coordinate ------------ (使协调;同等的;坐标的;坐标)即co+ordin+ate,co-前缀=together,ordin词根意为“in order”,-ate后缀,于是“按次序摆在一起”→使协调;“按次序摆在一起的”→同等的。coordination(协调;同等)←co+ordin+ation名词后缀;coordinator ------------ (协调者;同等的人或物)←co+ordin+at(e)+or人或物。
fierce (激烈的;凶猛的)The fiercest agonies have shortest reign.最强烈的痛苦持续时间最短。
compete (v.竞争;竞赛)即com+pet+e,com-前缀“一起”,pet(本为词根,此不论)宠物,“在一起争宠”;competition ------------ (竞争;竞赛)←com+pet+ition名词后缀;competitor ------------? (竞争者)←com+pet+itor后缀表“人”。Art is the unceasing effort to compete with the beauty of flowers — and never succeeding.艺术就是与鲜花之美竞争的不断努力——而且从未成功。The biggest things are always the easiest to do because there is no competition.最大的事总是最容易做的事,因为不存在竞争。
shipper ? 托运者,货主。
consolidation ------------ (巩固,加强)←con(=together)+solid坚固+ation名词后缀,动词为consolidate←con+solid+ate。
captive ? (a.被俘虏的n.俘虏)←capt抓+ive后缀。You're not free until you've been made captive by supreme belief.在被至上的信仰俘获之前,你不是自由的。
discrimination ------------ ? (辨别;歧视)即dis分离+crimin+ation名词后缀,crimin可看作criminal(罪犯)→要把罪犯“辨别”开来,但不可“歧视”;动词为discriminate←dis+crimin+ate。discriminate between 区分,辨别;discriminate against 歧视,不一样对待。
switching (n.开关;转换)←switch+ing,switch(v.n.开关;转换),-ing后缀。When the man you like switches from what he said a year ago, or four years ago, he is a broadminded person who has courage enough to change his mind with changing conditions. When a man you don't like does it, he is a liar who has broken his promises.当你喜欢的人改变一年前或四年前的说法时,他是个有足够勇气随时修正意见的坦荡的人;当你不喜欢的人这么做,他就是个食言的骗子。I find television very educational. Every time someone switches it on I go into another room and read a good book.我发现电视有很好的教育功能。因为每次有人打开电视,我就跑到另外的房间去读一本好书。
subscribe ------------? (v.订购;捐助;签署;赞成)即sub在下面+scribe写→“在下面写上自己的名字”,名词为subscription;同根词describe(v.描述)即de向下+scribe写→“写下来”,名词为description。subscriber — someone who wants to read the same every morning, but on freshly printed paper 捐款者——每天早上都想读到同一内容的人,但要在新印的报纸上。
flourish ? (v.繁荣)即flour+ish动词后缀,flour为词根=flower,也可看作单词“面粉”→“使像面粉一样撒得到处都是”→繁荣。The sciences are of sociable disposition, and fourish best in the neighborhood of each other.各门科学性喜交际,因而在相邻地带最为繁荣。
arbiter ? (仲裁者,权威人士)可参arbitrary(任意的,专断的)记忆,动词为arbitrate(仲裁)。arbiter — ①the only man who is completely satisfied with the final settlement ②a man who listens to both sides, studies the evidence, and then mispronounces judgment 仲裁者——①唯一对最后解决方案完全满意的人 ②聆听双方陈说,研究证据,最后误读判决的人。
fortune (运气;财富)可看作for+tune,争取“运气”与“财富”是为了(for)生活的和谐(tune)。Every man is the artisan of his own fortune.每个人都是制造其自身命运的工匠。Honesty is incompatible with amassing a large fortune.诚实与积聚大量财产是不相容的。
invest ? (v.投资)←in+vest,in在里面,vest看作单词“马甲”,“投资大量金钱生产马甲”。It is very much easier for a rich man to invest and grow richer than for the poor man to begin investing at all.富人投资并变得更加富有,要比穷人能够开始投资容易得多。
attitude ------------ (态度;看法;姿势)与latitude(纬度)一起记:因为“态度”的“态”拼音声母为t,故attitude双写t;因为“纬度”是标示在一根根与赤道平行的拉(la)长的纬线上的,故latitude以la开头。Civilization is a method of living, an attitude of equal respect for all men.文明是一种生活方法,一种对所有的人同样尊重的态度。
apprehensive ------------? (有理解力的;忧虑的)←ap(=to)+prehen抓+sive形容词后缀,名词为apprehension(理解;忧虑)←ap+prehen+sion;同根词:comprehensive(能理解的;广泛的)、comprehension(理解;包含)。
难句解析:
①But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
▲本句是由三个分句构成的,分别由but和and两个连接词连接。第一个分句中complain的后边跟了一个that引导的宾语从句。
△阅读逗号较多的句子时,抓出其中的连词也是一种方法。虽然本句话看上去较乱,但是抓住了but和and层次感也就出来了。“have... by the throat”在此处译为“卡住……的脖子,主宰……”。
②Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
▲本句是由三个分句构成的,分别由but和and两个连接词连接。第一个分句较长,可以缩句为shippers have the right。shipper的后边跟了一个who引导的定语从句。
△本句的结构与上句非常相像。阅读的时候建议还是先抓出两个连词,然后再各个分句逐个击破。
③If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue,shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.
