[6] Brands,The First American,33–34,88,166–67;Benjamin Franklin,“An Account of the New Invented Pennsylvanian Fire-Places,” 1744,online at National Archives,Founders Online,Franklin Papers,accessed October 1,2016,<http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-02-02-011 4#BNFN-01-02-02-0114-fn-0027> .
[7] George C.Lay,“Benjamin Franklin,”Godey’s Magazine,vol.133,no.796(October 1796): 339–43;Kerry S.Walters,Benjamin Franklin and His Gods(Urbana: University of Illinois Press,1999),44–45.
[8] Cohen,Science and the Founding Fathers,136;Brands,The First American,187–206;Benjamin Franklin,The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin,2nd ed.,ed.Leonard W.Larabee,Ralph L.Ketcham,Helen C.Boatfield,and Helene H.Fineman(New Haven: Yale University Press,1964),240–44.
[9] Chaplin,First Scientific America,6,18;J.L.Heilbron,Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries: A Study in Early Modern Physics (New York: Dover Publications,Inc.,1999),1;Joseph Addison,Spectator 1,no.10 (1711): 44.
[10] Chaplin,First Scientific America,94;Franklin,Autobiography,241–42.
[11] Cohen,“Benjamin Franklin: An Experimental Newtonian Scientist,” 4,6.
[12] Cohen,Science and the Founding Fathers,58;Heilbron,Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries,5–6.
[13] Franklin,Autobiography,241,note 4;Cohen,Science and the Founding Fathers,141–42.
[14] Cohen,Science and the Founding Fathers,142;J.L.Heilbron,“Plus and Minus:Franklin’s Zero-Sum Way of Thinking,”Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 150 (2006): 608;E.Philip Krider,“Benjamin Franklin and Lightning Rods,”Benjamin Franklin House,accessed October 1,2016,<http://www.benjaminfranklinhouse.org/site/sections/about_franklin/physicstoday vol59no1p42_48.pdf>.
[15] Heilbron,Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries,312–13;Heilbron,“Plus and Minus: Franklin’s Zero-Sum Way of Thinking,” 608;“Journal of the Franklin Institute,” vol.161 (January to June 1906): 253–56.
[16] Heilbron,Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries,313.
[17] Heilbron,Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries,287.
[18] Heilbron,Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries,314.
[19] 1英尺≈0.3米。——编者注
[20] Cohen,Benjamin Franklin’s Science,70;Heilbron,Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries,340–41.
[21] Heilbron,Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries,346–48.
[22] 1英里≈1.6千米。——编者注
[23] Heilbron,Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries,349;Cohen,“Benjamin Franklin:An Experimental Newtonian Scientist,” 6.
[24] I.Bernard Cohen,“The Two Hundredth Anniversary of Benjamin Franklin’s Two Lightning Experiments and the Introduction of the Lightning Rod,”Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 96,no.3 (1952): 332–36;Cohen,Benjamin Franklin’s Science,157.
[25] “A Letter of Benjamin Franklin,Esq;to Mr.Peter Collinson,F.R.S.concerning an Electrical Kite,” October 1,1752,online atPhilosophical Transactions,accessed October 1,2016,<http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/47/565>.
[26] I.Bernard Cohen,“The Two Hundredth Anniversary,” 333–36.
[27] “An Account of the Death of Mr.George William Richman,Professor of Experimental Philosophy,a Member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences at Petersburg.Translated from the High-Dutch,”Philosophical Transactions1755–1756,no.49 (1755): 62–63,accessed October 1,2016,<http://rstl.royal societypublishing.org/content/49/61.full.pdf+html>.
[28] Cohen,“The Two Hundredth Anniversary,” 331–36;Tucker,Bolt of Fate,135–56.
[29] Tucker,Bolt of Fate,186–87.
[30] Tucker,Bolt of Fate,186–87.
[31] Michael Brian Schiffer,Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment (Berkeley: University of California Press,2003),195–200;Heilbron,Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries,380–82;Cohen,Science and the Founding Fathers,169–70.
[32] Chaplin,First Scientific America,5.
[33] The full text ofExperiment and Observations on Electricity is available online from the Smithsonian Institution,<http://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/experiment sobser00fran>.
[34] Chaplin,First Scientific America,156–57,177–78;Brands,First American,302.
[35] Brands,First American,472–74;Chaplin,First Scientific America,237.
[36] J onathan R.Dull,“Franklin the Diplomat: The French Mission,”Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 72,no.1 (1982): 26–27.
[37] Morris Bishop,“Franklin in France,”Daedalus 86,no.3 (May 1957): 228–30.
[38] “Benjamin Franklin to William Franklin,”Franklin Papers,August 16,1784,accessed October 1,2016,<https://journals.psu.edu/phj/article/viewFile/25468/25237>.
[39] Cohen,Science and the Founding Fathers,184–85.
[40] Thomas Fleming,“Greatness Speaks to Greatness,One Last Time,”Journal of the American Revolution,August 29,2013,accessed August 26,2015,<http://allthingsliberty.com/2013/08/greatness-speaks-to-greatness-one-last-time/>.
[41] Brands,First American,715;“To George Washington from the National Assembly of France,20 June 1790.” National Archives,Founders Online,Franklin Papers,accessed October 1,2016,<http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-05-02-0348>.
