塔斯曼尼亚有台湾两倍大,你看台湾多小!岛上原有一种大牙齿的土人,现在已绝种了。
另一个岛是袋鼠岛(Kangaroo Island),岛的北边,就面对阿得雷德(Adelaide)城。它是澳洲考第三的大城。(Adelaide, South Australia's capital, is a well planned city, rich in parks and gardens. It is near the great Gulf St. Vincent, 90 miles long, 45 miles across.)
在澳洲东北海岸外面,有一二五○英里长的珊瑚礁(大堡礁,The Great Barrier Reef),有声有光,景象离奇,非常好看。好看是好看,可是船很难走,科克船长的船曾在这一带三次遇险。The Great Barrier Reef is one of Australia's most popular tourist attractions. It is the largest coral reef in the world, stretching for about 1250 miles along the coast of Queensland. The reef has thousands of islands and underwater coral formations. The sandy beaches of the islands and the interesting sea life of the reef mark it an ideal spot for skin diving. 珊瑚礁中有一岛叫“绿岛”(Green Island),真巧,台湾也有一个绿岛!
羊有绵羊(sheep)和山羊(goat)两种,山羊(billy goat)有胡子,还有羊骚味(goaty odor)。
羊奶可以造干酪(cheese)和“牛”油,可以从羊身上得到羊毛。
羊毛出在羊身上(literally)Without a sheep, there can be no wool.—The benefit comes, after all, from a price one has paid. Whatever is the expense, somebody is going to pay for it.做衣服,其他还可吃羊肉、用羊皮、做肥皂、做网球拍……羊的用处多极了!(Sheep yield wool, meat, and leather. They also furnish the raw materials for many byproducts, such as glue, tallow, suet, soap, fertilizer, cosmetics, and the catgut used in stringing tennis rackets.)
澳洲的羊,占世界第一位。占全世界六分之一。(Long famous as a land of sheep, Australia is the world's leading producer and exporter of wool and mutton and is a major producer and exporter of beef and wheat. Australia is also a highly industrialized country. Large deposits of coal and iron have become the basis for an iron and steel industry, white an expanding economy provides a large domestic market for a wide range of goods and services.)
澳洲平均每个人有十四头羊(澳洲旁边的纽西兰(New Zealand)每人有二十头),而中国人平均十个人分不到一头,这太不公平了!(In Australia, there are about 14 sheep for every person. In New Zealand, there are about 20 sheep for every person. Some states in the western United States also have more sheep than people.)
过分的不公平,没有的人就会叫,这叫“不平则鸣”。(Those who are discriminated again will complain.)
澳洲比台湾大二二二倍,但人口比台湾还少!
亚洲人口平均每方英里(persons to the square mile)一二二人;澳洲人口平均每方英里四人。
澳洲“得天独厚”to be particularly favored by nature (said of a land rich in natural resources or a gifted person)却是从不公平来的。澳洲有“白澳政策”,限制有色人种到他们那儿去。但白种人又少,所以将来问题一定很多,不是铁蒺藜(barbed-wire fence)拦得住的。澳洲人自己也说:“We've got a big, empty country here, and we have to fill it up. You Know,‘populate or perish’”
澳洲的政策是错误的、自私的(wrong and selfish),这叫“狗占马槽”(dog in a manger describes a person who keeps others from using something that he himself cannot use. It comes from Aesop's fable of a dog that crawled into a manger of hay and prevented a horse from eating, even though dogs do not eat hay.),也叫“占着毛坑不拉屎”,这种人只希望“不惹睡狗”(Let sleeping dogs lie, means to leave a situation undisturbed.)“维持现状”“相安无事”。但这怎么行呢?“每条狗都有得意的一天。”(Every dogs has his day, is an expression used when something pleasant happens to a person, especially one who has been having bad luck.)别的狗会睡醒,澳洲虽然是down-under(在世界另一边),别的穷狗还是会咬到它的。
爸 爸 一九七五年六月八日
二
亲爱的小文:
你这次信封上写的中文很有进步。
鸭嘴兽只有澳洲有,水獭却只有澳洲没有。
水獭是OTTER,is a fur-bearing animal that spends much of its time in the water. Otters are related to the weasels and are carnivorous(flesh-eating)mammals. They live on all continents except Australia. They are divided into two groups, river otters and sea otters.
