在对动物和……Taylor，Shelley E.，Laura Cousino Klein，Brian P.Lewis，Tara L.Gruenewald，Regan A.R.Gurung，and John A.Updegraff.“Biobehavioral Responses to Stress in Females：Tend-and-Befriend，Not Fight-or-Flight.”Psychological Review 107，no.3（2000）：411-29.Taylor，Shelley E.，and Sarah L.Master.“Social Responses to Stress：The Tend-and-Befriend Model.”In The Handbook of Stress Science：Biology，Psychology，and Health，edited by Richard Contrada and Andrew Baum，101-9.New York：Spinger，2011.
它也释放……Geary，David C.，and Mark V.Flinn.“Sex Differences in Behavioral and Hormonal Response to Social Threat：Commentary on Taylor et al.（2000）.”Psychological Review 104，no.4（2002）：745-50.Buchanan，Tony W.，and Stephanie D.Preston.“Stress Leads to Prosocial Action in Immediate Need Situations.”Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 8，no.5（2014）：1-6.Koranyi，Nicolas，and Klaus Rothermund.“Automatic Coping Mechanisms in Committed Relationships：Increased Interpersonal Trust as a Response to Stress.”Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48，no.1（2012）：180-85.
但这只是……一部分……Keltner，Dacher，Aleksandr Kogan，Paul K.Piff，and Sarina R.Saturn.“The Sociocultural Appraisals，Values，and Emotions（SAVE）Framework of Prosociality：Core Processes from Gene to Meme.”Annual Review of Psychology 65（2014）：425-60.
加州大学洛杉矶分校神经科学家的一个研究……Inagaki，Tristen K.，and Naomi I.Eisenberger.“Neural Correlates of Giving Support to a Loved One.”Psychosomatic Medicine 74，no.1（2012）：3-7.
时间匮乏不仅仅是……Strazdins，Lyndall，Amy L.Griffin，Dorothy H.Broom，Cathy Banwell，Rosemary Korda，Jane Dixon，Francesco Paolucci，and John Glover.“Time Scarcity：Another Health Inequality？”Environment and Planning，Part A 43，no.3（2011）：545-59.
沃顿商学院的研究人员……Mogilner，Cassie，Zoë Chance，and Michael I.Norton.“Giving Time Gives You Time.”Psychological Science 23，no.10（2012）：1233-38.
比如说，人们错误地预期……Aknin，Lara B.，Elizabeth W.Dunn，and Michael I.Norton.“Happiness Runs in a Circular Motion：Evidence for a Positive Feedback Loop Between Prosocial Spending and Happiness.”Journal of Happiness Studies 13，no.2（2012）：347-55.
大脑变化更活跃……Harbaugh，William T.，Ulrich Mayr，and Daniel R.Burghart.“Neural Responses to Taxation and Voluntary Giving Reveal Motives for Charitable Donations.”Science 316，no.5831（2007）：1622-25.
詹妮弗·克罗克休公假……Personal interview conducted with Jennifer Crocker on April 29，2014.
该活动聚焦在……I have not taken the Learning as Leadership workshop that inspired Jennifer Crocker’s research，but you can learn more about their programs at www.learnaslead.com.
它与你如何看待……Nuer，Lara.“Learning as Leadership：A Methodology for Organizational Change Through Personal Mastery.”Performance Improvement 38，no.10（1999）：9-13.
克罗克和同事……C r o c k e r，J e n n i f e r，M a r c-Andre Olivier，and Noah Nuer.“Self-Image Goals and Compassionate Goals：Costs and Benefits.”Self and Identity 8，no.2-3（2009）：251-69.Crocker，Jennifer.“The Paradoxical Consequences of Interpersonal Goals：Relationships，Distress，and the Self.”Psychological Studies 56，no.1（2011）：142-50.Crocker，Jennifer，Amy Canevello，and M.Liu.“Five Consequences of Self-Image and Compassionate Goals.”Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 45（2012）：229-77.
在一个研究中，克罗克与……Abelson，James L.，Thane M.Erickson，Stefanie E.Mayer，Jennifer Crocker，Hedieh Briggs，Nestor L.Lopez-Duran，and Israel Liberzon.“Brief Cognitive Intervention Can Modulate Neuroendocrine Stress Responses to the Trier Social Stress Test：Buffering Effects of a Compassionate Goal Orientation.”Psychoneuroendocrinology 44（2014）：60-70.
