接。破折号之间的部分是举例说明warnings的内容,and后面的many省略了warnings,state与federal共用regulations。主句部分本身也是一个主从复合句,主句用了一个形式主语it,真正的主语是that引导的从句,注意这个从句中有个动词短语protect... from...,后面是一个if引导的条件从句。
△首先要把握这个句子的主旨,那就是主句中所阐明的warnings对manufacturers and sellers的保护作用还很不明朗。注意破折号之间的部分对warnings的解释作用以及it作为形式主语的替代作用。
②As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything.
▲在这个主从复合句中,前一个分句是由as引导的伴随状语从句,注意这里的claims是个名词;主句的时态用的是现在进行时,表示的这种状况正在开始。这个主句有一个较长的状语短语,原因是cases后面跟了一个where引导的定语从句修饰cases,这个定语从句的主干是warning label not change anything,解释的是什么样的cases。
△主句依然是抓住句子大意的关键,该句所要表达的就是some courts beginning to side with defendants,再者要注意cases后面定语从句指出了哪类cases尤为如此。
③In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet.
▲这个句子的主干是... president... successfully fought a lawsuit...。句子的主语是Julie Nimmons,后面逗号之间的部分是她的职位,宾语部分a lawsuit有一个较长的动词现在分词involving所引导的短语,involving的宾语是a football player,后面跟了一个who引导的定语从句,这个定语从句中有一个while引导的时间状语,还原成句子就是while he was wearing a Schutt helmet。找出其中的关键部分:... president of Schutt... successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player... paralyzed... while wearing a Schutt helmet。
④At the same time, the American Law Institute — a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.
▲这个看起来很长的句子其实是一个简单句,主干是... the... Institute... issued new guidelines for tort law...。其中破折号之间的内容说明的是这个Institute的人员构成,并且用一个whose引导的定语从句说明了这些成员的权威。law后面跟的现在分词stating有一个相当长的宾语从句,这个从句的主语是companies,而谓语有两个动词结构,一个是warn... of...,另一个是bombard... with...,叙述了guidelines的内容。
△这个句子的要点是在stating后面的that从句,对其中两个动词结构warn... of...和bombard... with...的正确理解决定了对整个句子的理解。
⑤If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.
▲在这个复合句中,if引导的是一个条件从句,主句部分的谓语用了被动形式,谓语动词provide for有两个宾语,一个是the benefits of customers,另一个是protection against legal liability,not决定了两者的取舍关系:取前者,舍后者。
△从句给出了前提条件,注意has its way的意思是can be achieved;理解主句部分的关键在于provide for的两个宾语的取舍关系。
试题解析:
51. [B] 意为:受伤的顾客可望得到法律制度的保护。
第一段指出,外面是个危险的世界,如果你走出去,可能会滑倒在门垫上,摔伤一条腿;如果点燃炉灶,可能烧毁整栋房屋。可幸的是,如果门垫或炉灶没有警告你可能发生的危害,你可以就自己所受的伤害诉诸法律,成功地获得赔偿。或者,更确切地说,自80年代初以来人们一直这样认为,从那时起,陪审团开始认为更多的公司应该对其顾客遭受的不幸负责。
第二段提到,为了保护自己,公司开始撰写冗长的标签,但是,正如第三段第二句所指出的那样,这种做法无济于事,因为,如果顾客与公司对簿公堂,大约一半的情况是公司败诉。然而,第四段第一句指出,这种潮流似乎正发生逆转。
A意为:顾客可以通过诉讼免除自己的灾难。relieve sb. of sth.意为“免除某人某事;解除某人某事;使某人摆脱某事”。relieve的意思与原文表达的内容不相符,根据对选择项B的分析,顾客通过法律获得的是对损失的赔偿。
C意为:公司将会通过提供新的警示标签避免被起诉。该选择项有两处主要错误:一是avoid的使用,二是new的使用,这两个词的使用使C与原文表达的内容很不一致。
D意为:陪审团倾向于对公司所承诺的赔偿严加挑剔。
52. [C] 意为:充分利用标签避免法律责任。
第二段指出,公司感到很大威胁,它们通过撰写比以前更长的警示标签保护自己,企图预料各种可能发生的事故。结果,现在的梯子上的标签有几英寸长,除了警告你其他可能发生的意外之外,还警告说你可能摔下来——这种警告真是莫名其妙!孩子的蝙蝠侠玩具的斗篷上也警告说:本玩具“并不能使拥有者飞行”。在作者看来,这样的警示语都是多余的、不必要的。
A意为:通过在产品上写长长的警示语满足顾客。根据上文对选择项C的分析,他们这样做的目的主要是避免承担责任,而不是满足顾客的需要。
B意为:在描述自己的产品的不足上表现得更诚实。
D意为:不得不将顾客的安全看作头等重要的事。
53. [A] 意为:某些因伤害提出的索赔再也受不到法律的保护了。
第三段指出,潮流似乎正发生逆转,虽然因人身伤害引起的索赔案像以往一样不断出现,某些法庭正逐渐开始站到被告一边(side with),特别是在有警示标签也可能无济于事的案件中。在Schutt Sports的案件中,Schutt Sports公司被告生产了不安全的头盔,造成一名橄揽球队员(football player)的瘫痪,但是,陪审团认为,造成球员受伤的不是头盔,而是橄榄球这种运动本身的危险性(the nature of the game)。公司因此胜诉。这一例子用于说明第四段第一、二句提到的现象。
B意为:头盔不是设计来防止损伤的。戴头盔的目的当然是防止伤害,但是,头盔不可能是万能的。
C意为:产品标签最终将会被淘汰。discard意为:弃而不用。
D意为:运动员可能不再会热衷于某些体育运动项目。
54. [D] 意为:客观的。
这里所说的“问题”指索赔案中孰是孰非这一问题。文章探讨了索赔案所涉及的顾客(原告)、公司(被告)和陪审团三方的反应,重点指出陪审团态度的转变。文章叙述客观,作者没有表达个人观点。
A意为:有偏见的。
B意为:冷漠的。
C意为:迷惑不解的。
全文翻译:
外面是一个危险的世界。如果你走出去,可能会滑倒在门垫上,摔伤一条腿。如果你点燃炉灶,可能会把房子烧掉。但是假如门垫或炉灶上没有警示语告诉你可能发生的危害,那么你或许可以就自己所受的伤害通过法律诉讼,成功地获得赔偿。大约自80年代初以来人们就不再(guangxian注:此处“不再”二字应删除!)这样认为了,当时陪审团已开始认为更多的公司应对其顾客所遭受的不幸负责。