人会仰泳(backstroke),但水獭却更神气,它会仰吃,它在水里“仰面朝天”地吃,这才叫“仰不愧天”(to feel no shame before God)呢!
水獭还是一个会用工具的家伙(a tool user),它吃蛤蜊(clam),会朝石头上敲,你说它多聪明!
每只水獭的皮,可卖到二千五百美金,就是台湾十万块。全世界都不准杀它,所以它的皮就特别值钱。人死了,臭皮没人要,但许多动物死了,皮却成了“千金裘”,这真是“豹死留皮”啊!
豹死留皮(literally)A leopard leaves behind its skin when it dies. A man has a reputation to leave to posterity when he dies.
爸 爸 一九七五年八月十七日
那么让他们吃饼嘛!
一
亲爱的小文:
法文有一个字叫“顾而媚”(gourmet),就是讲究吃的人(a connoisseur in eating and drinking,善于判别饮食美恶之人;an epicure,美食者),很像中文中的“老饕”,但老饕有一点挖苦的意味。法国的“烹饪”被当做一种艺术(Cooking is considered an art by the French. They are world famous for their salads, sauces, and soups. Almost every region, city, and restaurant of France has its own food specialty. These specialties include truffles(mushroomikel plants)in the Guyenne region, snails in Burgundy, sausages in Arles and Lyou, omelets in Mont St. Michel, and pressed duck in Paris.),一个笑话说美国人嚼口香糖去饭店,法国饭店老板(patron,注意英文patron和法文patron意思不同)拒绝伺候他——阁下嘴含“橡皮”,安能品味!
法国人因为讲究吃,所以foods的花样也多,cheeses就有两百多种做法。法国的党(party)也多,十个以上(美国英国只有两党),法国英雄戴高乐(Charles de Gaulle)说有两百多种cheese花样的国家岂能只有一个党?(How can one conceive of a one-party system in a country that has over two hundred varieties of cheese.)戴高乐也坐过牢,后来当了法国总统。
戴高乐的一个老上司叫贝当(Pétain),第一次世界大战时防守凡尔登(Verdun),曾说:“他们过不来!”(They shall not pass!)成为抗德英雄。但是二十四年后,在第二次世界大战的时候,他竟同德国人合作了,那时他已八十四岁。到了八十九岁,被判死刑。戴高乐给他减为无期徒刑(life imprisonment)。他真能活,活到九十五岁才死在牢里!他大概是全世界年纪最大的囚犯了。
凡尔登是名战场,有“国觞”(a martyr to the national cause)五十万。
贝当的国防部长叫魏冈(Weygand),被判无罪,虽然坐了三年多牢,但最后证明清白。魏冈也真能活,活了九十八岁!
还有一个能活的,是法国在第一次世界大战时的总理克里蒙梭(George Clemenceau),活了八十八岁。死的时候叫护士走开,他说他不要死在女人面前!他要人把他的棺材立起来,他说他死也要站着死!他的外号叫“老虎”(The Tiger),这个人有多历害,可想而知。
第一次世界大战德国没能打进Paris去,最后,德国失败了,于是开了一个“巴黎和会”,在法国凡尔赛宫开的,凡尔赛(Versailles, The Palace of Versailles was built by Louis XIV in the 1600's. Now a national museum, it contains exhibits of fine painting and sculpture.)可比凡尔登贵多了。法国代表是老虎总理,美国是威尔逊总统(Woodrow Wilson),爸爸跟你谈过威尔逊,威尔逊的像,印在十万美金的钞票上面,你还记得吗?
