When set up carefully in a studio, the projection is bright and clear. It was so much easier than painting from life. Once the artist saw these 7)flattened out, two-8)dimensional projections, says Hockney, they couldn’t resist.
Hockney: It’s hard to believe that in the 15th century they would say, what an amusing novelty. How interesting...
Journalist: ...let’s not use it.
Hockney: ...but let’s not use that. People want to know how pictures are made. They always did. And that’s the one thing art history doesn’t tell you about.
Once he figured out how the pictures were made, he set out to discover where and when the use of optics began. Back in his studio in Los Angeles, he built his great wall of hundreds of paintings 9)spanning hundreds of years.
Hockney: We did come to about 1420 and realized something happened.
What happens is a sudden appearance of realism. Before 1420, faces were idealized. Immediately after, they were true to life.
Journalist: Here’s what’s so revolutionary about what you’re saying. You’re saying the history of art, the history of the 10)Renaissance, is the history of optics.
Hockney: I am saying that.
Journalist: I know that. And you’re blowing everything up. You’re blowing everything that all of us who took art appreciation studied, all the art historians have written, and you’re saying, “You’re all wrong. It’s all about optics.”
Needless to say, Hockney and his book about all this, called Secret Knowledge, have rocked the art world, where most art historians say, “It’s 11)bunk!”
Hockney: All these art historians, not one of them, ever took the trouble to look through a camera obscurer to see what it was like. They didn’t.
Journalist: They don’t like the idea that you suggest they traced; there’s an implication of cheating.
Hockney: I don’t get that myself.
“They weren’t cheaters at all”, he says. “They were great innovators.”
Hockney: Not only did they have skills you think you know, they had marvelous skills about optical things as well.
镜画
站在古代大师的油画前你会不由得惊叹：弗兰茨·哈尔斯是怎样使蕾丝缎带看起来这样逼真的？凡戴克是怎样使盔甲散发出若隐若现的金属光泽？卡拉瓦乔又是怎样使人物肖像富于表情而又栩栩如生？答案是他们借用了外物--透镜和凹镜。比如说，如果我站在光线充足的户外，利用镜面影像就会投射到室内的墙上倒置过来。画家可以对着投影来复制。这个手拿镜子的人是大卫·霍可尼--最著名的艺术家之一，他提出一个理论：古代的大画家利用了早期光学原理并且秘而不宣。
霍可尼：我认为，画家们看到了这些投影。要对着投影来描是很容易的，那样做出来的效果非常漂亮，令人激动。
如果在画室里放好设备，投影就会明亮而清晰。这比照着实物画要容易多了。当画师们看到这倒置的二维投影，霍可尼说道，他们无法抗拒。
霍可尼：很难相信十五世纪的人们会说：多新鲜啊，太有趣了……
记者：……可是我们不用这个办法……
霍可尼：……可是我们不用这个办法。大家都想知道画作的过程。一直都想知道。而这正是艺术史没有告诉我们的。
当霍可尼推断出画作的过程后，他开始研究这种光学应用是从什么时候、在哪里开始。他位于洛杉矶的画室中，墙上挂着多幅跨度数百年的油画。
霍可尼：我们研究到1420年左右时，发现了一些不寻常的情况。
所谓的“不寻常情况”是指现实主义画派的突然出现。在1420年以前，人物的脸部都被理想化过。而在1420年以后，突然变得活灵活现起来。
记者：你的理论非常具有震撼力。你是说艺术史、文艺复兴的历史就是一部光学的历史。
霍可尼：我正是这个意思。
记者：我明白了。你否定了一切。你否定了我们所有人欣赏艺术时的角度，否定了所有艺术历史学家们的著作，你等于是说：“你们都错了。这些完全是光学作用。”
不用说也知道，霍可尼和他讲述此理论并被命名为《秘密学问》的书震动了整个艺术界，很多艺术历史学家都说他∶“胡说八道！”
霍可尼：所有这些艺术历史学家，他们当中没有一个人亲自透过镜头来看看到底是怎么一回事。他们谁也没这么做过。
记者：他们不高兴，因为你说他们复制；暗示他们有欺骗行为。
霍可尼：我不明白怎么会有这种反应。
“他们根本不是骗子”，他说，“他们都是伟大的创新者。”
霍可尼：他们不仅拥有你所知道的绘画技巧，而且他们还懂得利用非凡的光学技巧。
注释:
1) Frans Hals: 弗兰茨·哈尔斯（1581?-1666），荷兰画家。
2) Van Dyck: Anthony Van Dyck, 安·凡戴克（1599-1641），佛兰芒画家。
3) metallic a. 金属（性）的
4) Caravaggio: Michelangelo Caravaggio 米开朗琪罗·卡拉瓦乔（约1565-1609？），意大利画家。
5) concave a. 凹的
6) optic a. 光学上的
7) flatten v. 打倒
8) dimensional a. 空间的
9) span v. 横越
10) Renaissance n. 文艺复兴
11) bunk n. （美国俚语）骗人的鬼话；废话
★★《2003年07月号-第41期-Disc01-12》★★
A Century of Memories(1930-1939)
Three years into the depression, the American system was in grave danger. Unless it could change, and change quickly, it might not survive.
