258 一般问句中，有时也可用some，这时有较肯定的意义。
Will you have any coffee?（一般情况下，问是否要咖啡）
Will you have some coffee?（希望你喝点咖啡）
Would you do anything for me?（不知你是否愿意）
Would you do something for me?（希望你会帮忙）
259 在否定句中使用any要小心，不要在否定词前用。
He does not like any girl．（not—any）（正确，R）
Any girl does not like him．（any—not）（错误，W）
No girl likes him．（R）
The patient has hardly eaten any food．（hardly—any）（R）
Any food hardly interests the patient．（any—hardly）（W）
Hardly any food interests the patient．（R）
2．Any作代词的用法。
260 Any用作代词时，等于把后面的名词省略。
He has lots of cars and servants，but I have not any（=any cars and servants）．
I can see many，many stars，but can you see any（=any stars）?
He will spend all his money，if he has any．
Mistakes in grammar are unavoidable，but few of my students commit any．
Can any（=any worker）of the workers believe what his boss says?
Can any（=any persons）believe it?
I can't say any（=anything）more．
3．Any作副词的用法。
261 Any可以用作副词，表示程度，可用在否定句、一般问句、条件句或一些其他情况。
He didn't run any（=in any way）faster than you．（否定句）
I cannot help you any．
He never slept any．
Is he any better?（一般问句）
“Is he any worse for his poverty?” “No，he is nothing worse．”
If I were to wait any longer，I should be late．（条件句）
He is not a scientist any more than I．（=I am not a scientist，nor is he．）
Is he any less cruel than a tyrant?（=He is as cruel as a tyrant.）
He is anything between 20 and 30．（大致在20—30岁之间）
You can do it anyhow（=in any way）．（anyhow为副词）
He does his work anyhow（=carelessly）．
I will write anyhow（=anyway，in any case）．
You can eat anywhere（=in any place）.
He is anywhere between 30 and 50（or from 30 to 50）．
G．No，Not，None
1．No作形容词的用法。
262 No可以修饰各种类型的名词。
He has no（=not any）wife，no friends，no money，no hope．
263 当主语为两个由no修饰的名词时，动词用单数形式。
No TV and no radio is（不是are）necessary for me．（但：A TV and a radio are necessary．）
No boy and no girl is admitted．
264 No和not都可构成否定句，但意思有些差别。
There is no person，not a（较强调）person，not a single（最强调）person in the house．
No（or Not a，Not a single）customer came．
I have no（or not a，not a single）house in this area．
Not a drop of rain has fallen．（“Not a＋可数名词＋of＋不可数名词”是表示比较强调的形式）
Not a morsel of food has he eaten．
He does not know a word of English．
I have not got a wink of sleep．
He has no patience at all，no patience whatever（or whatsoever），not the least patience．（这是另一些表示强调的否定形式）
He has no ghost of（=not）an idea about love．
There is no more milk．（用no时较文气）
There is not any more milk．（not any是口语化说法）
I want nothing to eat．
I don't want anything to eat．
He can find his keys nowhere．
He cannot find his keys anywhere．
I think of him as no friend of mine．
I do not think of him as any friend of mine．
He sent it to nobody．
He did not send it to anybody．
He is in no position to help you．
He is not in any position to help you．
Say it no more．
Don't say it any more．
265 在简短回答中，no比not any更好一些。
Where is he going? Nowhere．（比not anywhere更好）
What did he say? Nothing．（比not anything更好）
Who knows it? Nobody．
Which of the two is right? Neither．
How many（or much）do you want? None．
266 No也可用在某些类型的句子中，有比较强调的意义。
There is no comparison between the two．（=It is impossible to make any comparison between the two．）
There is no arguing with him．（=It is impossible to argue with him．）
There is no denying that the earth is round．
No talking in class．（=One should not talk in class．）
No smoking here．
No chance（or No way，No dice，No deal）．（=Impossible．）
No admittance except on business．
No dogs（or No children）are allowed.