凡尔赛离Paris十一miles,有六百多间房子,有三百多年了。五十多年前,美国大富翁洛克菲勒(John D. Rockefeller, Jr.)——就是现在美国副总统的老子,送了近三○○万美金重修,所以房子虽老,还很漂亮。
法国大革命的时候,皇帝和皇后(皇帝是路易十六Louis XIV,皇后是玛丽·安托瓦内特Marie Antoinette)正在凡尔赛宫。当时老百姓吵着要面包,手下报告说巴黎大乱,“因为他们没有面包。”(Because they have no bread.)皇后说:“那么让他们吃饼嘛!”(Then let them eat cake.)中国也有这种不知道民间疾苦的笑话,在玛丽·安托瓦内特说这话前一千五百年,中国大乱,手下向皇帝(晋惠帝)报告老百姓没饭吃了,皇帝奇怪,反问:“他们为什么不吃肉啊?”(“何不食肉糜?”)(糜congee;porridge;rice gruel)后来玛丽·安托瓦内特死在断头台(guillotine)上。断头台是一个医生发明的。
法国女人在政治上,虽然到一九四五年才与男人平等,但有影响力,却早在一九四五年以前,只是多不得好死。玛丽·安托瓦内特死的时候三十八岁,另外一个比她小一半的,十九岁就被烧死的,是圣女贞德(Joan of Arc)。她的“事业”表现在奥尔良(Orléans),她死在鲁昂(Rouen),她是法国的民族女英雄(the national, heroine of France),虽然她死的罪名却是假的。(condemned as a witch, Joan of Arc was burned at the stake in 1431 in the market place at Rouen, France. Later, in 1456, the pope pronounced her innocent. She was declared a saint in 1920.)
在玛丽·安托瓦内特才九岁的时候,一个四十三岁的名女人死在凡尔赛宫,她是路易十六的爷爷路易十五Louis XV的情妇(mistress),她影响了法国政治二十年,名字是蓬巴杜夫人(Madame de Pompadour)。她对文学、艺术很赞助(to patronize),被她赞助的人中,有一个叫伏尔泰(Voltaire)。伏尔泰是philosopher(哲学家)、poet(诗人)、historian(历史家)、novelist(小说家)、dramatist(戏剧家)、satirist(讽刺家)。他因为文章惹祸,在Bastille监狱住过,他的文字极有影响力,影响到French Revolution——在他死后第十一年,French Revolution发生,捣毁Bastille了。
伏尔泰写文章惹祸太多,他虽生在巴黎,可是在外面二十八年,无法回老家。他很会做生意,赚了钱,在法国靠瑞士日内瓦(Geneva)边上,造了住宅,法国抓他,他就逃到瑞士;瑞士抓他,他就逃到法国,他说哲学家该在地下有两三个洞以防走狗抓他们(Philosophers should always have two or three holes under ground against the dogs hunting them.)。中国古话说“狡兔三窟”(A wily rabbit has three burrows.),他真是狡哲三窟啊!
下周续写法国。
爸 爸 一九七五年六月二十一日
二
亲爱的小文:
法国最大的河叫卢瓦尔河(Loire River),河边有许多古堡(chateaus),非常好看,爸爸替你找了四种——Cheverny、Chambord、Chaumont、Chenonceaux。从画片上,你可以知道castles in Spain(西班牙)是“空中楼阁”。但在法国却不是“空中楼阁”,而是地上的,真的。
再写四个有French的词念给你:
一、French doors(法兰西式两用门)门上有玻璃,像是窗户。
二、French horn(法国号)。
三、French leave(不辞而别)。
四、French walk(逐出室外)这是美国俗语,也叫the bum's rush,是抓一个人,把他推到房子外面去。
意大利人看起来聪明,人也聪明;
西班牙人看起来聪明,人也傻瓜;
法国人看起来傻瓜,人却聪明;
美国人看起来傻瓜,人也傻瓜;
爸爸决定给你买架录音机,你把下面一页信给姥姥看。
爸 爸 一九七五年六月二十九日
一、买卡式(cassette)中最新式的一种,就是全自动往复回卷正反面那种。
二、台湾百鹰股份有限公司总代理美国神鹰美格福斯(Magnavox)牌有最新式的。别的牌子如也有,要买名牌的,像索尼(sony)等。
三、最小型的最方便,但每次只能装一盒(一卷录音带)小文如想买大一点的录音机,可买美格福斯IK 8844型那种(可装进十二盒,连续录放),声音也比最小型的好。
四、要托小彭以他电器同业身份买,可打到大折扣。
我的本领就是臭
亲爱的小文:
中文成语:“各人自扫门前雪(Everybody minds his own business.),休管他人瓦上霜(the frost on neighbor's roof-none of one's business.)。”用英文来说,就是Let every man skin his own skunk.(让每个人剥他自己的臭鼬的皮)。
臭鼬以它的自卫(self-defense;to defend oneself)方法出名,它可以从十二英尺远,由屁股眼射出臭水,立刻“臭气冲天”(stinking smell assaulting one's nostrils),除非你和它“臭味相投”(persons of similar(atrocious)taste;a meeting of(dirty)minds),否则一定大败而逃。
驴用脚自卫,狗用嘴自卫,象用鼻子自卫,臭鼬用屁股眼自卫。
