routinely ------------? （例行公事地）←routine+ly，routine可看作由route与in组成→“按路线走的”→常规的；惯例。Man's usual routine is to work and to dream.人的日常行为就是工作与梦想。
humble （卑贱的；谦卑的v.贬抑）A humble man argues for his fault, while a brave man makes his faults known to all.卑微的人为自己的过失辩解，勇敢的人则把自己的过失公之于众。
pursuit （追求；职业）←pursu(e)+it名词后缀；动词为pursue（追求；从事）。Love is strongest in pursuit; friendship in possession.爱情在追求的时候最热烈，友情是在拥有的时候。
therapy ? （治疗；理疗）可看作the+rap轻敲+y名词后缀←“一种轻轻叩击的方法”。
fatal （致命的，毁灭性的）←fat(e)命运+al。It is most important in this world to be pushing, but it is fatal to seem so.世间最重要的是有进取心，但徒有其表是致命的。God was satisfied with his own work, and that is fatal.上帝很满意他自己的工作，这点是致命的。
extravagantly ------------ （奢侈地）←extra(=ex)加强语气+vag大+ant形容词后缀+ly；extravagant（奢侈的）←extra+vag+ant；extravagance（奢侈）←extra+vag+ance。Waste of time is the most extravagant and costly of all expenses.时间的浪费是一切花费中最奢侈、最昂贵的一种。extravagance — ①anything you buy that is of no earthly use to your wife ②the way the other fellow spends his money 奢侈——①你所买的对妻子毫无用处的任何东西 ②其他人花钱的方法。
难句解析：
①Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.
▲controlled的前面和removed的前面省略了can be。
△不要把clinical depression controlled和cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure看成独立主格结构，其实两个逗号连接的是三个平行部分，后面两个可以被视为省略了动词前“can be”的成分。
②Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless.
▲本句的主干结构可以缩为we demand everything，everything的后面紧跟了一个that引导的定语从句，主句的前面是过去分词短语作状语，主句的后面是even if引导的让步状语从句。
△本句的阅读重点是抓出最主干的成分之后，了解分词短语作状语的用法。
③Physicians — frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient — too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
▲本句的主干结构是physicians off treatment，两个破折号之间是补充说明的部分，补充说明成分是由and连接的两个分词短语。介词beyond之后跟了一个宾语从句，构成介宾结构。
△通过本句应该掌握破折号之间内容的作用，两个破折号之间通常是补充说明的作用，在第一遍阅读的时候可以先略过不读，这样便可以较为迅速地抓住最主干的成分。
④I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spent far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have.
▲本句的主干结构是I know that，that后面跟了一个完整的宾语从句，宾语从句的谓语动词是have achieved，主语是people。countries作Japan和Sweden的同位语，并且country的后面跟了一个that引导的定语从句。
△本句应该重点理解同位语的用法，本句中的同位语的中心词是countries，后面紧跟了一个定语从句来限定修饰它。
试题解析：
这是一篇议论文。在文章中，作者谈到了随着医疗技术的发展，人们的寿命得以延长，人们越来越难接受死亡，经常过多的投入在那些无法治愈、毫无希望的治疗中。作者认为，人们应该勇于接受死亡这一自然规律，不要以为医学无所不能，徒劳地追求长命百岁。
这篇文章语言通俗，作者观点独特，而且举了很多例子，边叙边议，是篇很有意思的文章。这篇文章的5个小题考查了考生理解文章要义、篇章结构的能力，以及进行推断、引申的能力。5个小题难度适中。
56. [C]
该题问的是篇首第一句的含义，考查的是考生对比较手法的理解能力。这句话说的是：“据说，在英国死亡是迫在眉睫的，在加拿大（死亡）是不可避免的，在加利福尼亚（死亡）是可以选择的。”从这句话中，我们不难看出美国人的骄傲和狂妄，他们认为美国拥有高端的医疗技术，死亡是可以控制的。所以C项是正确的：“美国人对他们的医疗技术过分自信。”