The optimism of the “1)Roaring Twenties” faded. An era of fear took hold; a fear so powerful, it forced Americans to redefine the relationship with their government, and with each other. New Yorker, Clara Hancocks --
Hancocks: I was eleven years old, but how well I remember it! It was like the skies had grown dark. Thunder, and all of a sudden, faces were tragic and people were walking around in the hallways of our building and the streets with inquiring eyes and saying, “Has it happened to you? Has it happened to us? What is happening?” And it was wordless; it was speechless. You couldn’t explain the thing that hung over people. And pretty soon, you began to know what was happening. People... the people, who had given my father the contract to make the floors had lost all their money. That building was never built. My father had all this material that was not paid for, that he had borrowed money. He was, 2)wiped out! He never, psychologically he never recovered.
1932 was also a year of decision for Americans.
Hoover: We have yet to go a long way to capture many positions to restore agriculture...
Republican President, 3)Herbert Hoover, campaigned for re-election, only to find that everywhere he went, his name had become 4)synonymous with failure. 5)Shanty-towns of unemployed men were now called “6)Hoovervilles”. Newspapers were, “Hoover blankets” Empty pockets, “Hoover Flags”.
Voice 1: Hoover was seen as the symbol of the indifference of the national government to those who were down and out. And in that 1932 campaign, one man 7)wired him, “Vote for 8)Roosevelt and make it 9)unanimous”.
Voice 2: California, casts 44 votes for Franklin D. Roosevelt.
New York Governor, Franklin Roosevelt, was the Democratic Party candidate, the 10)aristocratic distant cousin of 11)the century’s first president. He had been struck by 12)polio in 1921. He was known more for his charm than his accomplishments. Most people were not sure what he meant when he promised a “new deal” to the American people. Neither was he. But Roosevelt appeared optimistic, confident, and he wasn’t Herbert Hoover. Roosevelt won in the greatest electoral 13)landslide America had ever seen. And he faced, perhaps, the greatest challenge ever presented to an American leader.
Roosevelt: I, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, do solemnly swear...
On Inauguration Day, nearly 100,000 people braved a cold March morning to hear what the new president would do.
Roosevelt: This great nation will endure as it has endured ...
Melvin Belli --
Belli: That magnificent 14)resonance coming out.
Roosevelt: The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.
Belli: We have nothing to fear but fear itself and everybody’d look at each other, they’d nod their head ...
Roosevelt: ...let us unite...
Belli: ...and when he’d say “My friends”, everybody could feel he was talking to him. That was one of his friends. That was one of his people. That was one of the most majestic moments, I think, in public speaking, or in 15)forensic capacity, that I’ve heard in my lifetime. I’ve heard great lawyers -- and I’ve made some pretty good talks myself -- but nothing comparable to that setting, under the bridge, the 16)freight train roaring overhead going over the bridge, and hear this voice speaking out to my friends and fear itself.
Campaigning for a second term in 1936, Roosevelt told a cheering crowd “You look happier today than you did four years ago”, and they were.