臭鼬“所向无敌”(to encounter no significant opponent on the way;undefeatable;invincible),除了一种大角猫头鹰(great horned owl)不怕它臭以外,谁都怕。
臭鼬的臭水蕴藏量(deposit)丰富,可以连发六次,好像人类的左轮手枪(左轮可连发六次,所以也叫six-shooter),但人类的手枪要执照(a license),臭鼬的“水枪”却自由。
被臭鼬的水枪命中(to hit the target)以后,要用汽油或番茄汁才能洗净。
一二三,
四五六。
我是小臭鼬,
本领就是臭。
从东臭到西,
从左臭到右,
谁惹就臭谁,
除非你带汽油番茄汁,
否则臭你一下就没救。
无独有偶(It happens that there is a similar case.),植物中有一种叫skunkweed或skunk cabbage的,也臭得要死,意思是“臭鼬草”,中国叫“地涌金莲”,也叫“坐禅草”。
skunk cabbage. 1. A broad-leaved plant, of the arum family, which sends up in the spring a spathe of a disgusting odor, 地涌金莲(天南星科之阔叶植物,春季发佛焰花,其味令人作呕)。2. A somewhat similar plant of the Pacific coast states, 观音莲(美国太平洋沿岸各州所产与地涌金莲略同之植物)。
爸 爸 一九七五年八月十日
飞上枝头看飞枝
亲爱的小文:
爸爸坐牢前一年(一九七○),太平洋(Pacific Ocean)里有一个小国独立了,她只有台湾一半大,名字叫飞枝(Fiji),她原是英国的,所以国旗里头有四分之一的地方是英国国旗。
飞枝有两个大岛,八○○个小岛。加在一块儿叫飞枝群岛(Fiji Islands)。
飞枝共有五十万人,里头有中国人。
飞枝的国都叫Suva(Capital and Commercial Center of the Fiji Island is Suva. Banks, office, and stores are located in central Suva.)。
飞枝的警察若跑到台湾来,一定被台湾的警察抓起来,罪名是“有伤风化”(harmful to public morals)——因为飞枝的警察穿裙子,这种裙子叫sulu,裙子很瘦,下面是锯齿(teeth of a saw)状的,怪里怪气,台湾的警察一看一定大生气特生气,于是就抓起来了。
所以大概飞枝警察不敢到台湾来。
飞枝的男人也有裙子穿,这种裙子叫tapa skirts,比较短上面有花。他们当然也“有伤风化”,所以也不敢到台湾来。
现代的飞枝人虽然怕台湾警察,胆子很小,但他们以前胆子可不小,他们是吃人肉的(cannibals——A human being that eats human flesh吃人肉的人;by extension, any animal that eats its own kind,广义来说,吃同类的动物),还是猎头的(head-hunters. head-hunting, n. The custom, characteristic esp. of heathen Malayan peoples, of decapitating enemies and preserving their heads as trophies. 奉异教的马来民族所特有的斩敌人头留作战胜纪念品的习俗)。
世界上土人有的吃人肉不猎头,有的猎头不吃人肉,飞枝的土人两样全来,真凶来兮(兮,an adjunct with no independent meaning,roughly equivalent to “Oh”or“Ah” in English.)。
以前台湾的土人,除兰屿的雅美族以外,都猎头,不吃肉。他们猎到一个最有名的头就是吴凤的(吴凤,Wu Feng, an official who, when head hunting was still common among the aborigines of Taiwan, ended the practice at the cost of his own life in 1768.)。
这样看来,台湾的警察大概也不敢到飞枝去,因为搞不好,飞枝人发起疯来,野蛮复兴,两样来一样,台湾的警察都吃不消(cannot stand or bear;too much to take or endure)。
Fijians once were cannibals and head-hunters, Most of them are now Christians, but they still observe local customs. They make outrigger canoes from hollowed logs. They also manufacture pottery and personal ornaments of shell, bone, and boar's tusks. A small clan living near Viti Levu still practices the ancient custom of fire walking. Performers do not walk on fire, but on hot stones. Fijians drink kava(yanggona in Fijian), a strong but non-in toxicating drink made from the root of a pepper plant. The drink partially numbs the tongue and lips. Fijians use it as part of most ceremonies. They celebrate every occasion with dancing.