A项毫无道理，事实上，美国人比其他国家的人更害怕死亡，所以不惜投入许多金钱，期望医疗技术能延缓他们的生命。
B项是将美国人的现状与过去相比，与篇首的比较句没有关系。
D项说的是美国人为他们的寿命长而感到骄傲，也是没有理解原话的意思。原句中用了“optional”一词，不是说死亡会迟迟不来，而是说美国的医疗技术如此发达，人们可以选择什么时候死亡。借助医疗技术，人们可以想活多久就活多久。所以D项不正确。
这道小题属于中等难度的题目。
57. [A]
该小题问的是癌症病人的例子说明了什么，考查的是考生对论证过程的理解。
在第二段中，作者举出晚期癌症患者的例子，指出医生们为了不让患者丧失希望，往往采取一些过激的，缺乏科学根据的治疗方法。光看这一句，似乎A、B、C选项都正确。但是，结合文章来看（这篇文章是为了说服人们勇敢地接受死亡这一自然规律），我们发现它的作用是为了说明人们通常浪费了医疗资源，过度地投入在回天无力的事情上。从这道题中，我们可以学到，论据就是为了证明论点的，文章中的任何一句话都不能孤立地去理解。而应该结合文章大意，结合上下文去理解。所以A选项是正确的。
B、C选项都没有答到点子上。
文中并没有提及D项内容，所以是错误的。
该题属中等难度的题目，区分度较好。
58. [B]
该题考查的是作者对于Lamm所说的话的态度。
Lamm所说的话也是作者引用的一个论据。Lamm认为老年人有义务死亡，以免挡住（年轻人的）道路。在接下来的一段，作者对于Lamm的观点发表了看法：“I would not go that far.”（我不会那么极端）。接着，作者举出了许多例子，说明老年人也可以活得有生气，还能为社会做贡献。有的考生看到这儿就匆匆地选择了A，认为作者极力反对Lamm的观点。这就有点断章取义了。因为在接下来的一段中，作者用“Yet”表示了转折，表述了另外一个角度的意见。说的是，一个社会在这方面（追求高质量的老年生活）的花费是有限的。从作者的论述中，我们可以推断出，作者希望人们接受新陈代谢的自然规律，所以在一定程度上与Lamm所提倡的是一致的。所以选B，作者对Lamm的观点基本同意，但有所保留。
该小题属较难的题目。
59. [D]
该小题考查的是考生进行推断、引申的能力。
文中的原话是：“I also know that people in Japan and Sweded, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier have.”，说明了虽然日本和瑞典在医疗保健上的花费比美国少，但寿命却比美国人长，身体也更健康。接着，作者提出倡议，与其将资金徒劳地花在没有希望的治疗上，还不如投入到较一般的治疗中，以提高人们的生活质量。所以可以推断出，日本和瑞典在医疗保健上的投资更合理。因此选择D。
该小题属中等难度偏易的题目，区分度很好。
60. [C]
该小题考查的是考生对文章主旨要义的理解能力。
A项与作者观点相反。
B项也不正确，作者在第四段已举例反驳了这种过激的看法。
D项阐述的是事实，原则上没有错，但却不是文章主要要表达的思想。
该小题属中等难度的题目。
全文翻译：
据说，在英国死亡很紧迫，在加拿大死亡不可避免，在加利福尼亚死亡可以选择。难怪，在过去的一个世纪里，美国人的寿命几乎翻了一番。髋骨不行了可以更换，临床的忧郁症得到了控制，白内障仅用30分钟手术便可以切除。这些进步给老年人口带来的高质量生活在50年前我刚从事医学时是不可想像的。但是即使有一个伟大的医疗卫生体系，死亡也是无法战胜的——而我们不能面对这个现实，正危及我们自身的伟大。死亡是正常的；我们的基因决定我们即使在最理想的环境里也会解体和灭亡。我们所有人在某种程度上都懂得这一点，但是作为医疗消费者，我们常将死亡视为一个问题来解决。由于医疗费用由第三方支付，我们常常要求用尽所有的医疗手段，即使它们不会有任何作用。最明显的例子是晚期癌症的治疗。医生由于不能治愈疾病，同时又担心病人失去希望，常常采用极端大胆的治疗方法，这些方法远远超出了科学能够认同的界限。
1950年，美国在医疗卫生方面的开支是127亿美元。2002年，这项开支将达到15400亿。任何人都明白这个趋势不可持续，但是很少有人愿意扭转它。有些学者总结说，如果政府资金有限，它应该停止支付延缓某一个年龄以上人群寿命的医疗费用——比如83岁左右。据说，科罗拉多州前州长理查德·拉姆曾经说，老年多病者“有责任死去和让位”，以让更年轻、更健康的人们去发挥他们的潜能。
我不会说得这么绝对，毕竟现在精力充沛的人们通常能工作到60岁，甚至更久，并仍然具有惊人的创造力。78岁的Viacom公司总裁萨姆勒·雷斯顿开玩笑说他只有53岁。最高法院法官桑德拉·欧康奈70有余，前卫生局医务主任C·库普80来岁还出任了一个互联网公司的总裁。这些领导人就是活生生的证据，证明对疾病的防治是有意义的，证明我们能够对付年龄带来的健康问题。作为一名年仅68岁的人，我希望像他们一样在老龄阶段保持创造力。
然而在这样的追求中，一个社会能够承担的费用是有限的。作为一名医生，我深知最昂贵和最激进的手段也可能是无效的和痛苦的。我也深知在医疗开销少得多的日本和瑞典，人们获得了比我们更长的、更健康的寿命。作为一个民族，我们可能在寻求不可能奏效的治疗方法上花钱太多，而在研究能提高人们生活质量的更平常的方法上花钱太少。
2002 Text 1
If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.
Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. "Who is that?" the new arrival asked St. Peter. "Oh, that's God," came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor."
If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.
If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.
Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote "If at first you don't succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.
41. To make your humor work, you should ________.
[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience
[B] make fun of the disorganized people
[C] address different problems to different people
[D] show sympathy for your listeners
42. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are ________.
[A] impolite to new arrivals
[B] very conscious of their godlike role
[C] entitled to some privileges
[D] very busy even during lunch hours
43. It can be inferred from the text that public services ________.
[A] have benefited many people
[B] are the focus of public attention
[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor
[D] have often been the laughing stock
44. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered ________.
[A] in well-worded language
[B] as awkwardly as possible
[C] in exaggerated statements
[D] as casually as possible
45. The best title for the text may be ________.
[A] Use Humor Effectively
[B] Various Kinds of Humor
[C] Add Humor to Speech
[D] Different Humor Strategies
重点词汇：
identify ------------ （辨别；视为同一）即ident+ify，ident词根“同一”，-ify动词后缀“使……”；identification（识别；身份证明）←identify去y加-ication名词后缀；identical（同一的）←ident+ical形容词后缀。Any man over thirty identifies his youth with the worst fault he thinks he is capable of.任何过了三十岁的人都把自己的青年时代视为自认所能犯下的最大错误。
relevant ------------ （相关的；意义重大的）即re+lev+ant，re-前缀，lev词根“升，举”，-ant形容词后缀，故“从……升起的”→“源自……的”→相关的。同根词：elevate（升举，提高）←e+lev+ate；elevator（电梯，升降机）←e+lev+at(e)+or。The discovery and use of knowledge has always been relevant to a humane future.对于一个人道的未来，知识的发现与运用一直是关系重大的。
sympathy （n.同情；共鸣）即sym+path+y，sym-（=syn-，在p前n变形为m以方便发音，前缀“同”），path词根“感情”，-y抽象名词后缀；sympathize/sympathise（v.同情；共鸣），-ize/-ise为动词后缀；sympathetic（同情的；共鸣的）←sym+path+etic形容词后缀。Next to love, sympathy is the divinest passion of the human heart.同情心是人类心中仅次于爱的最神圣的情感。Anybody can sympathize with the sufferings of a friend, but it requires a very fine nature to sympathize with a friend's success.人人都能同情朋友的痛苦，然而共享朋友的成功需要非常优良的品性。To be sympathetic without discrimination is so very debilitating.有同情心而无识别力是多么虚弱。Reading is not merely sympathizing and understanding; it is also criticizing and judging.阅读不仅是同情与理解，也是批评与判断。
alternatively ------------ ? （二者择一地；另外）←alter改变+nat(e)+ive+ly；alternative（二者择一的；供选择的事物）←alter+nat(e)+ive；alternate（v.交替；交替的）←alter+nate。Love's alternate joy and woe.爱情就是交替的欢乐与痛苦。The more alternative, the more difficult the choice.可选择的东西越多，就越难选择。guangxian注：哲学家布里丹的虚拟驴子在两堆等距离等体积的谷堆面前饿死。
convention ------------? （大会；惯例；公约）即con+ven(t)+tion，con-一起，ven(t)来，-tion名词后缀，故“人们来到一起”→开“大会”，而“大会制定的规则”即是“公约”，公约遵守时间长了就成为“惯例”。The danger doesn't lie in the hypothetical disasters of revolution, but in conventions impeding progress.危险不在于革命的臆测的灾难，而在于阻碍进步的成规。
stomp ? （n.v.重踏）←stamp（邮票；标志）也有相同含义，想象“猛盖邮戳”→重踏。
appropriate ------------ （适当的）即ap+propri+ate，ap-前缀加强语气，propri看作proper（适当的），-ate后缀；inappropriate /------------?/ （不适当的）←in否定前缀+appropriate。Extreme remedies are very appropriate for extreme diseases.烈性药物对于重病是非常适宜的。←这句话是西方医学之父希波克拉底说的。
inedible （不可食的）←in否定前缀+ed(=eat)+ible能……的。
resent ? （v.愤怒、怨恨）即re+sent，re（=against反对），sent（=sense感觉），于是“在感觉上反对”→愤恨。People don't resent having nothing nearly as much as too little.人们所不满的往往是太少，而不是没有。
disparaging ------------? （轻视的）←dis否定前缀+par平等+ag(e)后缀+ing后缀。
scapegoat ------------? （替罪羊）可这样记：escape（n.v.逃跑）←e+scape，把e看作ex-，则scape就是没有“离开”的→“逃不掉的”→“留下来替罪的”，于是scape+goat→替罪羊。与“羊”有关的另一习语：black sheep（害群之马；败家子），源自谚语There is a black sheep in every flock.