戴维·耶格尔……Yeager，David S.，Marlone Henderson，David Paunesku，Gregory M.Walton，Sidney D’Mello，Brian J.Spitzer，and Angela Lee Duckworth.“Boring but Important：A Self-Transcendent Purpose for Learning Fosters Academic Self-Regulation.”Regulation（2014，in press）.
同时也刺激了……Jack，Anthony I.，Richard E.Boyatzis，Masud S.Khawaja，Angela M.Passarelli，and Regina L.Leckie.“Visioning in the Brain：An fMRI Study of Inspirational Coaching and Mentoring.”Social Neuroscience 8，no.4（2013）：369-84.
莫妮卡·沃林……创始人……Personal interview conducted with Monica Worline on August 5，2014.
2013年……研究人员……Hernandez，Morela，Megan F.Hess，and Jared D.Harris.“Leaning into the Wind：Hardship，Stakeholder Relationships，and Organizational Resilience.”In Academy of Management Proceedings，vol.2013，no.1，16640.Academy of Management，2013.
他们花更多时间……Frazier，Patricia，Christiaan Greer，Susanne Gabrielsen，Howard Tennen，Crystal Park，and Patricia Tomich.“The Relation Between Trauma Exposure and Prosocial Behavior.”Psychological Trauma：Theory，Research，Practice，and Policy 5，no.3（2013）：286-94.
作为学者，他本想……Staub，Ervin，and Johanna Vollhardt.“Altruism Born of Suffering：The Roots of Caring and Helping After Victimization and Other Trauma.”American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 78，no.3（2008）：267-80.
从更大范围讲，斯托布发现……Vollhardt，Johanna R.，and Ervin Staub.“Inclusive Altruism Born of Suffering：The Relationship Between Adversity and Prosocial Attitudes and Behavior Toward Disadvantaged Outgroups.”American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 81，no.3（2011）：307-15.
换句话说，就是你认为……Taylor，Peter James，Patricia Gooding，Alex M.Wood，and Nicholas Tarrier.“The Role of Defeat and Entrapment in Depression，Anxiety，and Suicide.”Psychological Bulletin 137，no.3（2011）：391-420.
提供食物的一位妇女……Steffen，Seana Lowe，and Alice Fothergill.“9/11 Volunteerism：A Pathway to Personal Healing and Community Engagement.”Social Science Journal 46，no.1（2009）：29-46.
志愿者……Cristea，Ioana A.，Emanuele Legge，Marta Prosperi，Mario Guazzelli，Daniel David，and Claudio Gentili.“Moderating Effects of Empathic Concern and Personal Distress on the Emotional Reactions of Disaster Volunteers.”Disasters 38，no.4（2014）：740-52.
配偶去世后……Brown，Stephanie L.，R.Michael Brown，James S.House，and Dylan M.Smith.“Coping with Spousal Loss：Potential Buffering Effects of Self-Reported Helping Behavior.”Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34，no.6（2008）：849-61.
自然灾害的幸存者……Doran，Jennifer M.，Ani Kalayjian，Loren Toussaint，and Diana Maria Mendez.“Posttraumatic Stress and Meaning Making in Mexico City.”Psychology and Developing Societies 26，no.1（2014）：91-114.
长期患病的人……Arnstein，Paul，Michelle Vidal，Carol Wells-Federman，Betty Morgan，and Margaret Caudill.“From Chronic Pain Patient to Peer：Benefits and Risks of Volunteering.”Pain Management Nursing 3，no.3（2002）：94-103.
恐怖袭击的受害者……Kleinman，Stuart B.“A Terrorist Hijacking：Victims’Experiences Initially and 9 Years Later.”Journal of Traumatic Stress 2，no.1（1989）：49-58.
经历了致命疾病……Sullivan，Gwynn B.，and Martin J.Sullivan.“Promoting Wellness in Cardiac Rehabilitation：Exploring the Role of Altruism.”Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 11，no.3（1997）：43-52.
在一项开创性的研究中……Poulin，Michael J.，and E.Alison Holman.“Helping Hands，Healthy Body？Oxytocin Receptor Gene and Prosocial Behavior Interact to Buffer the Association Between Stress and Physical Health.”Hormones and Behavior 63，no.3（2013）：510-17.
