What though（=What will or would happen though）he failed?
“You will lose all you have gained．” “What then?”（那又怎么样?）
“You love Lily?” “So what?” or “Well，What of it?”（那怎么啦?）
What do you say to his project?（对他的建议你有何想法?）
What do you think of this demonstration?
What is the point（=What is the meaning）of asking me such questions?
What is behind（=What is hidden behind）this change of policy?
Did you see Mr．what-d'-you-call-him（用来代替一个想不起来的名字）?
Dr．what's-his-name says I am all right．
I will speak to Miss what-d'-you-call-her．
Could you lend me what-d'-you-call-it?
He came from what's-its-name state．
C．Which
365 Which可用作主语、宾语、介词宾语或定语。
Which（of these）（作主语）interests you?（What of all interests you?）（which指有限数量的东西中的一个，what却不受限制）
Which（作动词宾语）do you want? Which（of these）do you like best?
Which（作介词宾语）are you looking at? Which can we do without?
Which（作定语）sister is the more intelligent?
D．Where
366 Where只能用作地点副词，表示“到哪里”或“在哪里”。
Where（=To what place）is he going，running，driving?
Where（=At what place）is he staying，learning，playing?
“Why don't you go?” “Go where?”
E．When
367 When可用作时间副词，表示“什么时候”。
When can I see you again?
When will he begin the work?
When did you arrive?
When will he go again?
F．How
368 How为方式副词，表示“如何”“怎样”。
How can I do it?
How（=In what way）will you settle the problem?
How do you make it?
How do you call it?（=What do you call it?）
How about the game?（引起话题）
How（or What）about（=What would you say to）a cup of tea?
How do you like（or feel about）this war film?
How's life（or everything，it going，Auntie）?How're things?（问候语）
“How do you do?”—“How do you do?”（初次见面时套语，英国说法）
How's your new car?（=How do you like it?）
What's your new car like?（Please describe it．）
How come（=Why is it that）everybody looks at you?
Everything has changed．How so?
How is it that you still remember her?
G．What
369 What可用作副词，表示“到什么程度”。
What（=How much）（as intensive adverb）do I care even though I am poor?
What does this small thing matter?—It matters much．
What matters this small thing?
What does it signify whether he is rich or poor?—It signifies little．
二、疑问词在各种问句中的用法
A．在强调疑问句中的用法
370 在对一个问句的某部分进行强调时可用强调疑问句。
Who is it that teaches you to smoke?（通常说Who teaches you to smoke?）
What is it that you are doing?（通常说What are you doing?）
Which is it that you want?
Where was it that he learned to curse?
When was it that I ever said so?
How was it that he learned the secret?
Why is it that you should abandon her?
B．在带情绪疑问句中的用法
371 在表示不耐烦情绪时，what等后面可加ever或其他东西，下列句子越往下表示的情绪越强烈。
Whoever（或Who ever）said so?（这是谁说的?）
Whatever（or What ever）did you say?（你到底说的是什么?）
What on earth（or in the creation，in the world，under the sun）did you say?（你到底说了些什么?）
Which in the name of reason（or fortune，common sense）do you decide to choose?（你究竟打算选哪一个?）
What in heaven's name（or in the name of wonder，in thunder）have you done?（你究竟干了些什么?）
What earthly thing are you doing now?（你这会儿到底在干什么?）
Where the devil（or the dickens，the deuce）is he going?（他想到哪里去了?）
When the hell will you pay me?（你到底什么时候还我钱?）
Why the blazes are you so late?（你怎么来得这么晚?）
What the plague（or the mischief）are you talking about?（你在说些什么屁话?）
What a plague is he doing?（他到底在干什么?）
这类句子很难译为汉语，上面译文只是想给大家一点启发，不一定合适。
C．在形式疑问句中的用法
372 有些问句只是对别人说话的反应，并不要求回答，也让人无法回答。
Who can fly in the air?（=Nobody can fly in the air．）（谁能飞呀?）
Who cares?（=Nobody cares．）（谁管啦?）
What else would you say?（=You will say nothing else．）（你还能说些什么呀?）
What subject does he understand?（=He does not understand any subject.）（他懂什么?）
What subject does he not understand?（=He understands every subject.）（他什么不懂?）
Why do you do this?（=You should not do this．）（你怎能这样干?）
Why don't you do this?（=You should do this．）（那你怎么不干?）
Where didn't I see her smile?（=I did see her smile everywhere．）（她在哪儿不笑?）
How can I do it?（=I can never do it．）（我哪干得了?）
Will he surrender?（=He will not surrender．）（他会投降?）
Can the blind see?（=The blind cannot see．）（盲人还能看东西?）
Shall I forget it?（=I shall not forget it．）（这事我会忘吗?）
Must I kowtow to him?（=I need not．）（我还得给他磕头?）
D．在要求作确切回答的问句中的用法
373 有些问句中可插入exactly，precisely之类副词，要求确切回答。
Exactly what do you want? What exactly do you want to say?