Most Fijians grow crops or catch fish for a living, but many work for the Europeans as clerks, carpenters, and police. People of Indian descent grow most of the island's sugarcane, and they also keep dairy cattle. Miners take gold, copper, and iron from the rocks of the lager island. The Fiji Island produce coconuts, sugar, gold, timber, and tobacco. They ship tropical fruits to Australia and New Zealand. Most eastern Fiji Islands are volcanic. They only industry there is making copra(dried coconut meat).
爸 爸 一九七五年九月七日
[后记]这封信中所引有关吴凤的英文解说,自然是从“神话”立论的。事实上,吴凤是因背约、骂人、与曹族格斗下被杀的。详见连横《吴凤列传》。
古国神游
亲爱的小文:
埃及(Egypt)是非洲国家。但她伸了一只胳臂到亚洲,这胳臂就是西奈半岛(Sinai)。胳肢窝(armpit)那里开了条块100 miles长的苏伊士运河(the Suez Canal)。苏伊士运河缩短了从英国到印度的距离,缩短6000 miles。
苏伊士运河挖了十年才挖成,现在已经一○六岁了。挖它的人是法国外交家李希普(De Lesseps),他在六十四岁那年挖成。他有挖运河的瘾,又去挖巴拿马运河(the Panama Canal),结果公司倒闭,差点坐牢,因为他八十四岁了,所以免了。
中国的隋炀帝,也喜欢挖运河,后来也倒了霉。大概土地神不喜欢人家挖他。
埃及的棉花最有名。
埃及的首都是开罗(Cairo),已经有一三三五年历史(A. D. 640年就有了)。
Cairo bazaars很有名,bazaar是东方的小工艺品商店(1. In the East, an exchange, market place, or assemblage of shops, 市场、商场(东方的)。2. A spacious hall or suite of rooms for the sale of goods, as at a fair, 百货商场。also, a fair for the sale of fancy wares, toys, etc. commonly for a charitable object, 又指售卖珍玩以充善举的市场)。
埃及最有名的是三十五座金字塔(pyramid)。
金字塔有十个足球场那么大。
金字塔是埃及国王(埃及叫法老Pharaoh)的坟,里面有金银财宝,所以老是被偷。所以以后的埃及国王就不盖金字塔了。
金字塔要四十万人盖二十年。古时候人对修坟可真有耐心,小文你记得爸爸跟你谈过的印度那座大坟Taj Mahal吗?那坟也盖了二十多年才盖好。
金字塔前面的狮身人面像,叫Sphinx(the “Strangler”)。最有名的Sphinx故事是叫人猜谜语的故事。
谜语是什么东西又四只脚又两只脚又三只脚,后来Oedipus猜出来了。(SPHINX, in Greek mythology, a winged monster with the body of a lion and the head and breast of a woman. According to the myth, the Sphinx destroyed the passersby from the Greek city of Thebes when they failed to guess her riddle:“What is four-footed in the morning, two-footed at noon, three-footed in the evening?”Oedipus solved the riddle by replying:“Man, who in childhood creeps on hands and knees, in manhood walks erect, and in old age uses a staff.”The Sphinx, hearing this, threw herself from a rock and perished, and Oedipus thus became the liberator of Thebes and was made its king.)