研究人员跟踪了……846名男女……Poulin，Michael J.，Stephanie L.Brown，Amanda J.Dillard，and Dylan M.Smith.“Giving to Others and the Association Between Stress and Mortality.”American Journal of Public Health 103，no.9（2013）：1649-55.
布法罗大学的研究……Poulin，Michael J.，and E.Alison Holman.“Helping Hands，Healthy Body？Oxytocin Receptor Gene and Prosocial Behavior Interact to Buffer the Association between Stress and Physical Health.”Hormones and Behavior 63，no.3（2013）：510-17.
同样……年轻人……Quotes from EMS Corps trainees and Alameda County Health Care Services Agency director Alex Briscoe appear in these videos，produced by EMS Corps：Emergency Medical Services Corps（EMS Corps）：“Providing an Opportunity for Young Men to Become Competent and Successful Health Care Providers”（http://www.rwjf.org/en/about-rwjf/newsroom/newsroom-content/2014/01/ems-corps-video.html）and“EMS Corps Students Reflect on Heart 2 Heart Door-to-Door Blood Pressure Screening Event（https：//www.youtube.com/watch？v=gSkwqLqP2tE）.”
在一项研究中……学生……Schreier，Hannah M.C.，Kimberly A.Schonert-Reichl，and Edith Chen.“Effect of Volunteering on Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Adolescents：A Randomized Controlled Trial.”JAMA Pediatrics 167，no.4（2013）：327-32.
参与该项目的老兵……Yount，Rick，Elspeth Cameron Ritchie，Matthew St.Laurent，Perry Chumley，and Meg Daley Olmert.“The Role of Service Dog Training in the Treatment of Combat-Related PTSD.”Psychiatric Annals 43，no.6（2013）：292-95.
我握着他的手，为之祈祷……Direct quote from an inmate caregiver about his experience caring for a dying inmate.From Loeb，Susan J.，Christopher S.Hollenbeak，Janice Penrod，Carol A.Smith，Erin Kitt-Lewis，and Sarah B.Crouse.“Care and Companionship in an Isolating Environment：Inmates Attending to Dying Peers.”Journal of Forensic Nursing 9，no.1（2013）：35-44.The quote is on page 39.
苏珊·勒布……Ibid.See also Wright，Kevin N.，and Laura Bronstein.“An Organizational Analysis of Prison Hospice.”Prison Journal 87，no.4（2007）：391-407.
就像一个人在匿名调查里写的那样……Cloyes，Kristin G.，Susan J.Rosenkranz，Dawn Wold，Patricia H.Berry，and Katherine P.Supiano.“To Be Truly Alive：Motivation Among Prison Inmate Hospice Volunteers and the Transformative Process of End-of-Life Peer Care Service.”American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine（2013）：1-14.
临终关怀……同上。
读下面四句话……These items are from the isolation and common humanity subscales of Kristin Neff’s Self-Compassion Scale.Neff，Kristin D.“The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion.”Self and Identity 2，no.3（2003）：223-50.
感觉孤独的人……Allen，Ashley Batts，and Mark R.Leary.“Self-Compassion，Stress，and Coping.”Social and Personality Psychology Compass 4，no.2（2010）：107-118.Neff，Kristin D.“The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion.”Self and Identity 2，no.3（2003）：223-50.
他们更愿意公开……Gilbert，Paul，Kristen McEwan，Francisco Catarino，and Rita Baião.“Fears of Compassion in a Depressed Population Implication for Psychotherapy.”Journal of Depression and Anxiety S 2（2014）：doi：10.4172/2167-1044.S2-003.Jazaieri，Hooria，Geshe Thupten Jinpa，Kelly McGonigal，Erika L.Rosenberg，Joel Finkelstein，Emiliana Simon-Thomas，Margaret Cullen，James R.Doty，James J.Gross，and Philippe R.Goldin.“Enhancing Compassion：A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Compassion Cultivation Training Program.”Journal of Happiness Studies 14，no.4（2013）：1113-26.
