[C] explain the way in which science develops
[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities
61. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.
[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.
[C] The "more enlightened" tend to tag others as anti-science.
[D] Tagging environmentalists as "anti-science" is justifiable
62. The author's attitude toward the issue of "science vs. anti-science" is ________.
[A] impartial
[B] subjective
[C] biased
[D] puzzling
重点词汇：
relationship ------------? （关系）←relation关系+ship抽象名词后缀（如：friendship友谊）。The incestuous relationship between government and big business thrives in the dark.政府与大商人之间的乱伦关系在黑暗中繁盛着。There is no more lovely, friendly, and charming relationship, communion, or company than a good marriage.世上没有一种关系、交流或陪伴比美满的婚姻更愉快、友好和迷人。The relation of genius to talent is the same as that of instinct to reason.天赋与才能的关系一如本能与理智的关系。
aspect ? （外表；方面）；参spectacle（场面；奇观），2000年Passage 5。A real genius possesses talents in many aspects, but they are brought into play only by chance and in a single field.真正的天才具有多方面的才能，只是处于偶然而仅在单一的领域中得到施展。
rebelling ------------（n.反叛）看作re+bell+ing，re-反复，bell铃，-ing表“现在进行时”，联想：监狱里警铃大作→犯人们“造反”了！rebel（v.反叛n.反叛者）。As long as the world shall last there will be wrong, and if no man rebelled, those wrongs would last forever.只要世界继续存在就会有不公正，如果没有人反抗，这些不公正将永远存在下去。No one can go on being a rebel too long without turning into an autocrat.没有人能一直做叛逆者而不变成独裁者。rebel — a man who says no 反叛者——说“不”的人。
Catholic------------ （天主教的；天主教徒）看作Cat+hol(e)+ic后缀，“天主教的”“天主教徒”像“猫”一样住在“洞”里刻苦修行。As a Roman Catholic I thank God for the heretics. Heresy is only another word for freedom of thought.身为天主教徒，我为异端者的存在而感谢上帝，异端不过是思想自由的别名。
harsh （粗糙的；刺耳的；严厉的）意同hard，因发音为“哈嘘”，故又表示“刺耳的”。Harsh counsels have no effect: they are like hammers which are always repulsed by the anvil.刺耳的劝告不会收效：它们就像总是被铁砧弹回的锤。
schism （组织的分裂；派系）←sch+ism，sch看作scholar（学者），-ism抽象名词后缀，学者之间是分“派系”的。
superstition ------------ ? （迷信）即super+sti+tion，super-前缀=over，sti词根=stand，-tion名词后缀，“超出站的地方”→在理性观念之外→迷信。Superstition comes from fear, while fear in turn comes from ignorance.迷信来自恐惧，恐惧又来自无知。Science is the great antidote to the poison of enthusiasm and superstition.科学是狂热和迷信这两种毒害的最佳解药。superstition — ①someone else's religion ②a premature explanation that overstayed its time 迷信——①别人的宗教 ②逗留过久的不成熟的解释。
creationism ------------ （神创论）←creation+ism。
elimination ------------ （消除）即e+limin+ation，e-(=ex-)出，limin词根“门”，-ation名词后缀，“拒之门外”→排除；动词形式为eliminate←e+limin+ate。同根词：preliminary（预备的，初步的）←pre在前+limin+ary形容词后缀。Envy is more difficult to eliminate than hate between two people.在两个人之间，忌妒比仇恨更难消除。
smallpox ------------? （天花）即small+pox，small小，pox看作box（据说古人老外书写字母无方向性，故对称字母常可替换而词义不变），感染天花者所发的皮疹像一个个凸出皮肤表面的“小盒子”。guangxian注：天花是首个在全球范围内被人类所消灭的传染病，现天花病毒仅存在于少数科学实验室中，对于是否彻底销毁这些病毒植株曾引起极大争论，故真题原文中提到“提倡消灭所有现存的天花病毒的官方人士”。
dispute ------------ （v.争论）即dis+put+e，dis-否定前缀，put看作单词“放”，e小词，有人说“放”有人说“不放”→争论。A long dispute means that both parties are wrong.持久的争论意味着双方都是错的。
