第二章 迎难而上：身处困境时，压力是可以依靠的资源，而非要消灭的敌人
20世纪90年代末期……非同寻常……Delahanty，Douglas L.，A.Jay Raimonde，and Eileen Spoonster.“Initial Posttraumatic Urinary Cortisol Levels Predict Subsequent PTSD Symptoms in Motor Vehicle Accident Victims.”Biological Psychiatry 48，no.9（2000）：940-47.See also Walsh，Kate，Nicole R.Nugent，Amelia Kotte，Ananda B.Amstadter，Sheila Wang，Constance Guille，Ron Acierno，Dean G.Kilpatrick，and Heidi S.Resnick.“Cortisol at the Emergency Room Rape Visit as a Predictor of PTSD and Depression Symptoms over Time.”Psychoneuroendocrinology 38，no.11（2013）：2520-28.Delahanty，Douglas L.，Crystal Gabert-Quillen，Sarah A.Ostrowski，Nicole R.Nugent，Beth Fischer，Adam Morris，Roger K.Pitman，John Bon，and William Fallon.“The Efficacy of Initial Hydrocortisone Administration at Preventing Posttraumatic Distress in Adult Trauma Patients：A Randomized Trial.”CNS Spectrums 18，no.2（2013）：103-11.Ehring，Thomas，Anke Ehlers，Anthony J.Cleare，and Edward Glucksman.“Do Acute Psychological and Psychobiological Responses to Trauma Predict Subsequent Symptom Severities of PTSD and Depression？”Psychiatry Research 161，no.1（2008）：67-75.
事实上……最有前景的新疗法之一……de Quervain，Dominique J-F.，Dorothée Bentz，Tanja Michael，Olivia C.Bolt，Brenda K.Wiederhold，Jürgen Margraf，and Frank H.Wilhelm.“Glucocorticoids Enhance Extinction-Based Psychotherapy.”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108，no.16（2011）：6621-25.de Quervain，Dom-inique J-F.，and Jürgen Margraf.“Glucocorticoids for the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Phobias：A Novel Therapeutic Approach.”European Journal of Pharmacology 583，no.2（2008）：365-71.
接受10毫克皮质醇注射……Aerni，Amanda，Rafael Traber，Christoph Hock，Benno Roozendaal，Gustav Schelling，Andreas Papassotiropoulos，Roger M.Nitsch，Ulrich Schnyder，and J-F.Dominique.“Low-Dose Cortisol for Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.”American Journal of Psychiatry 161，no.8（2004）：1488-90.
在高风险心脏手术的患者中……Weis，Florian，Erich Kilger，Benno Roozendaal，Dominique J-F.de Quervain，Peter Lamm，Michael Schmidt，Martin Schmölz，Josef Briegel，and Gustav Schelling.“Stress Doses of Hydrocortisone Reduce Chronic Stress Symptoms and Improve Health-Related Quality of Life in High-Risk Patients After Cardiac Surgery：A Randomized Study.”Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 131，no.2（2006）：277-82.Schelling，Gustav，Benno Roozendaal，Till Krauseneck，Martin Schmoelz，Dominique J-F.de Quervain，and Josef Briegel.“Effcacy of Hydrocortisone in Preventing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Critical Illness and Major Surgery.”Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1071，no.1（2006）：46-53.
接受一剂压力荷尔蒙……Bentz，Dorothée，Tanja Michael，Dominique J-F.de Quervain，and Frank H.Wilhelm.“Enhancing Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders with Glucocorticoids：From Basic Mechanisms of Emotional Learning to Clinical Applications.”Journal of Anxiety Disorders 24，no.2（2010）：223-230.
那是1936年的某一天，匈牙利内分泌专家汉斯·塞利……Selye，Hans.The Stress of Life.McGraw Hill，1956.See also Selye，Hans.The Stress of My Life：A Scientist’s Memoirs.McClelland and Stewart Toronto，1977.Selye，Hans.Stress Without Distress.Springer U.S.，1976.
