“想想就能减肥”和“相信健康即会健康”……Crum，Alia J.，and Ellen J.Langer.“Mind-Set Matters：Exercise and the Placebo Effect.”Psychological Science 18，no.2（2007）：165-71.
克拉姆接下来足以上媒体头条的研究……Crum，Alia J.，William R.Corbin，Kelly D.Brownell，and Peter Salovey.“Mind over Milkshakes：Mindsets，Not Just Nutrients，Determine Ghrelin Response.”Health Psychology 30，no.4（2011）：424-29.
克拉姆最近的研究……Crum，Alia J.，Modupe Akinola，Ashley Martin，and Sean Fath.“Improving Stress Without Reducing Stress：The Benefts of a Stress Is Enhancing Mindset in Both Challenging and Threatening Contexts.”Manuscript unpublished，in progress（2015）.Data partially presented at：Martin，A.M.，Alia J.Crum，and Modupe A.Akinola.“The Buffering Effects of Stress Mindset on Cognitive Functioning During Stress.”Poster presented at the 2014 Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference，Austin，Texas.
与之相反，高水平的DHEA……Boudarene，M.，J.J.Legros，and M.Timsit-Berthier.“[Study of the Stress Response：Role of Anxiety，Cortisol，and DHEAs].”L’Encephale 28，no.2（2001）：139-46.
它能预测大学生坚持……Wemm，Stephanie，Tiniza Koone，Eric R.Blough，Steven Mewaldt，and Massimo Bardi.“The Role of DHEA in Relation to Problem Solving and Academic Performance.”Biological Psychology 85，no.1（2010）：53-61.
在军事生存训练中……Morgan，Charles A.，Steve Southwick，Gary Hazlett，Ann Rasmusson，Gary Hoyt，Zoran Zimolo，and Dennis Charney.“Relationships Among Plasma Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate and Cortisol Levels，Symptoms of Dissociation，and Objective Performance in Humans Exposed to Acute Stress.”Archives of General Psychiatry 61，no.8（2004）：819-25.See also Rasmusson，Ann M.，Meena Vythilingam，and Charles A.Morgan III.“The Neuroendocrinology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder：New Directions.”CNS Spectrums 8，no.9（2003）：651-67.
成长指数甚至能预测……Cicchetti，Dante，and Fred A.Rogosch.“Adaptive Coping Under Conditions of Extreme Stress：Multilevel Influences on the Determinants of Resilience in Maltreated Children.”New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 2009，no.124（2009）：47-59.For an excellent introduction to the concept of mindsets，see Dweck，Carol.Mindset：The New Psychology of Success.Random House LLC，2006.
比如，巴尔的摩老龄化纵向研究……Levy，Becca R.，Alan B.Zonderman，Martin D.Slade，and Luigi Ferrucci.“Age Stereotypes Held Earlier in Life Predict Cardiovascular Events in Later Life.”Psychological Science 20，no.3（2009）：296-98.
在一项研究中……那些……人……Levy，Becca R.，Martin D.Slade，Jeanine May，and Eugene A.Caracciolo.“Physical Recovery After Acute Myocardial Infarction：Positive Age Self-Stereotypes as a Resource.”International Journal of Aging and Human Development 62，no.4（2006）：285-301.
在另一项研究中，积极……Levy，Becca R.，Martin D.Slade，Terrence E.Murphy，and Thomas M.Gill.“Association Between Positive Age Stereotypes and Recovery from Disability in Older Persons.”JAMA 308，no.19（2012）：1972-73.
顺带说一句，如果这些发现……The work of Stanford psychologist Laura Carstensen demonstrates that people get happier as they grow older，among other psychological benefts of aging.For example，see Carstensen，Laura L.，Bulent Turan，Susanne Scheibe，Nilam Ram，Hal Ersner-Hershfield，Gregory R.Samanez-Larkin，Kathryn P.Brooks，and John R.
Nesselroade.“Emotional Experience Improves with Age：Evidence Based on Over 10 Years of Experience Sampling.”Psychology and Aging 26，no.1（2011）：21-33.
举例来说，一项……干预措施……Wolff，Julia K.，Lisa M.Warner，Jochen P.Ziegelmann，and Susanne Wurm.“What Do Targeting Positive Views on Aging Add to a Physical Activity Intervention in Older Adults？Results from a Randomised Controlled Trial.”Psychology and Health（ahead of print，2014）：1-18.
德国老年研究中心……Wurm，Susanne，Lisa M.Warner，Jochen P.Ziegelmann，Julia K.Wolff，and Benjamin Schüz.“How Do Negative Self-Perceptions of Aging Become a Self-Fulflling Prophecy？”Psychology and Aging 28，no.4（2013）：1088-97.
消极看待变老的人……Levy，Becca R.，Martin D.Slade，Suzanne R.Kunkel，and Stanislav V.Kasl.“Longevity Increased by Positive Self-Perceptions of Aging.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83，no.2（2002）：261-70.
而悲观看待变老的人……Levy，Becca，Ori Ash-man，and Itiel Dror.“To Be or Not to Be：The Effects of Aging Stereotypes on the Will to Live.”OMEGA Journal of Death and Dying 40，no.3（2000）：409-20.