267 可以和or一起用，表示“不管……还是……”。
Success or no success（=whether I shall succeed or not），I will try．
Rain or no rain（=whether it rains or not），come tomorrow．
Be ready，rumour or no rumour（=whether it is a rumour or not）．
King or no king（=whether he is a king or not），he must give us freedom．
上面的no success也可改为not，no rain也可改为none。
2．No作副词的用法。
268 No可用在简短回答中。
Do you see it? No（=I don't see it）．
Don't you see it? No（=I don't see it）．
Don't you see it? Yes（=I see it）．
Hasn't he come? No（=He hasn't come）．
Hasn't he come? Yes（=He has come）．
May I smoke? Yes（=You may）．
Would you mind my smoking? No（=I wouldn't mind=You may smoke）．
269 No也常常用在比较级前。
He is no richer than（=as poor as）me．
比较：He is not richer than me．（Both are rich．）
He has no more than（=as little as）five dollars．
He owes me no less than（=as much as）a thousand dollars．
He is no better a scholar than a schoolboy（=as ignorant as a schoolboy）．
She sings no better than（=as poorly as）a crow．
He is no less attacked by his friends than by his enemies．
No fewer than a hundred persons were present．
He can no more drive a car than I can fly．（=He cannot drive a car just as I cannot fly．）
I can do no less（or no more）than（=cannot but）laugh．
270 No可以和more连用，意思接近neither（也不）。
Nobody can do it，no more can I（不是I can）．（=I can do it no more than anybody．=Nobody can do it，neither can I．）
He did not tremble，no more did I．（=I trembled no more than he．）
John is not silly，no more is Mary．
271 No otherwise也是一个短语，表示“只是”“不会其他”。
He is no otherwise afraid than（=only afraid）of his lessons．
He does no otherwise than（=nothing but）eat and sleep．
He will become a beggar，and no otherwise（=definitely）．
272 Whether...or no和whether or not意思差不多，多用在名词从句中。
I do not know whether he is well again or no（or or not）．
I will inquire whether he will come or no．
I do not know whether or no（or not）he is well again．
I will inquire whether or no he will come．
It is a question of whether he likes it or no．
Whether or no（or not）he will agree is unknown．
You should not be angry whether you are right or no（or or not）．（Whether...or no在这里引出的是一个表示让步的状语从句）
You should not be angry whether or no（or not）you are right．
273 Nothing可以用作副词，表示“一点也不”“绝不”。
I care（or think）nothing（or little）about it．
He is nothing discouraged．
This helps us nothing（=never helps us，concerns us nothing）．
This is nothing less than（=equal to）robbery．
It is nothing easier．
This is nothing（like）（=not at all）so easy as that．
比较:Nobody else is anything（like）（=in any way）so honest as he．
Nothing much has been said．
Nothing very much has happened．
He is nothing better than before．
3．Not作副词的用法。
274 Not可和谓语动词连用，表示否定，前面须有can，may，must，shall，will，do这类助动词。
He cannot come．He will not understand．You should not tell a lie．You must not do that．
They not know．John not saw it．（错误）
They do not know．John did not see it．（正确）
I know not．Fear not．（陈旧说法）
275 在表示对比时，有些部分中的not前可以不带助动词。
He found the country not peaceful，but turbulent．（对比）
They did not find the country peaceful．（不做对比）
He came not on Sunday，but on Monday．（对比）
He did not come on Sunday．（不做对比）
He is attacked not only from outside，but also from inside．
在修饰谓语后的另一动词时，not可直接使用，不带助动词。
He came not to borrow．（修饰to borrow）
比较：He did not come to borrow．（not修饰整个谓语）
We gathered not to discuss money matter．
He decided not to say anything．
not后面跟有a，the least，the slightest等词时，无须加助动词。
He lost not a moment．
He said（or answered）not a word．
Not a rat stirred．
He took not the least notice of your remarks．
He paid not the slightest attention to her．
He had not the smallest doubt．
I uttered not a single syllable．
He paused not once for breath．
The incident mattered not a bit.
