222 One常可与一名词连用，表示时间，这时常不加介词。
I saw him one morning（or afternoon，evening）．（但I saw him on a spring morning，on a July evening．）
I saw him one day．
I shall see him some（or one）day．
有时可用在人名前表示“某一个”。
I was introduced to one Doctor Johnson．
I met one Mr．Lee（or a Mr．Lee）（=a certain person）．
C．Other，Else
223 Other可有几种形式：
Another（单数形容词）student is coming．
Another（单数代词）is coming．
Other（复数形容词）students are coming．
Others（复数代词）are coming．
1．Other作代词的用法。
224 Another是单数形式，表示“另一个”或“再一个”。
To talk is one thing，to practise is another（=a different thing）．
I want another（=one more）．
He is a fool，and you are another（=also a fool）．
225 Another可表示“第一个”，others表示“另一些（另外几个）”。
One of his seven brothers is in Hong Kong，and another（=a second）is in Singapore．（未提其他兄弟）
One of his seven brothers is in Hong Kong，and others（=two to five）are in Singapore．
Some men say this，others（or some）say that．Still others say something else．
One man says this，another says that，and what do many others say?
Others或other前面若加the，就表示“所有其他的”或“另外那个”。
I have four dogs．（The）One is white，and the others（=three）are black．（All the rest are black．）
We have English and mathematics．The one（=The former=English）seems easier than the other（=the latter=mathematics）．
I have two cats．One is large，and the other（不能说another）is small．
One of my brothers is in Hongkong，and the others（=all the rest）are in Singapore．
Some（or Four）of the students are diligent，and the others are lazy．（只有两类学生）
Another有时和third，fourth等词一起用。
He has four children：One is blind，another（or a second）is deaf，a third is lame，the fourth is dumb．
226 Or other常可和另一代词或名词一起用，有多种意思。
Somebody or other（=This，that or another man）must do it．（总要有人干，不管是谁。）
Some one of us or other will do it．（我们中总会有人干的。）
You must do something or other（=at least one thing，no matter what it is）．（你总得有点行动。）
He does some evil or other．（他干过这样那样的坏事。）
We shall die some time or other，some day or other（=sooner or later迟早），somewhere or other．（在某个地方死掉）
You must finish the work somehow or other．（以某种方式干完）
Even if you have done nothing wrong，you will be punished for one or other（of the）reasons．（总会有理由受惩罚）
The staff members may leave the office by one or other（of the）doors．（随便从哪个门离开）
The two students sang one after the other（=alternately）．
227 One after another可以表示“轮番”或“一个接一个地”。
When a man walks，he moves his arms to and fro，and lifts one leg after the other．
The ships passed one after another（=One ship passed after another）．
Her four sons were killed in war one after another．
228 Each other表示“相互”。
The boy and the girl loved each other．（=He loved her and she loved him．）
The five brothers fight one another（or each other）．
229 Other than常可用在否定句中，表示“除了……不……”。
He can do no other（thing）（=do no otherwise）than laugh．（=He cannot but laugh．）
Don't give him other than what he wants．（=Don't give him things that he doesn't want．）
He could not be other than a tyrant．（=He must be one．）
It is something other than genuine（=not genuine）．
I cannot speak to him other（or otherwise）than angrily．［比较：Nobody says she is otherwise than（=not）pretty．］
2．Other作形容词的用法。
230 和every连用，表示“每……一次”。
We have grammar every other day（=every second day）．
Women sat on every other chair．
Every other tree was cut down．
Use another pen（rather）than this．（=Use another，but don't use this．）
231 Than也可和other一起用，表示“只……不……”。
He uses no other pens（or no pens other）than this．（=He uses only this．）
Come in other months（rather）than in February．（但：Come in any month except in February．）
He went to other places（or places other）than the pub．
3．Else作副词的用法。
232 Else从不用作代词，只作副词，意思是“还有……（其他）……”，这时不再用other。
a．常和疑问词一起使用。
What else（不能说Other what）do you want?
Who else has seen it?
Which else do you like?
When else（=At what other time）can you accompany me?
How else（=In what other way）can you help me?