花点儿时间看看……These items are taken from the Stress Mindset Measure，originally published in：Crum，Alia J.，Peter Salovey，and Shawn Achor.“Rethinking Stress：The Role of Mindsets in Determining the Stress Response.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 104，no.4（2013）：716-33.The Stress Mindset Measure is reproduced with permission.Copyright 2013 by the American Psychological Association.
男女没差别……同上。
在2014年……的调查中……The NPR/Robert Wood Johnson Foundation/Harvard School of Public Health Burden of Stress in America Survey was conducted from March 5 to April 8，2014，with a sample of 2，505 respondents.
即使那些说……The Stress in America survey is an annual survey within the United States conducted by Harris Interactive on behalf of the American Psychological Association.The full 2013 report was released by the American Psychological Association on February 11，2014.http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/stress-report.pdf.
2014年哈佛大学……The NPR/Robert Wood Johnson Foundation/Harvard School of Public Health Burden of Stress in America Survey was conducted from March 5 to April 8，2014，with a sample of 2，505 respondents.
秉持压力有害思维的人，更可能说……Crum，Alia.“Rethinking Stress：The Role of Mindsets in Determining the Stress Response.”Ph.D.dissertation，Yale University，2012.
一项研究发现……不到10年……Michel，Alexandra.“Transcending Socialization：A Nine-Year Ethnography of the Body's Role in Organizational Control and Knowledge Workers’Transformation.”Administrative Science Quarterly 56，no.3（2012）：325-68.
金融从业者报告说……Tsai，Feng-Jen，and Chang-Chuan Chan.“The Impact of the 2008 Financial Crisis on Psychological Work Stress Among Financial Workers and Lawyers.”International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 84，no.4（2011）：445-52.
整个行业蔓延着……John Aidan Byrne.“The Casualties of Wall Street.”WealthManagement.com.June 1，2009.http://wealthmanagement.com/practice-management/casualties-wall-street.Accessed August 9，2014.
UBS大幅裁员……UBS Annual Report 2008.Available at http://www.ubs.com/global/en/about_ubs/investor_relations/restatement.html.Accessed August 10，2014.
员工被随机分为……Crum，Alia，Peter Salovey，and Shawn Achor.“Evaluating a Mindset Training Program to Unleash the Enhancing Nature of Stress.”Academy of Management Proceedings，vol.2011，no.1：1-6.
然后他跟踪一段时间……For an introduction to brief mindset interventions，see Walton，Gregory M.“The New Science of Wise Psychological Interventions.”Current Directions in Psychological Science 23，no.1（2014）：73-82.
当我问沃顿……他最喜欢的……Walton，Gregory M.，and Geoffrey L.Cohen.“A Brief Social-Belonging Intervention Improves Academic and Health Outcomes of Minority Students.”Science 331，no.6023（2011）：1447-51.Personal interview conducted with Greg Walton on February 20，2014.
沃顿和同事们……进行了……Yeager，David S.，and Gregory M.Walton.“Social-Psychological Interventions in Education：They’re Not Magic.”Review of Educational Research 81，no.2（2011）：267-301.Yeager，David S.，Dave Paunesku，Gregory M.Walton，and Carol S.Dweck.“How Can We Instill Productive Mindsets at Scale？A Review of the Evidence and an Initial R&D Agenda.”White paper prepared for the White House meeting.“Excellence in Education：The Importance of Academic Mindsets.”May 10，2013.
“她们的社交圈正在发生变化”……Walton，Gregory M.，Christine Logel，Jennifer M.Peach，Steven J.Spencer，and Mark P.Zanna.“Two Brief Interventions to Mitigate a‘Chilly Climate' Transform Women's Experience，Relationships，and Achievement in Engineering.’”（2014，in press.）
尽管有人怀疑……Yeager，David Scott，Rebecca Johnson，Brian James Spitzer，Kali H.Trzesniewski，Joseph Powers，and Carol S.Dweck.“The Far-Reaching Effects of Believing People Can Change：Implicit Theories of Personality Shape Stress，Health，and Achievement During Adolescence.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 106，no.6（2014）：867-81.See also Miu，Adriana Sum，David Scott Yeager，David Sherman，James Pennebaker，and Kali Trzesniewski.“Preventing Depression by Teaching Adolescents That People Can Change：Nine-Month Effects of a Brief Incremental Theory of Personality Intervention.”（2014，in press.）Some details from a personal interview conducted with David Yeager，May 23，2014.
令人惊讶的是，清楚标明……Kelley，John M.，Ted J.Kaptchuk，Cristina Cusin，Samuel Lipkin，and Maurizio Fava.“Open-Label Placebo for Major Depressive Disorder：A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.”Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 81，no.5（2012）：312-14.See also Kam-Hansen，Slavenka，Moshe Jakubowski，John M.Kelley，Irving Kirsch，David C.Hoaglin，Ted J.Kaptchuk，and Rami Burstein.“Altered Placebo and Drug Labeling Changes the Outcome of Episodic Migraine Attacks.”Science Translational Medicine 6，no.218（2014）：218ra5-218ra5.
告知人们……Silverman，Arielle，Christine Logel，and Geoffrey L.Cohen.“Self-Affirmation as a Deliberate Coping Strategy：The Moderating Role of Choice.”Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 49，no.1（2013）：93-98.Cohen，Geoffrey L.，and David K.Sherman.“The Psychology of Change：Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention.”Annual Review of Psychology 65（2014）：333-71.
