dividend ------------ （股息；红利；被除数）即divid(e)+end，divide分开，-end后缀表物，“从整体中分出的一部分”→红利。dividends — hush money to shareholders 股息——给股东的封口钱。
patriarchal ------------ （家长的）即patri+arch+al，patri词根“父”，arch词根“统治”，-al形容词后缀。另可记patriot（爱国者）←patri+ot后缀表人。
render （v.使得；提供）。Nothing in the world renders a man indispensable save love.世上唯有爱能够使一个人变得不可缺少。The service we render to others is really the rent we pay for our room on this earth.我们向别人提供的服务实在是为自己在这个世界上的住所付出的租金。
discipline ------------?（纪律；学科v.训练）即dis+cipl+ine，dis-(=apart)，cipl(=cip)词根“抓”（前文已多次述及），-ine后缀，“培养抓出东西的能力”→纪律或训练。Freedom is a way of life which requires authority, discipline, and government of its own kind.自由是一种生活方式，它需要权威、纪律，以及具有自由本身性质的统治。discipline — ①remembering what you want ②the bridge between goals and accomplishment ③the refining fire by which talent becomes ability 磨练——①记住你需要什么 ②目标与成就之间的桥梁 ③使天赋变成能力的冶炼炉火。
lockout ? 指雇主为促使与工人达成协议而强制性关闭工厂。
negotiation ------------ ? （谈判）谐音“你狗献爱心”←“谈判”的目的是让你的狗献爱心；动词形式为negotiate。Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.永远不要在谈判时忘记惧怕，而要永远不惧怕谈判。
难句解析：
①The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.
▲句子的主干结构是The change met... requirements... and prevented the decline...。其中by engaging a large professional element是介词词组作状语，说明met the technical requirements of the new age的方式。decline in efficiency后面的that引导定语从句修饰前面的decline in efficiency。
△此句的阅读关键在于抓住句子的主干，即主要谓语动词，这样就能把握句子的基本结构，从而明白句子的主要意思。engage在这里的意思是“使卷入，涉及”。
②Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
▲这个句子的主干结构是... manipulation... increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class...。其中an element是class的同位语，representing irresponsible wealth是现在分词作定语修饰前面的element，detached from则是过去分词作后置定语，相当于是省略了which is的定语从句。and连接两个detached from，都修饰前面的wealth。
△理解an element是a class的同位语是理解此句的关键。只要分清句子的主语、谓语动词的中心词，就能够抓住句子的主要意思。在速度的时候，也可以先抓住主句而略过an element后面的部分不看。另外句中一些短语的意思也会影响到对整句的理解，如：detach from与……相分离；irresponsible wealth不负责任的财富，在本句中指的是股东们虽然拥有大量财富，但并不参与公司的运作，不承担任何经营管理的责任。
③Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
▲这个句子的主干结构是Towns... sprang up to house... classes，后面两个who引导两个定语从句修饰前面的classes。except在这里是介词，它后面的that指代relation。drawing和attending是并列关系，作介词of的宾语。动词不定式to dictate their orders to the management是表示目的的状语。
△理解这句的关键是两个who引导的定语从句都是修饰classes的，而且except后面的that指代的是relation。
④The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good.
▲这个句子是and连接的两个并列句。第一个句子的主干结构是The "shareholders" had no knowledge...。在第一个句子中，employed作定语修饰前面的workmen，相当于省略了who were (employed by)...。which引导定语从句in which he held shares修饰前面的company。第二句的主干结构是his influence... was not good，是常见的主语+系动词+表语结构。
△第一分句中要认清employed by和后面which引导的从句都是修饰什么成分的。另外，在阅读本句中，指代关系也非常重要，要看清代词he和his都是指代前面的shareholders。
⑤The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.