b．和一些合成代词一起用。
Someone else（=some other person）has seen it．
He saw something else（=Some other thing）than what she showed him．
He has to make a living somewhere else（=in some other place）．
He saw nobody else（=no other person）and nothing else（=no other thing）than an old man and his hut．
Everybody else spoke ill of him，but he cared about his profit and ignored everything else．
He hates anybody else and anything else．He loves money alone．
There is little else to enjoy，not much else to see．There are only a few monkeys in this park．
D．Some
1．Some作形容词的用法。
233 Some表示“某个（些）”或“一些”。
He needs some（=I don't know exactly what）book．（单数普通名词）
He needs some（=I don't know how many）books．（复数普通名词）
He needs some（=I don't know how much）money．（物质名词）
He needs some（=I don't know what degree of）help．（抽象名词）
Some可和几类名词一起用，表示几种意思。No和any的用法也相似。
He needs no book（no books，no money，no help）．
He does not need any book（any books，any money，any help）．
234 一个名词如果表示任何数量的东西，或不考虑数量，前面可以不加some。
I like apples and tea（=any apples and any tea）．
Apples（or Tea）are（or is）an important product．
要表示一定数量的东西时，名词前面需加some。
Please give me some tea．
The water contains some salt．
He has some money．
I have bought（or brought）some apples home．
I met some friends on the street．
He knows some businessmen．
I saw some cities of this country．
如指“大量的……”，名词前也不加some。
There is water in this well．
There are apples in the tree．
但：There is some water in the glass．（少量的）
Some apples were placed on the table．
在表示对比时，名词前也不加some。
He bought tea，milk，and coffee．
I drink tea，I don't drink coffee．
但：I should like to drink some tea．
Would you like to have some milk?
在用作表（补）语时，名词前不必加some。
This is milk．
They became students．
但：There is some milk．（作主语）
There are some students．
Some students are coming．
注意点在别处时，名词前也不加some。
I read novels for amusement．
I gave her chocolate in order to please her．
但：I am reading some novels．
I gave her some chocolate．
235 可和复数名词一起用，表示“某些”。
Some men are honest；some malicious；some prudent．
Some men are honest；others are not．
236 Some可以表示“相当数量或程度的”。
I have waited for some（=a long）time．
He has some（=not a few）dollars in his pocket．
He did it with some（=great）difficulty．
He is some（=a wonderful）scholar．
That is some（=an important）case．
That seems to be some war．
There is something（worthy of notice）in his remark．
Is he（a）somebody（=a person worthy of notice）? No，he is（a）nobody（=a man unworthy of notice）．
He is something in our city．
I have a something（=a small gift）for you．
237 Some也可表示“一定程度的”。
He is something（or somewhat）of a doctor．（=He has some ability as a doctor．）
It is something（or somewhat）of a salvation（or a blessing）with me．（=It is，in some degree，a salvation or a blessing with me．）
I think him something of an engineer．
He has gone through something of a crisis．
比较：He is nothing of（=not）a doctor，but much of（=quite）a quack．
238 Some可以和time（s）构成合成词，或一起使用，意思各有不同。
“How often does he go to the movies?” “He goes sometimes（有时），about twice a month．”
“When did he go?” “He went sometime（=at some time）last month，and will go again sometime soon．”
“How long did he watch the movies?” “He watched the movies（for）some time，less than an hour，and then left the house．”
239 Something，somebody可表示某个说不出确切名字的东西或人。
Mr．Something will come．（I forget his name．）
You ask John something to come?
You can eat bananas，pineapples，cakes，bread，or something（like that）（=or something which I don't know exactly）．（诸如此类的东西）
I met John，Wang and somebody．（和一些别人）
可代替一个形容词。
He is selfish，cunning and something．（等等）
可代替一个副词。
I put the umbrella in the corner or somewhere．（或是什么别的地方）
也可代替一个谓语或动词。
He quarrelled with his brother or something（like that）（=or did something of the same sort）．
2．Some作代词的用法。
240 在用作代词时，可以说省略了一个名词（以避免重复）。
“Would you have any milk?” “I would like to have some（=some milk）．”
There are many streets in this city，but some（=some streets）are narrow and dirty．
3．Some作副词的用法。
241 Some可用作副词，表示“大约”“左右”。
It is some five o'clock（about five o'clock）．
He comes some once a week（about once a week）．
He has some（=about）fifteen children．
He is some（=somewhat）better now．
He has some hundred（=about one hundred）books．
He has some hundreds of（=two，or three，or four，...hundred）books．
He has walked some mile（=about one mile）．（作形容词）
He has come some half a dozen times．
I slept some（=a little）last night．（美国用法）
242 Something也可用作副词，表示“在某种程度上”。
He is something（=somewhat）dreadful．
This is something easier than that．
It something astonished me．
He stood something behind me．
He is something taller than you．
He died something less than a week ago．
243 试比较下列句子：
“Do you want a dog?” “I want one（泛指，单数）．”
“But I do not want any（泛指，单数，否定）．”
“Do you want any dogs?” “I want some（泛指，复数）．”
“But I do not want any（泛指，复数，否定）．”
“Do you want that dog（or his dog）?”“I want it（特指，单数）．” “But I don't want it．”
“Do you want those dogs（or his dogs）?” “I want them（特指，复数）．” “But I don't want them．”