Unabomber ------------?（邮寄炸弹的恐怖分子）是FBI(Federal Bureau of Investigation)造的新词，由university and airline bomber缩略而成，原指某位专向高级行政或科研人员邮寄炸弹的遁世大学教授，后泛指类似行为者。关于Unabomber尚需补充两点：一、今年出版的某品牌考研辅导书竟将Unabomber译作“反原子弹组织”，想必是把un理解为否定前缀，在对译者丰富想象力表示由衷倾佩的同时，考研资料之良莠不齐亦可见一斑。二、那位被称作Unabomber的早年毕业于哈佛的教授于1995年出版了著名的Unabomber's Manifesto（网上到处有原文下载），书中作者将environmentalists视为同盟，并表达了scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia的观点，于是可理解真题文章中为何人们将“环境主义者”与“反科学”联系起来。
manifesto------------ （n.宣言）←manifest+o，manifest（v.表明，见2000年Passage 1），o看作张大的嘴，“用嘴表明”→宣言。Manifesto of the Communist Party 《共产党宣言》。
scorn ? （v.n.轻蔑）可看作s+corn，s象形“蛇”，corn谷，蛇因不吃谷物而对之“蔑视”。Silence is the perfect expression of scorn.沉默是轻蔑的充分表达。In the very books in which philosophers bid us scorn fame, they inscribe their names.正是在教导我们蔑视名声的书籍中，哲人们题下了自己的大名。
depletion ------------? （损耗）即de+plet+ion，de-(=away)，plet充满，-ion名词后缀，“离开充满的状态”→损耗。
ozone （臭氧）←o+zone，o看作“洞”，zone区域，联想：由于全球变暖，“臭氧”层出现一个大洞。
epithet ? （称号，绰号）看作epi+the+t，epi-前缀=up，the定冠词，t他，“在他名字上面加个东西”→绰号。
exemplify ------------? （v.举例说明）即exempl(e)+ify，exemple=example（元音替换词义不变），-ify动词后缀。
难句解析：
①Think of Galileo's 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Issac Newton.
▲这是一个类似祈使句的无主语句。think of后面的宾语部分比较繁杂，主要有两个宾语，主干部分其实是Think of Galileo's trial or Blake's remarks。剩下的就是关于这两个宾语的修饰限定成分。trial后面for his rebelling解释的是trial的原因，before短语解释的是trial的地点；harsh remarks后面跟的against短语解释的是remarks的内容。
△注意think of后面并列的双宾语，以及介词for，before，against等在语义上的作用。另外注意作者举的这两个例子，前者是科学正确，而后者是人文学科正确。
②Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason", held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis)information", which assembled last June near Buffalo.
▲这个句子有一个较长的介词宾语，主干句并不复杂：Defenders have voiced their concerns at meeting。后面such as所跟的成分主要是举例说明meetings，引号里的是两个meeting的名称。第一个引号后用逗号隔开的过去分词短语是修饰前面引号里的内容，指出这个会议召开的地点和时间；第二个引号后面跟了一个which引导的从句，补充说明的是第二个会议召开的时间和地点。
△先要知道voice their concerns的意思，然后就是such as后面列举的是两个会议的名称，其后各有限定成分说明会议召开的时间和地点。另外，注意the Age of (Mis)information有双关的意思，the Age of information表示“信息时代”；而the Age of Misinformation表示“充满了错误信息的时代”。
③A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
▲理解这个句子的关键在于对that引导的宾语从句的剖析，主干句就是A survey reveals that...。宾语从句中的核心句比较简单：The tag has been attached to many groups。剩下的就是对用逗号部分隔开的最后部分进行分析：这是一个是from... to...连接的两个并列名词，每个名词后面都有一个较长的定语从句。第一个名词是authorities，第二个名词是Republicans，后面跟的都是一个who引导的定语从句，who在从句中作主语。
△先要解决整个句子的基本句型，然后是宾语从句的句型，接着把from... to...结构找出来，搞清楚其中的定语从句就可以了。在阅读中，考生不一定要关注那些细枝末节的信息，比如smallpox的意思对于本句的理解就不构成障碍，因此只要知道是一种病就可以了。
④Few would dispute that the term applied to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia.
▲这个句子也有一个that引导的、较长的宾语从句。从句的核心句是：The term scorns science and longs for return。需要注意的是term后面跟了一个过去分词短语，这个分词短语的宾语部分the Unabomber跟了一个whose引导的定语从句；return这个名词后面跟的是一个介词to引导的地点（生存状态）——a pretechnological utopia。
△找出宾语从句中的主谓宾成分，明白主语后所跟的过去分词结构和定语从句的作用，就会对整个句子有了清晰的理解。
⑤The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.