光阴的故事 (1930-1939)
在大萧条时期的三年中，美国社会危机重重。如果再不进行变革--迅速的变革，社会就会彻底崩溃。
“繁荣的二十年代”所带来的乐观情绪消沉下去了。当时取而代之的是恐惧；恐惧感实在太强烈了，使美国人必须重新考虑清楚自己与政府及与其他人的关系。纽约人克拉拉·汉考克斯--
汉考克斯：我那时十一岁，但我却记得很清楚！就好像天空变得阴暗起来，突然之间雷声大作，人们愁容满面，走在大楼走廊上和街道上，带着询问的目光问：“你也碰上这事了吗？我们真碰上这事了吗？这到底是怎么回事？”然而回答却是沉默无言。你说不清楚是什么样的阴云笼罩在人们的头上。很快，一切变得明晰起来。人们……和我父亲签定合同铺地板的人损失了所有的钱。那幢楼完工不了。我父亲的所有原料都还没有收钱，而他自己还借了钱。他一下子跨下来了！他再也没能，他的精神再也没有恢复正常。
对于美国人来说，1932年也是做出重要抉择的一年。
胡佛∶我们还有很长一段路要走，多手齐抓，恢复农业……
共和党人赫伯特·胡佛总统想竞选连任，结果发现不论走到哪里，他的名字都是失败的代名词。失业的人居住的简陋小屋被称作“胡佛屋”。报纸叫做“胡佛毯”，空空如也的衣袋是“胡佛旗”。
声音1：胡佛被看作是国家政府对民不聊生漠不关心的象征。在1932年的竞选活动中，一个男人拍电报对他说：“人人都要投票选罗斯福。”
声音2:加利福尼亚州统计结果，富兰克林·D·罗斯福获得选举人票四十四票。
纽约州州长富兰克林·罗斯福是民主党的候选人，也是二十世纪第一位总统的贵族远亲。他在1921年患过小儿麻痹症。他的个人魅力远远胜过他的政绩。当他向美国人民承诺要施行“新政”时，许多人都不清楚他到底想做什么。他自己也不知道。但罗斯福显得乐观，充满信心，而且他不是赫伯特·胡佛。罗斯福以空前的压倒性优势赢得了那场大选。并且，他面临的也许是美国总统所遇到过的最大的挑战。
罗斯福：我，富兰克林·罗斯福，庄严宣誓……
在总统就职典礼上，大约有十万人冒着三月清晨料峭的春寒来聆听新总统的新计划。
罗斯福：这个伟大的国家将一如既往地承受它曾经承受过的……
莫尔文·柏莱--
柏莱∶演说获得了巨大的共鸣。
罗斯福∶我们唯一值得害怕的就是害怕本身。
柏莱∶我们没有任何事情值得害怕，除了害怕本身。每个人都你看我我看你，点着头……
罗斯福∶让我们团结起来……
柏莱∶……当他说“我的朋友们”，每个人都觉得他就在和自己说话，自己就是他的一个朋友，是他的一个子民。我想，这是我有生之年听到的公众演讲中最庄严的时刻之一。我曾听过出色律师的辩论，我自己也曾做过一些非常不错的演讲，但没有一次能和这一刻相提并论--在桥底下，货运火车呼啸着穿过桥--他的声音传到朋友们的耳朵里，直击心灵最深处的恐惧。
在1936年竞选连任的时候，罗斯福对欢呼的民众说：“你们看起来比四年前的今天要高兴多了”，事实的确如此。
注释:
1) Roaring Twenties: 指一战后美国兴旺的二十世纪二十年代。
2) wipe out: （非正式）喝醉 作此义解时只用于be wiped out这一结构
3) Herbert Hoover: 赫伯特·胡佛(1874-1964)，美国第31任总统(1929-1933)。
4) synonymous a. 同义的
5) shanty n. 简陋小屋
6) Hooverville: 指在大萧条时期无处可去的穷人在桥下用废料建的贫民窟。
7) wire v. 拍电报
8) Roosevelt: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福（1882-1945），美国第32届总统（1933-1945）。
9) unanimous a. 意见一致的
10) aristocratic a. 贵族的
11) the century’s first president: 这里指Theodore Roosevelt，西奥多·罗斯福（1858-1919），美国第26届总统（1901-1909）。
12) polio n. 同polio-myelitis，小儿麻痹症
13) landslide n. 山崩
14) resonance n. 共鸣，回声
15) forensic a. 公开辩论的，法院的
16) freight n. 货物，货运
★★《2003年07月号-第41期-Disc01-13》★★
Lady
Lady, I’m your 1)knight in 2)shining 3)armor and I love you
You have made me what I am and I am yours
My love, there’s so many ways I want to say I love you
Let me hold you in my arms forever more
You have gone and made me such a fool
I’m so lost in your love
And oh, we belong together
Won’t you believe in my song?