▲这是一个由if引导的条件状语从句。主句的主干是shippers would do so。Shipper的后边接了一个who引导的定语从句。最后一个逗号的后边是一个现在分词短语作状语。
△最后一个逗号的后边有两个现在分词,但是用法有所不同。leaving sb. to do sth.这个现在分词短语充当状语。而remaining这个现在分词时作customers的定语,可以译为“剩余的客户”。
④It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.
▲本句是由but连接的两个分句。第一个分句的主干部分是It's theory,后边紧跟了一个which引导的定语从句。but后边的分句的主语是it,谓语是leave。determining的后边接了两个并列的宾语从句:which companies will flourish and which will fail。
△要注意subscribe的用法,它作“订阅”或“订购”意思讲的时候,是不及物动词,后面应该接to,比如:subscribe to China Daily,此处应该引申译为“采取”(adopt);它作及物动词时候表示“捐献”,比如:subscribe fifty dollars to a local charity。
试题解析:
这是一篇经济类的文章。在文章中,作者对铁路行业中并购的状况和趋势进行了观察,阐述了并购支持者和铁路托运商对铁路行业垄断的不同看法,以及他们对并购可能带来的影响的看法。考生对这类题材也许不太熟悉。但是,经济是社会生活的一个重要组成部分,是考生在生活中不可避免的话题。而且,这篇文章的专业性并不强,题目也都是从语言理解能力方面考查,所以这篇文章是符合大纲要求的。
这篇文章的语言不难,存在一些生词,但是生词的数量并没有超出大纲允许的范围。实际上,在真实的语言环境中,我们在阅读中总会碰到生词,即使是英语国家的人们也是如此。考生应该掌握这样的阅读能力,即在不认识一些词语的情况下,通过上下文来推断和猜测词义以读懂文章。这种能力是实际语言环境要求我们掌握的。
这篇文章的几个文字难点是:“merge”,“'captive' shipper”等。“merge”一词虽未列入大纲词汇表,对考生来说是个生词,但是考生可以通过上下文理解它的含义。文章的第一句是:“In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems...”,从“combining with each other”我们可以猜出“merging”的意思是“合并”。“shipper”一词是动词“ship”(意思是“to send [esp. a large article] to a distant place by post or other means”,“运送”)加上后缀“er”构成的,表示“托运货物的人”或称“货主”,在文中指的是依靠铁路运输货物的商家,铁路公司的客户。“captive”的原义为“被俘虏的”,引申义为“受限制的”。这两个词在大纲上都已列出,考生应能通过构词法的知识猜测、引申出它们的含义。
这篇文章5个小题除第52小题较难外,其他小题都属中等难度的题目。
51. [C]
该小题考查的是考生对具体信息的理解能力。
题目问的是并购支持者为什么认为铁路行业内不会形成垄断。答案要在第二段的前半段中找,后半段说的是货主们的观点。支持者认为:“Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks.”,意思是:因为要和卡车(指公路运输)竞争,所以不存在垄断的可能。所以C选项最符合文章的意思。
A项不对,文章说支持者认为合并能降低成本,与竞争没有关系。
B项没有根据。
D项把主语和宾语弄反了,而且也不是支持者的观点,所以也是错误的。
该小题属中等难度,区分度很好。
52. [D]
上题问的是支持者的观点,本题问的是货主的态度,要求考生根据文中所提供的线索做判断。
通过文章中几处对托运商的描述,如:“But many shippers complain that...”(第2段),“Many captive shipper also worry...”(第5段),“Many captive shippers fear that...”(第5段),我们可以判断出货主的态度是忧虑的,对未来的状况忧心忡忡。所以D选项是正确的。
较多的考生选择的是C。C项的含义是“愤怒的”。这篇文章是论说性的文章,反映的是各方对铁路行业内合并的趋势和前景的看法。文中的许多描述用的是将来时,因为是对未来的推测。文中并没有线索说明货主们有强烈的敌对情绪,C项言过其实了。
该题的难度值较低。
53. [C]
该小题考查的是考生的推理、引申能力。
A项正好与原文意思相反。从第三段第二句中,我们得知铁路公司合并后,铁路公司向货主们收取的费用是以前的20%至30%,所以,应该是“Shippers will be charged more without a rival railroad.”。
B项缺乏依据,所以也是不对的。