▲首先这个句子是but连接的两个转折关系的句子。第一个句子的主干结构是The... manager... was in more direct relation with...。第一个句子中acting for是现在分词作定语，修饰manager。第二个句子的主干结构是he had seldom that... knowledge of the workmen...。第二个句子中which引导定语从句which the employer had often had...修饰前面的familiar personal knowledge，passing away是现在分词作定语修饰前面的family business。under the more patriarchal system of the old family business是介词词组作状语，修饰谓语had often had。
△理解本句的重点在于对第二个分句的理解。he指代前面的the paid manager，which引导的定语从句是修饰that familiar personal knowledge的，而不是修饰workmen的，因为在这个of词组that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen当中中词词是knowledge，而且其中的that一词是用来强调familiar personal knowledge，在朗读的时候应该重读。另外现在分词词组now passing away是修饰前面的the old family business的。把这些修饰关系弄清楚，就能够把握句子的层次结构了。
试题解析：
59. [C] 本题提问部分意为：事实上，老家族公司……。选择项[C]意为：与现代公司相比，它们缺乏效率。
第一段第二、三句指出，许多老公司被拥有各级拿薪水的经理的有限（责任）公司所取代。这一变化通过一大批专业人员的使用适应了新时代技术的要求、防止了效率的下降。而效率的下降使许多家族公司破产，因为第二、三代继承人已不像公司的创立者那样精力充沛。
A意为：它们被后代毁了。[A]不对主要有两个原因，其一，原文指出：是效率的下降毁了家庭公司，而效率的下降可能是主观原因造成的，也可能是客观原因造成的；其二，根据原文，效率的下降通常(so commonly)在第二、三代毁了家庭公司，so commonly一词的使用说明还有没破产的家庭公司。
B意为：它们因缺乏个人的独创精神而破产。从以上的分析可见，破产的原因是缺乏效率。
D意为：它们能为纳税人提供足够的服务项目。
60. [A] 意为：资本与管理的分离，
第二段指出，有限公司及市营买卖的发展引起了重大变化。对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了作为一个阶级的持股人的数量及其地位的重要性。国民生活中这一现象的出现代表了与土地及土地所有者相分离的不由个人负责的财富的出现，而且这也意味着（不由个人负责的财富）几乎在同等程度上与由个人负责的商业管理的分离。在整个19世纪，美洲、非洲、印度、澳大利亚及欧洲的部分国家的发展靠的是英国的资本，因此，在世界走向工业化的过程中英国的股东们大发其财。从以上的论述可以看出，作者认为：有限公司的发展引起了资本与经营的分离，投资者（股东）并不实际参加经营，而是坐吃红利(dividends)或有时参加些间接管理；而真正的管理者未必再是公司的拥有者。这一点从第三段的论述也同样可以看出。
B意为：经理对资本的所有权。
C意为：劳资两个阶级的出现。劳资两个阶级早在资本主义的形成时期就已经存在了。
D意为：股东对市办买卖的参与。
61. [C] 意为：有限公司太大以至于运转艰难。本文并未提到这一点。
A意为：股东不了解工人的需要。这一点在第三段第一句说得很清楚。该句可译为：这样的“股东”根本就不了解自己持股的公司里的工人们的生活、思想和需要，因此．他们对劳资双方的关系有不良影响。
B意为：老公司的老板更了解自己的工人。第三段第二、三句指出，公司的拿薪水的执行经理与工人和他们的需要有更直接的关系。但是，与现在正在消失的世袭制的旧家族企业的老板相比，即使是他也很少有过去那种对工人的熟悉程度。的确，仅经营的规模和雇用工人的数量两方面就使得这种个人关系的建立成为不可能的事。
C意为：工会似乎起一个正面作用。第三段第三、四句指出，然而，值得庆幸的是，至少在所有技术行业，工会与日俱增的力量使得工人们可以同他们的雇主平起平坐。罢工与封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重，明白了公平协商的价值。可见，在这方面，工会起到了保护工人的积极作用。
62. [D] 提问中is critical of意为：对……持批评态度。
第二段第四句将股东阶层称为“饱食终日”(comfortable)者，他们与别人的关系仅限于抽取红利，他们偶尔也参加一次股东会，对企业的管理指手画脚(dictate their orders)。第三段指出，他们不了解工人，不关心工人。这里使用的显然是一种批评的语气。
全文翻译：
19世纪后半叶，“资方”和“劳方”按现代方式不断扩大和完善各自相对立的组织。许多旧式公司被责任有限公司所取代，由领薪经理构成其管理机构。这种变革通过聘用大量专业人员来适应新时代的技术要求，并防止了效率的降低，而在过去这种低效率使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二、三代手中破产倒闭。而且这也是公司摆脱个体创造，走向集体化和市营、国营迈出的一步。铁路公司，虽然仍是为股东谋利的私有企业，但还是与旧家族企业大不相同了。与此同时，大城市也开始涉足实业界，为纳税人提供照明、电车及其他服务。
有限责任公司及市政企业的发展导致了重大后果。对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了作为一个阶级的持股人的数量及其地位的重要性。他们在国民生活中代表着非责任性的财富，与土地及土地所有者责任相分离，几乎也同样与企业的责任经营相分离。整个19世纪，美洲、非洲、印度、澳洲及欧洲的部分地区都靠英国的资本发展起来，而英国股东则因世界性的工业化而大发其财。像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城市的兴起是为了给大批“舒适”阶层提供居住场所，这些人靠自己的丰厚收入而不工作，除了领取红利，偶尔参加股东会议向管理人员发号施令外，他们与外界没有联系。另一方面“持股”就意味着悠闲和自由，维多利亚后期许多人视之为伟大文明的最高目标。