烟草行业花钱雇他……Petticrew，Mark P.，and Kelley Lee.“The‘Father of Stress’Meets‘Big Tobacco’：Hans Selye and the Tobacco Industry.”American Journal of Public Health 101，no.3（2011）：411-18.
试图提升压力形象……Selye's quote“There is always stress……”is taken from an interview published in Oates Jr.，Robert M.Celebrating the Dawn：Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and the TM Technique.New York：G.P.Putnam’s Sons，1976.
比如说，美国在2014年做的一项重要调查……The NPR/Robert Wood Johnson Foundation/Harvard School of Public Health Burden of Stress in America Survey was conducted from March 5 to April 8，2014，with a sample of 2，505 respondents.
2011年从超过100项的研究中……Schetter，Christine.“Psychological Science on Pregnancy：Stress Processes，Biopsychosocial Models，and Emerging Research Issues.”Annual Review of Psychology 62（2011）：531-58.
接触到母亲的压力荷尔蒙……DiPietro，Janet A.，Katie T.Kivlighan，Kathleen A.Costigan，Suzanne E.Rubin， Dorothy E.Shiffler，Janice L.Henderson，and Joseph P.Pillion.“Prenatal Antecedents of Newborn Neurological Maturation.”Child Development 81，no.1（2010）：115-30.
就像一位妇女告诉研究人员的那样……Watt，Melissa H.，Lisa A.Eaton，Karmel W.Choi，Jennifer Velloza，Seth C.Kalichman，Donald Skinner，and Kathleen J.Sikkema.“‘It's Better for Me to Drink，at Least the Stress Is Going Away’：Perspectives on Alcohol Use During Pregnancy Among South African Women Attending Drinking Establishments.”Social Science and Medicine 116（2014）：119-25.
斯坦福生物心理学家凯伦·帕克……Lyons，David M.，Karen J.Parker，and Alan F.Schatzberg.“Animal Models of Early Life Stress：Implications For Understanding Resilience.”Developmental Psychobiology 52，no.7（2010）：616-24.See also Lyons，David M.，and Karen J.Parker.“Stress Inoculation-Induced Indications of Resilience in Monkeys.”Journal of Traumatic Stress 20，no.4（2007）：423-33.Parker，Karen J.，Christine L.Buckmaster，Steven E.Lindley，Alan F.Schatzberg，and David M.Lyons.“Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Physiology and Cognitive Control of Behavior in Stress Inoculated Monkeys.”International Journal of Behavioral Development 36，no.1（2012）：45-52.
最喜欢的方式就是让动物生气……Cannon，Walter Bradford.Bodily Changes in Pain，Hunger，Fear，and Rage：An Account of Recent Researches into the Function of Emotional Excitement.D.Appleton and Company，1915.The quote about a cat’s breathing is on page 15.
助你处理挑战……Everly Jr.，George S.，and Jeffrey M.Lating.“The Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Stress Response.”In A Clinical Guide to the Treatment of the Human Stress Response，edited by George S.Everly Jr.and Jeffrey M.Lating，17-51.New York：Springer，2013.
他认为这个比例……Van den Assem，Martijn J.，Dennie Van Dolder，and Richard H.Thaler.“Split or Steal？Cooperative Behavior When the Stakes Are Large.”Management Science 58，no.1（2012）：2-20.
在一项研究中，参与者被要求……von Dawans，Bernadette，Urs Fischbacher，Clemens Kirschbaum，Ernst Fehr，and Markus Heinrichs.“The Social Dimension of Stress Reactivity：Acute Stress Increases Prosocial Behavior in Humans.”Psychological Science 23，no.6（2012）：651-60.
不像多数人认为的……Kemeny，Margaret E.“The Psychobiology of Stress.”Current Directions in Psychological Science 12，no.4（2003）：124-29.See also Dickerson，Sally S.，Tara L.Gruenewald，and Margaret E.Kemeny.“When the Social Self Is Threatened：Shame，Physiology，and Health.”Journal of Personality 72，no.6（2004）：1191-216.
“我不知道怎么抬起来的”……Fox News/Associated Press.“Oregon Man Pinned Under 3，000-Pound Tractor Saved by Teen Daughters.”April 11，2013.http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/04/11/oregon-man-pinned-under-3000-pound-tractor-saved-by-two-teen-daughters.