Precisely where are you going? Where precisely has he seen it?
Just how do you get it?
Just which did he like best?
Just who has come?
E．在带插入语问句中的用法
374 有些问句中可插入do you think，do you guess之类插入语，这时后面部分要用陈述句语序。
What do you think we should（不要说should we）do?（=What，in your opinion，should we do?）
Where did they tell you he was going?
Which do you guess is the better?
How do you say we can settle the problem?
When we should build a schoolhouse，did they suggest?
F．在双重疑问句中的用法
375 有时一个问句中有两个疑问点，须用两个疑问词。
What book was written by what author in prison?
Who abandoned whom after they got married?
How many people eat how much rice every year?
Where did they buy it from whom?（Where did they buy it and from whom?更好）
G．在追问式疑问句中的用法
376 当对方说一句话，某一部分没听清楚，要求把这部分重说一遍时，可把疑问词放在后面。
“He studied ceramics．”
“He studied what?”（用陈述句语序）
“My aunt depends upon a foreigner for her living．”
“She depends upon whom?”
“Upon whom?”
“John has two million and five hundred thousand dollars in the bank．”
“He has how many dollars?”
“You can try this method whenever you think it useful．”
“I what?”
“I can what?”
“Try what?”
“This method what?”
“My cat likes eating melon seeds．”
“What likes eating?”
“What eating?”
“What melon seeds?”
“What eating what?”
“I will talk with none of them．”
“Which of them?”
“I like to watch the dragon-boat race．”
“Which race?”
H．在省略疑问句中的用法
377 当对方说一句话，需了解更多情况时，有时可用省略疑问句，把对方话中已用的词省略掉。
“Go quickly．”
“Where to?”（=Where shall I go quickly to?）
“Open it．”
“What with?”（=What shall I open it with?）
“Send it at once．”
“Who to?”
“I am thinking．”
“What about?”
“He is married．”
“Who to?”
“I study cooking．”
“What for?”
这类问句常由“疑问词＋介词”构成。
三、疑问词在感叹句中的用法
378 某些疑问词可用来开始一个感叹句（一般用陈述句语序）。
(1)How后面可跟形容词、副词或动词。
How beautiful the poem is!（how＋形容词＋主语＋动词）
How funny he looks!
How peaceful he found country life!
How much work he has to do!（how＋形容词＋名词＋主语＋动词）
有时感叹句中可用助动词，像问句一样放在主语前面。
How many beautiful poems did he write!
How large a kingdom did he rule!
但不加助动词时更多一些。
How fast he ran!（how＋副词＋主语＋动词）
How hard John works!
偶尔又可用一个助动词。
How long can he stay below the water!
How fast did he run!
有时副词可以省略，让听者自己想象。
How（fast，desperately，clumsily，etc．）he ran!
有时直接修饰动词。
How we work!
How we enjoyed ourselves!
How many times did I not warn you!
(2)What后主要跟一个带修饰语的名词。
What a beautiful poem，I am reading!
What a great project it is!
有时感叹句中也可用一个助动词，像问句一样放在主语前。
What a beautiful poem am I reading!
What a happy life is there in the country!
名词前有时可有一个表数量的短语。
What a great number of books we saw in the library!
What an immense amount of money they spend!
What a piece of work is man（或man is）!
有时后面直接跟一个名词。
What（=How many）years I have spent in learning English!
What（=How important）information he has given me!
What（=How good，How exciting，etc．）stories he hasn't told me!（这里否定句实际是肯定的意思）
What有时在句中作补语。
What（=How great）was his agony of suddenly losing his wife!