这种股东不了解他们所持股的公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求。他们对劳资关系也不会产生积极的影响。领取报酬后代表公司经营的经理与工人和工人的需求形成更加直接的关系，但甚至他也很少像正在被淘汰的旧式家族企业的家长制中的雇主那样对工人有着亲近的、个人化的了解。的确，单说公司的经营规模和所用的工人数量就使建立这种个人关系不可能了。然而，幸运的是，工会的势力和组织在日益壮大，至少在各技术行业是这样，这就使工人与雇用他们的公司经理们地位平等了。罢工和封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重对方的力量，理解公正谈判的价值。
1996 Passage 4
What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America — breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?
Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological.
Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.
Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, "With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman."
A further stimulus to invention came from the "premium" system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.
In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.
Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process.... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist."
This nonverbal "spatial" thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea."
When all these shaping forces — schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking — interacted with one another on the rich US mainland, they produced that American characteristic emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.
63. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to ________.
[A] elementary schools
[B] enthusiastic workers
[C] the attractive premium system
[D] a special way of thinking
64. It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics ________.
[A] benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge
[B] shed light on disciplined school management
[C] was brought about by privileged home training
[D] owed a lot to the technological development
65. A technologist can be compared to an artist because ________.
[A] they are both winners of awards
[B] they are both experts in spatial thinking
[C] they both abandon verbal description
[D] they both use various instruments
66. The best title for this passage might be ________.
[A] Inventive Mind
[B] Effective Schooling
[C] Ways of Thinking
[D] Outpouring of Inventions
重点词汇：
breakthrough ------------?（n.突破）←break+through。
premium （奖金）看作pre+mi+um，pre-在前，mi拼音“米”即money，-um后缀表物，“在前面放着的钱”→奖金。
nonverbal ------------ （不用语言的）即non+verb+al，non-否定前缀，verb词根“言语”，-al形容词后缀。Gestures are a nonverbal means of expression.打手势是一种非言语的表达方式。
spatial （空间的）即spacial←spac(e)+ial。
trigonometry ------------ （三角学）即tri+gon+o+metry，tri-前缀“三”，-gon后缀“…角形”，-o-连接字母，-metry后缀表“测量学”。
stimulus ------------? （n.刺激；刺激物）←stimul刺激+us名词后缀。参stimulant（刺激物；兴奋剂），1997年Passage 3。
incentive ------------ （动机；鼓励a.激励的）←in+cent+ive，in-前缀，cent单词“分币”引申为“钱”，-tive后缀，“用钱去激励”。incentive — the possibility of getting more money than you can earn 奖励——得到比你挣的钱更多的可能性。
beneficence ------------ （恩惠）←benefic+ence，benefic看作benefit，-ence名词后缀。
emulation ------------? （竞争；仿效）看作emul(e)+ation，emule即BT出现前极受欢迎的一种P2P下载软件，-ation名词后缀，各种P2P软件为“竞争”而相互“效仿”。
难句解析：
①Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological.