C项是正确的,因为文章里说到:货主们若认为铁路公司收费不合理,可以向联邦政府的机构申请降低收费。但是,因为申诉的过程耗时费钱,所以极少人提出申诉。由此,我们可以推断出受到剥削的货主们不大可能提出申诉。
D项说的是政府能保证铁路行业内的公平竞争。这种说法缺乏依据。事实上,由于货主们申诉的困难大,大多数情况下政府部门根本管不着。
该小题属中等难度偏易的题目。
54. [B]
该小题考查的是考生猜测生词词义的能力。
“arbiter”的意思是“仲裁者”。考生可以通过上下文猜测到这个含义。这个词出现在第四段的最后一句,其实它要表述的内容已在前一句体现了:“It's a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.”。由此,我们可以猜测出“arbiter”指的是“those who are in the position of determining something”,就可得出答案B。
考生应知道,语言交流中,重复是一种常用的修辞手段,以强调某个信息或观点。文章中也常会利用重复手法。所以,考生猜测词义时不应只限于一个句子,而应从上下文寻找线索。
D项虽有“determine”一词,但是意思不对。文中说的意思是,因为铁路对不同的顾客收取的费用不同,这种不公平使铁路公司无形中决定了托运商的命运(一些托运商的花费就会比其他托运商的高出很多,从而影响了他们的效益),所以铁路公司就好比是商场中的裁判,能决定谁赢谁输。D项的含义不准确。
该题属中等难度的题目,区分度较好。
55. [A]
该小题问的是铁路成本提高的主要原因,考查的是考生对文中因果关系的把握。
最后一段以具体事例说明,铁路公司并购需要借很多的资金,是铁路公司目前的收入远远不能填补的。所以,铁路的经营成本提高。A是正确的。
至于B项,文中提到铁路公司还没有足够的钱去增加投资,以满足快速发展的交通的需要,但是,这并不是引起成本提高的主要原因,文章的重点并不在此。
C、D项都毫无依据,都是错误的。
该小题属中等难度的题目。
全文翻译:
近年来,铁路公司相互联合,组成了超大型集团,引起人们对垄断行为的极大关注。近至1995年,四家大型铁路公司占有整个铁路运输业务的约70%。到明年,一系列兼并活动完成之后,四家铁路公司将控制90%以上的铁路运输业务。
支持组建超大型铁路集团的人认为,兼并将带来成本的大幅降低,服务项目的更好协调。他们认为,在公路运输的激烈竞争面前,垄断的威胁已经不复存在。但许多客户却抱怨说,对于依赖长途运输的大宗商品来说,如煤炭、化学制品和粮食,由于公路运输花费太大,这样铁路公司就会“掐他们的脖子”。
铁路运输业内的大规模联合意味着多数客户将会依赖一家公司的服务。通常,铁路公司对这些“被控”客户的收费要比有另一铁路公司竞争业务时多20%~30%。如果客户感到他们被多收费,他们有权上诉到联邦政府的“陆路运输局”以争取价格下调。但这个过程耗财、耗时,并且只有在真正极端特殊的情况下才有作用。
铁路公司对“被控”客户进行区别对待的依据是,从长远来看,这样做会降低所有人的成本。他们认为,如果铁路公司向所有客户收取同样的普通价格的话,那么,可以使用公路运输或其他交通工具的客户将会转移,使剩下的客户来承担铁路正常运作的开销。这种理论得到了多数经济学家的认同,但在实际操作中,它使铁路公司获得了一个决定谁败谁荣的权利。“我们是否真的想让铁路公司成为在市场上决定谁败谁荣的裁决者呢?”马丁·贝科维奇问道。他是一位常常代表铁路客户的华盛顿律师。
许多“被控”客户还担心他们很快将遭遇一轮新的大幅涨价。从整体来说,虽然铁路行业有耀眼的资产,但它的收入仍然不足以支付为满足不断增长的运输需要而进行的固定资产投资。然而铁路公司仍然继续贷款数十亿美元来进行相互兼并,而华尔街也鼓励它们这样做。请想一想今年南诺弗克公司和CSX公司为兼并康雷尔公司所花的102亿美元吧。康雷尔公司1996年铁路运营纯收入为4.27亿美元,这还不足这宗交易运作成本的一半。谁来支付其余的费用?许多“被控”客户担心他们会,因为南诺弗克和CSX公司将增加对市场的控制。
2003 Text 4
It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death — and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians — frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient — too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
In 1950, the US spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age — say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm "have a duty to die and get out of the way", so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.
