a herd of cattle，oxen，goats，horses，asses，deer，buffaloes，bucks，antelopes，other hoofed animals；elephants，wolves，giraffes，whales，seals，swans
a hive of bees
a host of sparrows，locusts
a kennel of dogs
a knot of toads
a litter of pigs，puppies，cubs，whelps
a muster of peacocks
a nest of mice，rabbits
a pack of monkeys，hounds，wolves，dogs
a pride of lions，peacocks
a school of fish，whales，other aquatic animals
a shoal of mackerel，perch，herring，fishes in general
a stable of horses
a swarm of insects，bees，flies，eels，locusts，gnats
a team of oxen，horses
a tribe of monkeys
a troop of monkeys，lions，kangaroos
527 3．和表示事物的名词一起用。
a batch of letters，loaves，munitions
a block of buildings，shops
a bunch of keys，grapes，celery，carrots
a chain of mountains
a clump of briars，bushes，trees
a cluster of stars，grapes
a collection of books，stamps，curios，relics
a constellation of stars
a display（or show）of fireworks
a flight of stairs，steps，arrows
a galaxy of stars
a group of houses，villages，trees
a heap of ruins
a host of stars
a knot of rope，hair
a line of trees，cars，hills，words
a new lot of apples，shoes
a pack of cards，ice，cigarettes
a pair of stairs，steps，shoes，trousers，scissors
a park of artillery
a peal of bells
a pile of books，papers，bricks，stones
a range of steps，mountains，hills
a round of rations
a row of seats，rooms，cabbages
a series of books，stamps
a set of instruments，papers，books，dishes，dominoes，draughts，teeth，stairs，steps
a stack of books，rifles，chimneys
a stand of colours，arms
a stock of goods
a string of beads，pearls，bells，cars
a suit of clothes，underwear，overalls
a suite of rooms
a volley of shots
D．固定量词
528 量词原来是表示不定数量的，但若加一个数词，就可以表示固定数量。固定量词采取“数词＋可数名词＋of”这种形式，是一种形容词短语，可用在不可数名词前面。在下面的句子中，two bottles of修饰后面的名词water，drunk的宾语是water（可参阅523节）：
I have drunk two bottles of water．
He carried a basket of rice．
He ate three loaves of bread，and still felt hungry．
这种短语如果把of去掉，就可用作代词或名词。
I have drunk three bottles of water and he has drunk only one bottle．
He has three loaves of bread，but he refuses to give even half a loaf to his brother．
529 这种量词都表示某类东西的一部分，它可以和不可数名词一起用。
1．和物质名词一起用。
这时它里面包含一个表示单位的名词，有时这个名词还说明形状、特点等，如three blocks of wood，这里block既说明数量，又说明大和硬。又如two slices of bread，slice还表明是平平的薄薄的一片状物。
下面是这类用法的例子：
He put two lumps of sugar into his coffee．
We have two crops of rice in a year．
A grain of rice means a drop of perspiration．
Two slices of bread are（or is）enough．
Five bolts of cloth have（or has）been sent by train．
下面还有一些这类用法的例子，在使用时，有必要的话可把a（an）换成其他数词：
an article of clothing，dress，furniture
a ball of snow，string，wool
a blade of grass
a breath（or bit）of air
a block of ice，stone，wood
a cake of soap
a chip of glass，stone，wood
a chop of lamb
a clod of clay
a crop of barley，rice，wheat
a cube of cheese，apple，ice
an ear of barley，rice，wheat
a flake of dust
a fleck of dust
a grain of corn，rice，sand，salt
a gust of wind
a head of cabbage，lettuce，celery
a heap of earth，rubbish，sand
a joint of beef，meat
a lump of clay，coal，lead，sugar
a morsel of bread，cake，meat
a peck of rice
a piece of cannon，chalk，furniture，luggage，paper
a rasher of bacon，ham
a roll of paper，film，cloth
a round of ammunition，shot
a round of beef，bread，butter
a scrap of paper
a sheath of corn，grain
a sheet of paper
a shower（or sprinkle）of rain，sleet
a skein of silk，wool
a slice of bread，cake，meat
a sliver of cheese，fibre，wood
a speck of blood，dust，soot
a stack of grain，hay，wood
a strip of cloth，land，paper
a volley of shot
有时这类形容词短语含一个表动作的名词，表示这样的动作的数量，如two feeds of fodder表示“喂两次的饲料量”。其他如：
two nice cuts of meat
five pinches of salt
three sips of brandy
a whiff of odor，fresh air
two shots of powder
a bite of meat，a draught of beer
530 2．和抽象名词一起用
修饰抽象名词的这类短语，也可包含一个固定量词，但不表明形状或特征，而只表示一件、一例、一阵、一股等。
There have been ten cases of cholera this week．
He has given her three pieces of advice．
We felt very tired after two sets of tennis．
下面是这类短语及其修饰的名词（a可以换成其他数词）：
an act of foolishness，kindness，mercy，insanity