What was her surprise when she saw him becoming a pirate!
一般疑问句有时也可用作感叹句。
Isn't she angry! Hasn't she grown wild!（否定句，英国说法）
Am I a fool! Is it a trick!（肯定句，美国用法）
四、疑问词在各种名词从句中的用法
379 1．疑问词可以用来引出多种名词从句。
What he is doing（名词从句作主语）is a mystery．
I know where he has been（作动词的宾语）．
My question is who will marry a poor man like me（补语从句）．
He told me which subject he likes best（作双宾动词的直接宾语）．
He is doubtful how the work can be finished this week．（作“be＋形容词”结构的宾语，这种结构相当于一个及物动词）
I am not sure who will take over a task that will please very few people．
Their success depends upon what policy they are going to adopt and how they execute it．（作介词的宾语）
A problem arose as to who would succeed to the estate if their father，who was seriously ill，should die．
Just imagine what a pretty girl this country girl could be（感叹从句）if she were properly dressed．
He asked who the boy was．（动词was通常都放在主语boy的后面）
He asked who was the boy that spoke with Mary across the street．（如果主语及修饰语加起来太长，was可以放在主语前面）
380 2．疑问词还可用来引出一个强调式疑问句（可参阅370节）：
My question is who it is that will marry a poor man like me．（用it is that这种结构可对疑问词who加以强调）
We inquire when it is that we all shall have enough to eat，and when it is that we all can live together peacefully．
He told me one day which subject it is that he likes best，and which subject it is that he hates most．
That depends on what policy it is that he adopts．
381 3．疑问词还可用来引出一个带插入语的疑问句（这类句子带有鄙夷情绪）。
He has earned I do not know how much money．（正常结构为I don't know how much money he has earned．）
He waited for her I do not know how long．
She is going nobody knows where．（正常结构为Nobody knows where she is going．）
He will return God knows when．
He is always busy with the devil knows what．
He has Heaven knows how many wives．
382 4．也可用在有两个疑问词的名词从句中。
I don't care who is married to whom．
I don't know who is who，and what is what．
It does not matter which belongs to which．
Nobody cares who has earned how much．
383 5．如果从句中主语跟有may，must，ought to或can这类情态动词，这类从句常可变为“疑问词＋不定式”结构。
What we ought to do（=What to do）is a problem．
He knew where he might live more peacefully（=where to live more peacefully）．
Which course one must take（=which course to take）is obvious．
He taught me how one could be strong（=how to be strong）．
但有些这类从句不能改为“疑问词＋不定式”结构。
He told me how his brother fell in love with Mary．
I do not know what trick he is playing upon me．
反之，“疑问词＋不定式”结构却可扩展为一个从句。
He is not sure which bus to take（=which bus he must take）．
He worried about how to live on（=how he could live on）．
I do not know what to say（=what I should say）．
第8单元 比较级别
一、3个比较级别
384 形容词大多可以比较，有3个比较级别（Degrees of Comparison）。形容词的原来形式称为原级（Positive Degree）。
This house is small．
He is a wise man．
I found this horse very fast．
表示一样东西或人比另一样东西或人“更……”的形容词，称为这个形容词的比较级（Comparative Degree），单音节形容词的比较级由该词加词尾-er构成。
This house is smaller than yours．These houses are smaller than those．
He is a wiser man than his father．
I found this horse faster than that．
表示在3个或更多的东西或人中“最……”的形容词，称为这个形容词的最高级（Superlative Degree），单音节形容词以加-est方式构成最高级。
This house is the smallest of all．These five houses are the smallest of all．
He is the wisest man in this city．
I found this horse fastest of all．I found these horses fastest of all．
385 双音节或多音节形容词，多以前面加more的方式构成比较级，以加most的方式构成最高级。
This house is beautiful．（原级）
He is a cunning man．