▲这个句子主语和谓语成了类似插入语的成分，插在了句子中间，表明的是发表这个观点的是什么人（姓名与身份）。而该句的主要内容在于argue所跟的宾语从句。这个宾语从句中的宾语those有一个who引导的较长的定语从句，其中who是主语，question是谓语，the evidence是宾语，宾语后面跟的现在分词短语修饰的是evidence，这个现在分词supporting后面跟了三个并列宾语。
△要弄清suporting与evidence的关系：supporting引导的短语修饰evidence，规定了evidence的内容。
试题解析：
59. [C] 意为：分裂，分歧。
该句可译为：本世纪如果有什么变化的话，只是科学和人文学科的分歧加深了。本段第一句可以为理解该词提供线索，该句可译为：长时间以来，科学和文化的其他领域的关系一直不谐调(uneasy)。不谐调即对抗，即分歧。
实际上，第一段第一句和第三句是全文的主旨，所以对全文的理解也可以帮助考生理解该段第三句的意思。
A意为：对抗。表面看起来，这似乎与C没有多大差别，但是，考生在理解句子的意思的同时，也应该稍微注意一下该句的措辞：该句的主语是schism，谓语是deepen，只有裂痕才能“加深”，而对抗只能“加强”。
B意为：不满。
D意为：蔑视。
60. [D] 意为：（举例）说明科学和人文学科的分歧。
其实，不仅第二、三段是第一段第三句的展开论述，其他各段也不例外。
第二段指出，直到近期，科学界(the scientific community)力量壮大，没有必要理睬其批评者，但是，现在情况不同了(but no longer)。由于科学经费减少，科学家开始著书抨击“反科学”倾向；第三段指出，科学的维护者也在聚会上表达他们的担忧。这两种表现都是二者矛盾公开化、加深的表现。
A意为：探讨科学的威力减少的原因。
B意为：表示作者对科学家的同情。
C意为：说明科学发展的方式。
61. [A] 意为：一篇文章指责环境保护者为反科学者。
第六段第二句指出，但是，这当然不意味着为工业的无限制的扩展而担忧的环境保护者都是反科学者，（美国新闻与世界报道）五月刊的一篇文章似乎是想把他们归做反科学者。对该句的理解可以在第七段第一句中找到线索，该句可译为：环境保护者当然对这种批评进行了还击。如果没受到攻击，当然也没有必要还击。
B意为：政治家没有被贴上反科学的标签。第五段指出，1996年发表的新闻调查表明，反科学的标签也贴在许多其他人的身上，包括主张消除所存的最后的天花病毒样本(the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus)的权威机构，和主张减少基础研究经费的共和党人。这两种人——尤其是第二种人都是政治家。
C意为：“更开明的人士”经常给别人贴上反科学的标签。
D意为：给环境保护者贴上“反科学”的标签是有道理的。
62. [A] 意为：客观的。
作者似乎只是客观地叙述了科学和人文学科之间的分歧，而并未评价孰是孰非。
B意为：主观的。
C意为：有偏向的。
D意为：令人困惑的。
全文翻译：
科学与文化的其他方面的关系一直都很紧张。想想看，17世纪伽利略为他叛逆性的信仰而遭受天主教会的审判，还有诗人威廉·布莱克对艾萨克·牛顿的机械的世界观所发表的尖锐批判。本世纪，（自然）科学与人文科学之间的分裂更深了。
以前，科学界如此之强大以致可以对批评者置之不理——但现在不同了。由于科研经费减少了，科学家出了几本书来抨击“反科学”势力，其中值得注意的有弗吉尼亚大学生物学家保罗·R·格罗斯和拉特格斯大学的数学家诺曼·莱维特合著的《高级迷信》及康奈尔大学的卡尔·萨根著的《鬼怪世界》。
科学的捍卫者们也在一些会议上表示了他们的担忧。比如，1995年在纽约举行的“远离科学和理性”会议，以及去年6月在布法罗附近召开的“信息（迷信）时代的科学”会议。
显然，反科学对不同的人有不同的含义。格罗斯和莱维特主要挑那些质疑科学客观性的社会学家、哲学家和其他学者的毛病。而萨根则更关注那些相信鬼怪、上帝造物论和其他与科学世界观相左的人。
1996年对新闻报道的调查表明，反科学的标签也贴在了许多其他群体上，从提倡消灭所有现存的天花病毒的官方人士到倡议削减基础研究基金的共和党人。
将该词用在仇视现代文明的恐怖主义者身上，也不会引起多大争议，它在1995年公开发表蔑视科学、渴望回到前技术时代理想社会的声明。当然，这并不意味着，对不加控制的工业发展表示担忧的环境主义者也是反科学的，而去年5月份刊登在《美国新闻和世界报导》的一篇文章似乎有此暗示。
毫无疑问，环境主义者要对这些批评做出反应。作为环境研究的先驱者，斯坦福大学的保罗·埃利希认为，科学的真正的敌人是那些对支持全球变暖、臭氧层稀薄和工业增长带来的其他后果的证据提出质疑的人。
的确，一些观察者担心反科学这个词会失去意义。“‘反科学’这个词可以涵盖很多截然不同的东西”，哈佛大学的哲学家杰拉尔德·霍尔顿在其1993年的著作《科学和反科学》中写道：“它们惟一的共同点就是会激怒或威胁那些自以为比别人更有见识的人。”
1998 Passage 4
Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.