casual （偶然的；漫不经心的）即cas降落+ual后缀；casualty（严重意外事故；伤亡者）←cas+ual+ty名词后缀。As sheer casual reading-matter, I still find the English dictionary the most interesting books in our language.作为纯粹随意浏览的读物，我还是觉得英语词典是以我们的语言写成的最有趣的书。
off-the-cuff 即席的。
deliver ? （v.传递；释放；发表；分娩）即de+liver，de-前缀“使”，liver(=liber)词根“自由”，于是从“使自由”推出deliver的各项含义；delivery ------------ （传递）←deliver+y名词后缀。Lord, deliver me from myself.主啊，解放不能自拔的我吧。The day of the printed word is far from ended. Swift as is the delivery of the radio bulletin, graphic as is television's eyewitness picture, the task of adding meaning and clarity remains urgent.印刷文字的时代远未结束。尽管广播新闻传递迅速，电视现场画面生动，补充事件含义进而澄清事实的任务仍旧是迫切的。
light-hearted 轻松愉快的。
familiar （熟悉的；亲近的）即famil(y)+iar形容词后缀，“感觉像家一样的”；familiarity（熟悉）←familiar+ity名词后缀。The two most engaging powers of an author are to make new things familiar, and familiar things new.作家最吸引人的两种力量，是使新鲜的事物变得熟悉，和使熟悉的事物变得新鲜。familiarity — the opiate of the imagination 熟悉——想象力的麻醉剂。
exaggeration ------------ ?/ （夸张）←ex加强语气+agger堆积+ation名词后缀；exaggerate（夸张）←ex+agger+ate动词后缀。We exaggerate misfortune and happiness alike. We are never either so wretched or so happy as we say we are.不幸和幸福被我们同样夸大了。我们从不像我们所说的那么痛苦，也从不那么快乐。exaggeration — a truth that has lost its temper 夸张——发脾气的真理。
understatement ------------ ? （掩饰；轻描淡写的陈述）←under+statement；反义词：overstatement（夸大的陈述）←over+statement。
privilege ------------? （n.优惠；特权v.给予优惠或特权）即privi+leg+e，privi(=private)词根“私人的”，leg词根“法律”（如legal“法律的；合法的”←leg+al），e为小词，于是“私人的法律”→特权。To have become a deeper man is the privilege of those who have suffered.变得更加深谋远虑是受过磨难的人的特权。
effectively ------------? （有效地）即ef+fect+ive+ly，ef-前缀表“加强”，fect词根“做”，-ive形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀；去ly即为形容词effective。The most effective water power in the world — women's tears.世界上最有效的水力——女人的眼泪。effective communication — 20 per cent what you know and 80 per cent how you feel about what you know 有效的交际——20%你所了解的东西加80%你对所了解的东西的感受。
难句解析：
①Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.
▲该句是一个复杂单句，句子的主语是your humor，后面有两个平行的谓语must be和should help，它们后面分别有其宾语。其中should help后面的宾语是不定式to show，而它的宾语比较复杂，是两个并列的宾语从句：that you are one of them和that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view，中间用or连接。
△本句结构比较简明，只需注意show them后面是两个并列的宾语从句就可以了。后面的宾语从句中有个很有用的词组in sympathy with，表示同情、同意、赞同。
②If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties.
▲if引导了一个条件从句，而后面的主句是两个子句构成的并列句。在第一个子句you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you中又有一个定语从句which are common to all of you来修饰the experiences and problems，而后面的子句的结构是一个it is adj. for sb. to do sth.的结构。
△要看懂本句，重点在于要把后面的两个子句断开，并分别理解。
③Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.
▲该句是一个祈使句。谓语是include，宾语是remarks，后面有一个定语从句修饰它。
△注意该句的特性。另外注意off-the-cuff的意思。
④Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.
▲整句可以看成是由so连接的并列句，前后有一定的因果关系。前面的子句是一个强调结构，而后面又是一个祈使句，其谓语动词是speak和remember。而remember后面又是一个很长的宾语从句。