He hesitated not a moment（=never hesitated）．
There is not a hint（or glimmer）of hope，not a suggestion（or suspicion）of wind，not a flicker of courage，not an ounce of justice．
276 Not和have，will等助动词可以构成两种否定结构，有时意思不尽相同。
She hasn't done it．（=I deny that she has done it．）
She's not done it．（=I assert that she has not done it．）
He won't be happy．（=I deny that he will be happy．）
He'll not be happy．（=I assert that he will not be happy．）
277 Not可在反意问句中构成附加问句（Tag Question），前面部分为肯定句时，后面才可用否定的附加问句。
You understand，don't you?（助动词＋not＋代词）
比较：You don't understand，do you?［前面为否定句时，后面为“助动词＋代词”（肯定的附加问句）］。
Mary will come，won't she?（前面为肯定句，后面为“助动词＋not＋代词”，这时表示她可能会来）
比较：Mary won't come，will she?（前面为否定句，后面为“助动词＋代词”，表示她可能不来）
John can see it，can't he?
比较：John can hardly see it，can he?
278 有时可用not引起短语，代表整个句子。
“Is he angry?” “Not at all（=He is not at all angry）．”
“What is the girl like?” “Not pretty．”
“Is he happy?” “Not exactly（or Not really）．”
“Has he arrived?” “Probably not（=He has probably not arrived）．”
“Has Lee made any mistake?” “Certainly not．”
比较：“Is he angry?” “No．”（No也可起同样作用，可以单独使用，not却不能单独使用）
279 有时not可代表一个否定的名词从句。
“Is he ill?” “I suppose not（=that he is not ill）．”
“Can he come tomorrow?” “I think not（=that he cannot come tomorrow）．”
I hope not．I should imagine not．I am afraid not．It seems not．
比较：“Is he ill?” “I suppose so（=that he is ill）．”
“Can he come tomorrow?” “I think so（=that he can come tomorrow）．”
280 在否定回答中，not有时放在主语前面。
“Are you angry with him?” “Not I．”（=I am not angry with him．）
“Will it rain?” “Not it．”
“I think you can do it．”“Not we（or us）．”
“Do you love her?” “Not I（or me）．”（口语中多用us或me）
281 否定句有时为了强调加以重复，可把not放在主语前面，把其他部分省略。
He will never resign，not he．
John can't marry a widow，not he.
282 在重复的否定句中，not后面可跟副词、状语短语或从句。
He will not come，not tomorrow．
He will never give up gambling，not until his death（or not until he dies）．
He did not work，not in the afternoon（or not when he felt tired）．
He hardly works，neither at night nor in the daytime．
283 Not that...but that...可用来引起两个并列的句子，表示“不是……而是……”。
Not that（=It is not true that）he wants to help me，but that（=but it is true that）he needs my help．
Not that I intended to kill anyone，but that I must defend myself．
284 Not还可构成一些表示强调的否定短语。
She is not a bit（or a jot，a whit）silly．
I am not at all（or in the least）happy．
She is not nearly so pretty as her sister．
He will not for the world accept the bribe．
Greg can not ever（=never）learn．
I cannot believe it for one moment．
Do not on any account get angry．
They do not care a fig（or a straw，a jot，a bean，a button）．
He did not regret a tittle（or a rush）．
She did not worry a bit（or a scrap，a pin）．
The child did not flinch a hair．
This medicine does not cure my son a doit（or a farthing）．
We will not retreat an inch．
It is not worth a damn（or a cent，a darn，a curse，two hoots）．
注：fig，straw，hoot这类词大多可以互换使用。
285 有些not引出的短语有肯定的意思。
He is not a little（=very much）surprised．
He has not a few（=many）houses．
He has done it not without（=with）reason．
Not infrequently（=Very often）did he quarrel with her．
Not once or twice（=Many times）has he made mistakes．
The trip takes nowhere near（or nothing like）（=much less than）ten days．
Is it worth anything like（=as much as）14 dollars?