Lady, for so many years I thought I’d never find you
You have come into my life and made me whole
Forever let me wake to see you each and every morning
Let me hear you 4)whisper softly in my ear
In my eyes I see no one else but you
There’s no other love like our love
And yes, oh yes, I’ll always want you near me
I’ve waited for you for so long
Lady, your love’s the only love I need
And beside me is where I want you to be
‘Cause, my love, there’s somethin’ I want you to know
You’re the love of my life, you’re my lady
女士
女士，我就是你的白马骑士，我爱你
没有你怎会有我的今天，我是你的
我的爱，我想用好多种方式表达出对你的爱
让我永远拥你入怀
你的离开，让我不知所措
我迷失在你的爱中
哦，我们属于彼此
我的歌难道还不能让你明白吗？
女士，多少年来，我没想到能找到你
你出现在我的生活中，让我完整
希望永永远远，醒来的每个早晨都能看到你
倾听你在我耳边的柔声细语
我的眼中只有你，没别人
没有什么爱能比得上我们的爱
是的，噢，是的，我希望你永远都在我身边
我等了你那么久
女士，我只需要你的爱
我想有你在身旁
因为，我的爱，我想让你知道
你就是我一生的爱，你是我的女士
注释:
1) knight n. 骑士，武士
2) shining a. 光亮的，华丽的
3) armor n. 装甲
4) whisper v. 细语，低语
★★《2003年07月号-第41期-Disc02-01》★★
News Spotlight (4)
News 1: 政治
In Canada, Quebec's pro-independence party has suffered a 1)setback. Partial results show the Party Quebecois has lost its bid for a third straight term in the 125-member National Assembly. Incomplete results also show Liberal Party candidates winning 65 races and leading eight others. Election observers predicted that a win for the Parti Quebecois would lead to another 2)referendum on independence. A 1995 referendum, to separate French-speaking Quebec from the rest of Canada, failed by less than a percentage point.
News 2: 政治
An Argentine lawyer, Luis Moreno Ocampo, has been appointed as the first 3)prosecutor of the new 4)International Criminal Court. Mr. Moreno Ocampo made his name in the 1980's when he helped prosecute the former leaders of Argentina's military government for human rights abuses.
News 3: 经济
Phillip Morris got a partial 5)reprieve when an Illinois judge cut in half the amount of money that the nation's biggest cigarette maker must 6)come up with to begin appealing a 10.1 billion dollar 7)verdict. The judge ordered the tobacco giant to deposit six billion dollars in 8)escrow to begin its appeal. The company had previously faced paying a 12 billion dollar appeal bond.
Now the accounting 9)probe into HealthSouth could widen beyond the nine former executives who reached 10)plea agreements with the government, The Wall Street Journal, reporting that additional plea agreements could be reached by the middle of the week. Meantime, the 11)hearing on whether to unfreeze former Chairman and CEO Richard Scrushy's assets continuing in Birmingham.
Some big changes at the company formerly known as Worldcom. The second-largest U.S. long-distance company, is 12)dumping its name for a familiar one, M.C.I., and it will also shift its headquarters from Mississippi to Virginia. Worldcom filed for bankruptcy last year amid a growing accounting scandal. Now the company says it will come out of bankruptcy later this year with debt of about four billion dollars. It had more than thirty billion dollars in debt when it filed for 13)Chapter Eleven.
News 4: 科技
History's in the making when an international group of scientists unveiled what's 14)dubbed, "The Book of Life? or the complete map of the human 15)genome. The research is widely expected to revolutionize biology and medicine. The completed map of the human genetic code was finished two years after a rough draft of the code was published. The data, which is said to be 99.9 percent accurate, has been uploaded into a public database for the benefit of all humanity.
Dr. Robert Waterston (International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium): After three billion years of evolution, and several years of work by this 16)coalition, we have before us the instruction set that carries each of us from a one-celled egg, to adulthood, to the grave.
Scientists said that the work done in final year of sequencing the human genome proved wrong an earlier notion that some human DNA was 17)junk.
Dr. Eric Lander (Whitehead Institute): Even regions that we thought were quite unimportant, we're finding out some of them are perfect duplications that make new copies of existing genes 18)embedded with them, and they become nurseries for new genes.
There are high expectations the complete map of the human genome, will, in future, revolutionize research into preventing, diagnosing, and treating disease from Parkinson's to cancer.
News 5: 社会
Gunmen, armed with an AK-47 rifle and a handgun, had opened fire in yet another high school shooting in the U.S. A fifteen-year-old boy died and three other students were injured in the assault in New Orleans. Two hundred students who were inside a 19)gymnasium had to scramble for cover when the gunmen went on a 20)rampage, apparently targeting the victim in revenge for an earlier shooting. The police arrested four suspects near the scene shortly afterwards.
News 6: 体育