▲句首是介词词组among the many shaping factors作状语，谓语动词would single out后面用分号隔开的各个部分都是名词性的词组，这些词组都是single out的宾语。a labor force that welcomed the new technology中that引导定语从句，修饰前面的labor force。最后的形容词technological是后置定语，修饰前面的things。
△single out后面列举的各种因素都属于shaping factors，但是是作者认为比较重要的因素，其中要注意在最后一个因素前面加的修饰词组above all用来强调American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological其实是要比其它因素更重要的，在阅读中一定要注意这一点。
②Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage.
▲这句话是比较容易理解的简单句。句子主干结构是observers related A to B。
△关键是理解relate... to的用法：把……和……联系起来。
③A further stimulus to invention came from the "premium" system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it.
▲这是一个主从复合句，句子的主干结构是... stimulus came from...，其中逗号后的which引导了一个非限定性定语从句，修饰前面的"premium" system。句末的it指代前面的patent system。定语从句中，and连接了两个并列的谓语动词：preceded和ran。
△关键要明白，定语从句中which指代前面的"premium" system，是谓语动词preceded和ran的动作发出者。parallel：平行的，这里ran parallel with意思是两种制度都在运作。
④Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.
▲句子的主干结构是Americans flocked to these fairs...，后面的动词不定式to admire and thus to renew都是表明flocked的目的的，作状语。
△句子的结构比较简单，关键是理解几个动词的层次关系：... flocked to admire... and renew...。thus是副词，“因而”的意思。另外，renew their faith应该理解为“进一步加深其信仰”。
⑤As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process.... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist."
▲句子的主体部分是直接引语部分。直接引语中有两个句子。第一个句子中是分号连接的两个并列句。第一个分句的主体结构是A technologist thinks about objects...，其中that引导了定语从句：that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions，修饰前面的objects。第二个分句中使用了被动语态，主语they指代前面的objects。第二个句子中，that引导定语that as yet do not exist修饰前面的devices。
△注意reduce... to的用法：reduce to这里的意思是“简化为，归纳为”；另外应该注意as yet的用法：as yet的意思是“指导此时，指导目前为止”，用在否定句和疑问句当中。
⑥Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea."
▲句子的结构是Robert Fulton wrote+直接引语。直接引语中，句子的主干部分是The mechanic should sit down...。like在这里是连词，意思是“in the same way as，如同，同样”，这里是构成比较。like a poet后面省略了和前面句子一样的谓语部分：should sit down。considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts是现在分词作状语，表示伴随动作，其中them指代前面的letters。后面的which引导定语从句in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea修饰前面的exhibition。
△理解这个句子的关键是理解like作为连词的用法。而且要明白which指代的是exhibition而不是thoughts，因为of词组an exhibition of his thoughts中的中心词是exhibition。
试题解析：
63. [D] 在作者看来，美国早期出现的发明创造热是由几个因素共同促成的，但是，在这些因素中，美国人在思考技术问题时所表现出的非语言的（指：无法用语言表达的）“空间”思维能力起了最大的作用。参阅第二段，持别注意本段中above all的使用。在文章最后三段，作者又对这种持殊的思维方式进行了进一步的、重点的说明。
A意为：小学。
B意为：充满热情的工人们。
C意为：吸引人的奖励制度。
[A]、[B]、[C]所谈的内容都是促成美国早期的发明创造热的因素，但都不是主要因素。
64. [A]
第三段指出，由于这些学校的存在，我们的技工们基本上都识文断字、熟知算术及某些几何学与三角学知识。可见，早期美国技工的适应能力与创造能力在很大程度上得益于数学知识。第四段对此进行了进一步说明。