这在跳伞者……Allison，Amber L.，Jeremy C.Peres，Christian Boettger，Uwe Leonbacher，Paul D.Hastings，and Elizabeth A.Shirtcliff.“Fight，Flight，or Fall：Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity During Skydiving.”Personality and Individual Differences 53，no.3（2012）：218-23.
但当压力情境……S e e r y，M a r k D.“T h e Biopsychosocial Model of Challenge and Threat：Using the Heart to Measure the Mind.”Social and Personality Psychology Compass 7，no.9（2013）：637-53.
心流状态的人……Peifer，Corinna.“Psychophysiological Correlates of Flow-Experience.”Advances in Flow Research，edited by Stephan Engeser，139-64.New York：Springer，2012.
科学家们管这叫……Taylor，Shelley E.“Tend and Befriend：Biobehavioral Bases of Affliation Under Stress.”Current Directions in Psychological Science 15，no.6（2006）：273-77.Buchanan，Tony W.，and Stephanie D.Preston.“Stress Leads to Prosocial Action in Immediate Need Situations.”Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 8，no.5（2014）：1-6.
当研究人员给老鼠吃……Moghimian，Maryam，Mahdieh Faghihi，Seyed Morteza Karimian，Alireza Imani，Fariba Houshmand，and Yaser Azizi.“The Role of Central Oxytocin in Stress-Induced Cardioprotection in Ischemic-Reperfused Heart Model.”Journal of Cardiology 61，no.1（2013）：79-86.
比如说，皮质醇和催产素……Laurent，Heidemarie K.，Sean M.Laurent，and Douglas A.Granger.“Salivary Nerve Growth Factor Response to Stress Related to Resilience.”Physiology and Behavior 129（2014）：130-34.
释放这些荷尔蒙较高的人……Het，Serkan，Daniela Schoofs，Nicolas Rohleder，and Oliver T.Wolf.“Stress-Induced Cortisol Level Elevations Are Associated with Reduced Negative Affect After Stress：Indications for a Mood-Buffering Cortisol Effect.”Psychosomatic Medicine 74，no.1（2012）：23-32.Walsh，Kate，Nicole R.Nugent，Amelia Kotte，Ananda B.Amstadter，Sheila Wang，Constance Guille，Ron Acierno，Dean G.Kilpatrick，and Heidi S.Resnick.“Cortisol at the Emergency Room Rape Visit as a Predictor of PTSD and Depression Symptoms Over Time.”Psychoneuroendocrinology 38，no.11（2013）：2520-28.
其他研究表明……Stout，Jane G.，and Nilanjana Dasgupta.“Mastering One’s Destiny：Mastery Goals Promote Challenge and Success Despite Social Identity Threat.”Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 39，no.6（2013）：748-62.
你的生活史同样会影响你对压力……Pierrehumbert，Blaise，Raffaella Torrisi，Daniel Laufer，Oliver Halfon，François Ansermet，and M.Beck Popovic.“Oxytocin Response to an Experimental Psychosocial Challenge in Adults Exposed to Traumatic Experiences During Childhood or Adolescence.”Neuroscience 166，no.1（2010）：168-77.
其他人生来……Belsky，Jay，and Michael Pluess.“Beyond Diathesis Stress：Differential Susceptibility to Environmental Influences.”Psychological Bulletin 135，no.6（2009）：885-908.Pluess，Michael，and Jay Belsky.“Vantage Sensitivity：Individual Differences in Response to Positive Experiences.”Psychological Bulletin 139，no.4（2013）：901-16.
重要的是要识别……Del Giudice，Marco，J.Benjamin Hinnant，Bruce J.Ellis，and Mona El-Sheikh.“Adaptive Patterns of Stress Responsivity：A Preliminary Investigation.”Developmental Psychology 48，no.3（2012）：775-90.Del Giudice，Marco.“Early Stress and Human Behavioral Development：Emerging Evolutionary Perspectives.”Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 5，no.5（2014）：270-80.