他们也善于……Barnard，Laura K.，and John F.Curry.“The Relationship of Clergy Burnout to Self-Compassion and Other Personality Dimensions.”Pastoral Psychology 61，no.2（2012）：149-63.Raab，Kelley.“Mindfulness，Self-Compassion，and Empathy Among Health Care Professionals：A Review of the Literature.”Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy 20，no.3（2014）：95-108.Abaci，Ramazan，and Devrim Arda.“Relationship Between Self-Compassion and Job Satisfaction in White Collar Workers.”Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences 106（2013）：2241-47.
然而，尽管意识到……Jordan，Alexander H.，Benoît Monin，Carol S.Dweck，Benjamin J.Lovett，Oliver P.John，and James J.Gross.“Misery Has More Company Than People Think：Underestimating the Prevalence of Others’Negative Emotions.”Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 37，no.1（2011）：120-35.
我们经常通过别人……Orsillo，Susan M.，and Lizabeth Roemer.The Mindful Way through Anxiety：Break Free from Chronic Worry and Reclaim Your Life 161，Guilford Press，2011.
因为别人的痛苦……McGonigal，Kelly.“The Mindful Way to Self-Compassion.”Shambala Sun（July 2011）：77.
虽然多数人意识到……Fay，Adam J.，Alexander H.Jordan，and Joyce Ehrlinger.“How Social Norms Promote Misleading Social Feedback and Inaccurate Self-Assessment.”Social and Personality Psychology Compass 6，no.2（2012）：206-16.
研究表明，花时间……Burke，Moira，Cameron Marlow，and Thomas Lento.“Social Network Activity and Social Well-Being.”In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems，1909-12.Association for Computing Machinery，2010.Lou，Lai Lei，Zheng Yan，Amanda Nickerson，and Robert McMorris.“An Examination of the Reciprocal Relationship of Loneliness and Facebook Use Among First-Year College Students.”Journal of Educational Computing Research 46，no.1（2012）：105-117.Krasnova，Hanna，Helena Wenninger，Thomas Widjaja，and Peter Buxmann.“Envy on Facebook：A Hidden Threat to Users’Life Satisfaction？”（2013）.
探索了这个问题……For more information about my research with the Stanford Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education（ccare.stanford.edu）on cultivating a mindset of common humanity，see Jazaieri，Hooria，Kelly Mc-Gonigal，Thupten Jinpa，James R.Doty，James J.Gross，and Philippe R.Goldin.“A Randomized Controlled Trial of Compassion Cultivation Training：Effects on Mindfulness，Affect，and Emotion Regulation.”Motivation and Emotion 38，no.1（2014）：23-35.Jazaieri，Hooria，Geshe Thupten Jinpa，Kelly McGonigal，Erika L.Rosenberg，Joel Finkelstein，Emiliana Simon-Thomas，Margaret Cullen，James R.Doty，James J.Gross，and Philippe R.Goldin.“Enhancing Compassion：A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Compassion Cultivation Training Program.”Journal of Happiness Studies 14，no.4（2013）：1113-26.
弗劳尔斯和费南迪斯……联合创办了晚餐聚会……Information about the Dinner Party can be found at http://thedinnerparty.org/.Personal interview conducted with Lennon Flowers on August 18，2014.
像联合创立晚餐聚会的弗劳尔斯……Garcia，Julie A.，and Jennifer Crocker.“Reasons for Disclosing Depression Matter：The Consequences of Having Egosystem and Ecosystem Goals.”Social Science and Medicine 67，no.3（2008）：453-62.Newheiser，Anna-Kaisa，and Manuela Barreto.“Hidden Costs of Hiding Stigma：Ironic Interpersonal Consequences of Concealing a Stigmatized Identity in Social Interactions.”Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 52（2014）：58-70.
“Sole Train”是一个跑步和辅导项目……More information about Sole Train can be found at http://www.trinityinspires.org/sole-train/.Personal interview conducted with Jessica Leffler on March 21，2014.
一个学生让……M a r t h a R o s s，“S t r e s s：I t’s Contagious，”San Jose Mercury News，July 27，2014，D1-D3.
同情心的反应……Buchanan，Tony W.，Sara L.Bagley，R.Brent Stansfield，and Stephanie D.Preston.“The Empathic，Physiological Resonance of Stress.”Social Neuroscience 7，no.2（2012）：191-201.