法老们不用金字塔以后,开始在地底下挖坟。一九二二年,考古学家Howard Carter(an English archaeologist, specialized in excavating ancient Egyptian tombs)挖到了小法老Tutankhamen的坟——三三○○年前的宝贝全部出土。小法老十八岁就死了,装在金棺材里,棺材盖是用金子做的小法老的全身雕像。坟共有四个房间,在中挖成的,里面宝贝多极了,琳琅满目。(Good gems fill the eyes, a vast array of beautiful and fine things.)小法老Tutankhamen的名字,在三三○○年后,名闻全世界。Will Rogers(爸爸跟你谈过的美国牛仔哲学家,印地安祖先)甚至把Tutankhamen这个名词(noun)当动词(verb)来用。他说:
If the father of our country, George Washington, was Tutankhamen tomorrow, and, after being aroused from his tomb, was told that the American people today spend two billion dollars yearly on bathing material, he would say,“What got'em so dirty?”
埃及有全世界最长的河尼罗河(Nile River),埃及为了利用尼罗河,自一九六○年起用十亿美金盖了大水库,叫阿斯旺水库(阿斯旺坝The Aswan High Dam)(台湾的石门水库只是一亿美金),有了阿斯旺水库,会使尼罗河的水存起来。但这样一来,许多埃及的古迹都要被淹,尤其是有名的四千年前的大庙阿布辛拜勒(Abu Simbel)。于是进行抢救,全世界五十个国家捐了一千七百万美金救它,救的方法是朝上搬家。于是,这座待在那儿四千年的大庙,就被锯成一块一块的,用起重机搬了家。
这个大庙里面的名堂很多,设计奇特。每年有两次,阳光照进法老石像的脸上。大庙外面这四个大石像也都是这法老,这法老叫Ramesses II(Ramses II, Ramesses II),在位时间是公元前十三世纪(reigned 1290-1224 B. C.),他把他自己做成四胞胎,替自己的庙守门,他老家伙谁也不信,只信自己。四千年前,他把古人忙得臭死;四千年后,他又把今人忙得臭死,他真有办法,他真行。
爸 爸 一九七五年九月二十日
古希腊的辉煌
亲爱的小文:
爱伦坡(Edgar Allan Poe,1809—1849)是West Point(西点军校)开除的,但后来西点拍他马屁,给他立了铜像。你在西点时注意到了吗?他是美国文学家,活到爸爸这个年纪(四十岁)就死了,他最会写神秘和侦探小说,他是给神秘和侦探小说开山的人。他也是诗人,他十四岁写了一首有名的诗《给海伦》(To Helen),诗里最有名的句子是:
你水仙花的头发,古典的脸,
水神的风华,把我带到
古希腊的辉煌
古罗马的壮丽
Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face,
Thy Naiad airs, have brought me home
To the glory that was Greece
And the grandeur that was Rome
希腊文化是西方文化(Western Civilization)的老祖宗;是西方文化的姥姥的姥姥的姥姥的姥姥……。现在西方文化和希腊文化息息相关(related as closely as each breath is to the next)到处可以看到。
比方说Poe这首诗里提到hyacinth就是希腊的美少年Hyacinthus。用铁饼(discus)误杀Hyacinthus的,就是太阳神阿波罗(Apollo)。
Apollo无所不在,到处插一脚,他虽然是神,可是也参加人的纠纷。前面Poe的诗给Helen,她惹出Trojan war、她是天仙化人(as beautiful as an angel from heaven;a stunning beauty)因为她本是Apollo的爸爸Zeus(Jupiter)的私生女。Trojan war就是后来《木马屠城记》的故事。Troy城是个倒霉的城,前后一千八百年间,被毁九次,Helen那次只是第六次。考古家希勒曼(H. Schliemann)不知道Troy城有这么多,他挖过了头,挖到了木马屠城记以前的城——更早—千年的城。