Do you love a dog（or dogs）?I love it（or them）（=any dog，all dogs）（泛指）．（不说one或ones）
I have no dictionary，and I should like to buy one，because it（作主语）is useful to me．
I have no dictionaries，and I should like to buy some，because they（作主语）are useful to me．
Here are some apples．You can take a ripe one（单数，前面有形容词），but there are not many ripe ones（复数，前面有形容词）to choose．
E．Each
Each作形容词、代词或副词。
244 Each表示两个或更多人或东西中的一个，逐一加以考虑。
He spoke to all the students．（集体）
He spoke to every student（所有同学毫无例外，比all意思更强）．
He spoke to each student．（逐一地）
245 Each可指两者中的一个或更多中的一个。
Each（or Either）（不能说Every one）of his hands held a book．（He held two books．）
Each（or Every）（不能说Either）student was doing his exercise.（There were more than two students．）
246 下面5句话意思基本上相同：
Each student must have a text-book．
Each of the students must have a text-book．
The students must each（of them）have text-books．
The students each must have text-books．
Wang，Chen，Lee and Lu must each have text-books．
247 Each可指每个人或东西各自的情况。
The apples cost twenty cents each．（=The apples each cost twenty cents．）
The twenty robbers had each a gun．
The students came with each a book in their hands．
248 Each可以用来指宾语，也可用来指主语。
We gave the beggars two dollars each（=for each beggar）．（Every beggar got two dollars．）
We each（=Each of us）gave the beggars two dollars．（Each of us gave two．）
249 如果各自有不同情况，则不能用each，而须用respective（ly）。
John and David paid respective sums of $250 and $300．
John and David live respectively in A Street and B Street．（John lives in A Street，and David in B）．
250 Each other还可用作宾语或用于所有格，但不能用作主语。
They（Two or more persons）loved each other（or one another）．
They stared at each other（宾语）．
They respect each other's（所有格）fathers．
They clasped each other's hands．
They know each other's thought．
We know what each other（主语）likes．（错误）
但each可用作主语。
Each of us knows what the other（s）like（s）．（正确）
Each（or They each）loved the other．（=They loved each other．）
Each stared at the other．（=They stared at each other．）
Each respects the other's father．（=They respect each other's fathers．）
The sisters should each of them love the other．
F．Any
1．Any作形容词的用法。
251 Any可用来修饰任何类的名词，表示“任何……”。
I don't want any friend，any friends，any money，any assistance．
252 在肯定句中，any表示的意思很强烈，即“不管哪个”。
Any child could do that．
Any thing may be said among friends．
Control your temper at any cost．
You can read any book you like．
Any有时还可和另一词一起用，进一步强调自身的意思。
You can study any subject whatever．
Any man alive is better than this rascal．
I can meet any circumstances，however difficult．
He loves her more than any girl on earth．
Any mortal man may make a mistake．
Any slightest trouble will make me sleepless．
Any monarch，however great，will die．
Any thing，however trivial，is useful．
Any person，however evil，can be a good man．
253 Any有时表示“极大”“极好”“极坏”之类的意思。
There is any amount of rice in Thailand．
There came any number of children．
There is any liquor in this restaurant．
You can find any scholar in this city．
There was any gangster in the teahouse．
254 Any常常可用来强调一个否定词或一个否定概念。
I do not like any child．（否定词可以是副词）
He can hardly see anything．
He seldom（=not often）talks with any girl．
Nobody said anything．（否定词为形容词）
Few men know any science in Africa．（Not many men know...）
I find it difficult（=not easy）to do any business．
He ceased to send me any money．（He no more sent...）（否定词为动词）
We're forbidden to use any slang．（We are not allowed to...）
I am prevented from making any mistakes．
I am too sad to do anything（=so sad that I cannot do anything）．
He is unable to say anything．（否定由词头表示）
He is fearless of any danger．（否定由词尾表示）
He passed the exam without any difficulty．（否定由介词表示）
Only Mary（=Nobody else）can cook any food．（否定意义由其他词表示）
In this capital alone（=In no other places）can one find any hotel．
This is the best book any man can write．（Nobody can write any better．）
That is all any one can say．（Nobody can say any more．）
255 Any常常用在一般疑问句（即可以用yes，no回答的疑问句）中，加在名词前作为问句的重心。
Do you read any newspaper?（问句的重心在newspaper）
Do you read the newspaper of any foreign country?
Has anyone read the newspaper of today?
Will you give me any information?
Can any one help him out of his trouble?
Can you help any one out of his trouble?
Can you help him out of any trouble?
I ask whether you read any newspaper．（=I ask，“Do you read any newspaper?”）（一般问句可以变为名词从句，由whether或if引起）
I ask whether any one can help him out of his trouble．
I didn't know if（=whether）you could help him out of any trouble．
256 Any还常常用在条件从句或短语中。
If you want any novels，I will lend you some．
Take this gun with you in case any accident should happen．
No man who（=if he）has any ability will be discouraged．
I should be glad to see（=if I could see）any old friend．
257 还有一些词意思几乎和any相同，但带有感情色彩。
One cannot do a blessed thing．（否定句）
Don't tell it to living mortal．
You can't let mortal man see it．
I have not the least idea．
Can you do an earthly thing?（一般问句）
Could you get the slightest help from him?
Have you the faintest hope?