I found the horse very useful．
This house is more beautiful（比较级）than yours．
He is a more cunning man than his brother．
I found the horse more useful than that one．
This house is the most beautiful（最高级）of all．
He is the most cunning man I ever saw．
I found the horse the most useful of all．
386 还有一种比较方法，即往下比，表示“较不……”“最不……”，这时可以分别在形容词前加less或least。由less构成的比较级称为较低级（Comparative of Inferiority），以least构成的最高级称为最低级（Superlative of Inferiority）。
This house is less beautiful（不如……美）than yours．
He is a less cunning man than his brother．
This house is the least beautiful（最不美）of all．
He is the least cunning man that I ever saw．
387 副词也可以同样方式进行比较。
John ran fast—faster than I—the fastest of all．
He writes carefully—more carefully than I—the most carefully in class．
二、无法比较的形容词与副词
388 大多数品质形容词都可进行比较，但某些形容词是绝对的，无法比较的。我们可说nearly perfect，quite empty，almost dead，但不能说more perfect，emptier，most dead，也不能说This is rounder than that．下面是一些无法比较的形容词：
absolute，chief，main，principal，complete，perfect，ideal，excellent，supreme，unanimous，universal，whole，full，final，entire，ultimate，utter，uttermost，omnipotent，everlasting，eternal，fundamental，basic，primary，first，preliminary，unique，sole，all-seeing，all-knowing（还有其他由all-构成的合成词，以及形式上不是最高级而意义上都是最高级的形容词）
homeless，harmless，fatherless，meaningless，illiterate，immortal，impossible，illegal，inevitable，invaluable，infinite，unendurable，unskilled，unripe（还有许多其他带有否定前缀或后缀的形容词，如由-less，ill-，in-，im-，un-等构成的形容词）
contemporary，simultaneous，chaste，true，false，sufficient，equal，major，minor，dead，mortal，wooden，round，empty，void，sea-blue，etc．
some，any，all，no，every（还有其他指示形容词）
monkey（例如monkey business），child（as in child care），home（as in home work）（还有许多其他可用作形容词的名词）
不过，像monkeyish，homely和childish这样的正规形容词可以比较。
389 和某些形容词一样，某些副词也是不能比较的。
now，yesterday，presently，eternally（时间）
here，upward，down，away（地点）
negatively，absolutely，universally，infinitely（还有许多由不可比较形容词构成的副词）（方式）
390 有些似不能比的形容词，偶尔也有比较的形式，如fuller，purer，more correct，more perfect，most ideal，most complete，less equal，less empty，甚至一些优秀作家也这样用。
三、比较级和最高级的构成法
A．形容词
391 单音节形容词通常都以加-er和-est的方式构成其比较级和最高级，但在加词尾时要注意。
(1)一般加-er，-est。
原级 比较级 最高级
tall taller tallest
bold bolder boldest
kind kinder kindest
great greater greatest
(2)以-e结尾的词，只加-r和-st。
原级 比较级 最高级
large larger largest
wise wiser wisest
fine finer finest
white whiter whitest
(3)由“辅音字母＋元音字母＋辅音字母”（简称CVC）构成的词，末尾字母要双写，再加-er和-est。
原级 比较级 最高级
hot hotter hottest
thin thinner thinnest
flat flatter flattest
big bigger biggest
392 下面单音节形容词构成比较级和最高级时，加more和most比加-er和-est的时候多：
real，just，full，like，right，French
393 下面形容词既可以加词尾的方式构成比较级和最高级，也可加more，most构成（如truer，truest；more true，most true），但用加词尾方式构成时更多一些：
drunk，keen，calm，mild，glad，cross，plain，pale，frank，free，huge，vague，fond，scarce，prompt，sound
394 下述双音节形容词以加词尾方式构成比较级及最高级：
(1)以y结尾的词，先变y为i，再加词尾，如happy，happier，happiest。
happy，angry，dingy，naughty，likely，lucky，misty，stormy，lively，kingly，timely，beastly
这种形容词偶尔也可以加more，most的方式构成比较级和最高级，如more misty，most misty；more lucky，most lucky。但有些只能以加词尾方式构成比较级及最高级，如cleanly，kindly，lowly。
(2)以-er结尾的词，如tenderer，tenderest。
tender，bitter，clever
Eager，sober，slender也可加more，most构成比较级和最高级。
(3)以-ow结尾的词，如shallower，shallowest。
yellow，narrow，hollow，shallow
(4)以-le结尾的词，如simpler，simplest。
idle，feeble，subtle，gentle，noble，able，supple
（Ample，humble，brittle，nimble，stable，agile，motile，senile等也可加more，most）