I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.
Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives.
56. What is implied in the first sentence?
[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people.
[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.
[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.
[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.
57. The author uses the example of caner patients to show that ________.
[A] medical resources are often wasted
[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases
[C] some treatments are too aggressive
[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable
58. The author's attitude toward Richard Lamm's remark is one of ________.
[A] strong disapproval
[B] reserved consent
[C] slight contempt
[D] enthusiastic support
59. In contras to the US, Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care ________.
[A] more flexibly
[B] more extravagantly
[C] more cautiously
[D] more reasonably
60. The text intends to express the idea that ________.
[A] medicine will further prolong people's lives
[B] life beyond a certain limit is not worth living
[C] death should be accepted as a fact of life
[D] excessive demands increase the cost of health care
重点词汇:
inevitable ------------? (不可避免的;必然的)←in+evitable,in-否定前缀,evitable=avoidable可避免的。Change is inevitable. In a progressive country change is constant.变革不可避免,在进步的国家里变革是永恒的。In war there is no substitute for victory.在战争中没有什么可以取代胜利。Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable.那些使和平改革成为不可能的人,必会使暴力革命成为可能。the inevitable of history 历史必由之路。
life expectancy 预期寿命。
depression ------------ (消沉;萧条)←de向下+press压+ion名词后缀,动词为depress(压抑;使沮丧)。Noble deeds and hot baths are the best cures for depression.高尚的行为和热水澡是治疗抑郁的最佳方法。It's recession when your neighbor loses his job; it's a depression when you lose yours.邻居失业的时候就是经济衰退,自己失业的时候就是经济萧条。
cataract ------------ (大瀑布;白内障)可看作cat+ar+act,cat猫,ar啊~~,act动作,“猫啊一声从‘大瀑布’里跳出来摔成了‘白内障’”,白内障的主要症状就是自觉眼睛前面有条瀑布而视物不清。
surgical ------------? (外科的;外科医生的;手术的;手术;外科病房)←surg+ical;surgery(外科;外科学;手术;手术室)←surg+ery;surgeon (外科医生;军医)←surg+eon。
genetically ------------? (由遗传决定地)←gene基因+tical形容词后缀+ly副词后缀。
disintegrate ------------ (使分裂;使解体)←dis使分离+integrate,integrate(使成为一体)←integr完整+ate动词后缀;integer(整数;完整的东西);integrity(完整;诚实;正直)。
perish (丧生;凋谢;消亡)←per(=away)+ish动词后缀。The great tragedy of life is not that men perish but that they cease to love.人生的巨大悲剧不是人们死亡,而是他们不再去爱。Truth may languish but can never perish.真理可能衰微,但决不会灭亡。
obvious ? (显而易见的)可把b看作6,再把vi看作罗马数字6,两边的两个o看作两只眼睛,-ous为形容词后缀,因为6=6,所以b=vi,这是“显而易见的”。No question is so difficult to answer as that to which the answer is obvious.最难回答的问题是答案明显的问题。All great truths are obvious truths. But no all obvious truths are great truths.所有伟大的真理都是显而易见的事实,但并非所有显而易见的事实都是伟大的真理。
aggressive (侵略的;好斗的;有进取心的)←ag(=to)+gress走+ive形容词后缀。War is an aggressive action of man to man independent of his own will.战争是人对人的侵略行为,不为其自身意志左右。
unsustainable ------------ ? (不能持续的)即un+sustain+able,un-前缀表否定,sustain / / (支撑;保持)←sus(=sub)在下面+tain(=hold)。同根词:contain(包含)←con一起+tain;retain(保留)←re再+tain。sustainable development 可持续发展。
reverse ? (颠倒的;使倒转;背面)←re(=back)+verse(=turn)。The historian is a prophet in reverse.史学家是颠倒的预言家。
infirm ? (虚弱的;不坚固的)←in否定前缀+firm坚固的。
potential ------------ (潜在的;潜力)可看作pot+ent+ial,pot即“罐子”,-ent与-ial是后缀,“暂时藏在罐子里面的东东”→潜在的、潜力。Most of us haven't begun to tap our own potential for happiness.我们大多数人尚未着手开发自身获得幸福的潜力。