286 一个否定句，由于说话人重读的不同，有时可有不同的意思。
Máry didn't study English with Professor White．（Somebody else did，but not Mary．）
Mary didn't stúdy English with Professor White．（She merely talked about it，but didn't study it．）
Mary didn't study Énglish with Professor White．（She studied French，but not English．）
Mary didn't study English with Professor ．（She did study English，but with another professor．）
287 Not在句中的位置有时比较灵活，在带有宾语从句之类结构的从句中，not可放在前面，也可放在后面。
I do not think（or say）that he is right．（否定意义较缓和，用得比较多）
I think（or say）that he is not right．（否定意义更强些）
It did not seem that he knew Japanese．（使用更普遍些）
It seemed he did not know Japanese．
He does not seem to know it．（比He seems not to know it．用得多些）
下面句子似乎更自然一些：
He did not happen to see John．
He did not come to see me．
I don't believe（or suppose，reckon）he can get over the difficulty．I don't expect（or imagine）that he can live again．
但应说：I hope he will not get ill again．
288 No和not都可构成否定句，但有时两者意义不尽相同。
He is not a scholar（or genius，millionaire）．（He may be an ordinary man．）
He is no scholar（or genius，millionaire）．（=He is illiterate，dull or poor．）（名词前加no有时表示相反的意义）
He is not a match for you．
He is no match for you．（=He is certainly not a match for you．比上句强调意味更浓一些）
This is no time for quarrelling．
This is no place for girls．
It is no joke，no trifle（=very serious）．
I like a man of no common（=a very peculiar）type，a politician of no little（=very much）humour．
下面句子都表示肯定意义，甚至积极意义：
To my no little astonishment，he suddenly died．
To the no small delight of my brother，I won the game．
I know no few politicians．
I am no little pleased．
It added no little（=much）to his pride．
He talked no little．
He is no little of a diplomat．
No few（=Many）of them were puzzled．
No few friends speak ill of him．
4．None作代词的用法。
289 None可用来代替各类名词。
Something is better than none（=nothing）．
We seek peace but find none（=no peace）．
Have you any money? No，I have none（=no money）．
Have you any dictionaries? I have none（=no dictionaries）．
None（指人）came yesterday．
None（指事物）can be done．
No one（仅仅指人）said that．
290 有时有下面用法：
Gold and silver I have none．（=I have no gold and silver．）（较文气说法）
Friends I have none in the city．
Coffee? There is none left．
Friends there are none to help me．
Inn for travellers there is none．
291 None常可和of短语连用，在句中起多种作用。
None（作主语）of us understand his purpose．
I see none（作及物动词的宾语）of them．
Speak to none（作介词的宾语）of the girls．
Is she a nurse? She is none（作补语）of those things．
292 None可以和but或other than连用。
None but（=No one except）a genius can write it．
I have spoken to none but（=nobody except）you．
The murderer is none other than（=none but）John．
293 None of和复数可数名词一起作主语时，动词可用复数形式或单数形式。
None of our friends are（or is）in Hong Kong．（但不可说All of our friends are not in Hong Kong．）
None of them are（or is）honest．（不可说All of them are not honest．）
294 也可用none of短语表示强调。
He is none of our friends（=by no means a friend of ours）．
He is none of your rascals．（=He is not one of your rascals．）
This is none of your business．
He shall be none of my son．（=He shall never be my son．）
You can do none of this．
I have given him none of my help.
（I will have）None of your impudence（or your jokes）!
He is none of the richest（=not at all rich，very poor）．
His family is none of the happiest（=very unhappy）．