This development — and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead — has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.
Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people — numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.
Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.
Three sun-belt states — Florida, Texas and California — together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio form 15th to 10th — with Cleveland and Washington DC dropping out of the top 10.
Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too — and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child-bearing years.
Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances —
● Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate — 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.
● Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people — about 9 per square mile.
The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.
Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.
In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they choose — and still are choosing — somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.
As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent — little more than two-thirds the 1960s' growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.
63. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ________.
[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history
[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population
[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth
[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II
64. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ________.
[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution
[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants
[C] it reveals the Americans' new pursuit of spacious living
[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday's "baby boom"
65. We can see from the available statistics that ________.
[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US
[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West
[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration
[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population
66. The word "demographers" (line 1, paragraph 7) most probably means ________.
[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy
[B] advocates of migration between states
[C] scientists engaged in the study of population
[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of life
重点词汇：
standstill ------------? （n.停止；停顿的）←stand+still。
enthrone ------------（使登基；给予最高地位）即en+throne，en-前缀“使”，throne（宝座；王权）。
numerically ------------ （在数字上）即numer+ical+ly，numer=number（b脱落），-ical形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀。
prevail （v.取胜；盛行）←pre+vail。I believe that man will not merely endure. He will prevail.我相信人不会仅仅是忍受，他终将胜利。Culture has one great passion — the passion for sweetness and light. It has one even yet greater, the passion for making them prevail.教养有种强烈地对友善的渴望，还有一种甚至更强烈的渴望，即渴望使友善盛行。
nonstop------------? （不断的；不停地）←non+stop。
demographer ------------?（人口统计学家）即demo+graph+er，demo词根“人”，graph词根“写”，-er表“人”；参democracy，2000年Passage 5。
overcrowdedness ------------ ? （过于拥挤）←over+crowd+ed+ness。Ant says, nothing can beat the crowd.蚂蚁说，群体是不可战胜的。
plague ? （瘟疫；灾害）谐音：怕累咯←怕“瘟疫”累及自身。Bad habits are as infectious by example as the plague itself is by contact.恶习易于由实例传播，就像瘟疫的传播借助于接触。One was never married, and that's his hell; another is, and that's his plague.一个人从未结婚，这是他的痛苦；另一个结了婚，这是他的灾难。1957年获诺贝尔文学奖的法国现代存在主义思想家加缪(Camus)的代表作之一就是长篇小说——The Plague（《鼠疫》）。
urbanization ------------ ?（都市化）即urban+iz(e)+ation，urban都市的，-ize“使……”，-ation名词后缀。
discern ? （v.认出；辨别）←dis+cern。The beginning of all war may be discerned not only by the first act of hostility, but by the counsels and preparations foregoing.一切战争的开端不仅可由首次敌对行动区分，也可由事前的策划和准备识别。
distinguish ------------ （v.区别），参extinguish，2003年Text 2；indistinguishable（a.不能区别的）←in+distinguish+able。We drink without thirst, and we make love any time, madame. Only this distinguishes us from the other animals.我们不渴而饮，随时示爱，夫人。使我们与其它动物相区别的只有这一点。Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.任何足够先进的技术都与魔术难以区分。