a barrage of editorials
an attack of rheumatism，malaria
a bit of news，advice
a bout of fighting，influenza（usually：a fencing bout，a drinking bout，a shooting bout，etc．）
a case of typhoid，murder
a chain of events，revolts
a display of affection，bad temper，drill
a fit of anger，madness，fever，coughing，rheumatism
a flicker of courage
a glimmer of hope
a gust of laughter，anger
a hint of hope
a host of ideas，problems，difficulties
an instance of dishonesty，loyalty
an item of news，expense，cost，crime，misery，slavery
a peal of laughter，thunder
a piece of advice，anecdote，evidence，expenditure，information，folly，news，music，service，statistics
a round of boxing-match，cards，golf，game，drinks，applause
a scrap of information，gossip
a salvo of applause
a show of force，firmness，temper，resistance，indifference
a shout of laughter
a sign of disease，civil war
a spell of bad weather，illness，work，leisure
a stroke of fortune，luck，paralysis，work
a suggestion of intrigue
a volley of laughter，oaths
引申短语：a drop of comfort，a crumb of respect；a gallon of kindness；a grain of sarcasm；an ounce of strength；a scrap of courage；a speck of comfort；tons of evils；heaps of worry；loads of trouble
E．固定数词与量词
531 1．包含标准单位的短语
另一种形容词短语含有表示尺寸、重量、价值或时间的标准单位的名词。它们既可作数词，也可作量词，既可用在可数名词前面，也可用在不可数名词前面。
It takes a long time to build a hundred miles of road（用在可数名词前面）（长度）．
I walked across two feet of snow（用在不可数名词前）（深度）．
He has 100 acres of land（面积）．
He bought a pint of lentils（体积）．
Two liters of water is about 3 1/2 pints of it．
My family eat two pounds of apples every day（重量）.
Five grams of the powder is enough．
Ten dollars' worth of grapes was damaged（价值）．
Thirty years of service has been tiresome to him（时间）．
532 2．包含容器名称的短语
这种短语包含一个容器的名称，可用作数词，也可用作量词。
He has sold a hundred cartons of stockings．
He finished five glasses of beer and a bottle of whiskey．
He brought a tube of shaving cream and a sack of potatoes．
Have a cup of tea．
He gave me five tins（or cans）of tomato juice．
I want two bags（or bagfuls）of flour，and a case of oranges.
He ate only a mouthful of food．
Only a spoonful of the soup remains．
Three cartloads of wood have been sent to him．
Two packages of grapes were received．
第10单元 关系词
533 关系代词为who，whom，which，that，what，as，but，than，whoever，whichever及whatever。关系形容词为what，which，whose，whatever及whichever。关系副词为where，when，why及how。这三类词统称为关系词（Relatives），不管是形容词、代词还是副词，由于它们之间有许多共同之处，故放在一起讨论。
一、关系代词及形容词
A．概说
1．Who—Whom—Whose
534 先观察下面句子：
I met Lee，who（=and he）asked me to dinner．
She asked her friends，who（=and they）answered her coldly．
There came a friend of mine，who（=and he）had just arrived from Calcutta．
I spoke to Mary，who（=but she）pretended not to hear me．
在上面句子中，who是一个代词，代替前面的名词（不管是单数还是复数，是阳性还是阴性）Lee，friends和Mary。它也是一个连词，把两个句子，不如说把主句和从句，连接起来。这样的代词称为关系代词，它代表的那个名词是它的先行词（Antecedent），它所引起的从句（“who...dinner”及“who...coldly”）称为关系从句（Relative Clauses）。如果把句子换一种方式说，可改成以下不同的句子：
Mr．Lee，who asked me out to dinner，took me to the nearest restaurant．（=Mr．Lee asked me out to dinner，and he took...．）
His friends，who had tried to dissuade him from smoking，did not succeed．（=His friends had tried to dissuade him from smoking，but they did not succeed．）
535 Who，whom和whose在关系从句中可分别用作主语、宾语和所有格（形容词），但它们不受它们的先行词的格的影响。除了起名词及形容词的作用外，它们还起and，but，for或so这样连词的作用。
I once met this man，who（=and he）told me a strange story．（who的格是由它在关系从句中的位置决定的，而不是由它的先行词man的格决定的，man是主句中及物动词met的宾语）
At the party there was John，whom I had not seen for years（=and I had not seen him for years）.（在非正式英语中，可用who代替whom）
First came Mary，whom few of us had expected（=but few of us had expected her）.
He did not invite Mary，whom he disliked（=for he disliked her）.
He mentioned his brother in London，whom（作介词after的宾语）I presently inquired after．
I praised Mary，whose（=so her）mother was quite delighted but said nothing．
They blamed John，whose（=but his）fault was really slight．
John，whose fault was really slight，was not to blame．（=John's fault was really slight，so he was not to blame．）
536 但是关系从句中的谓语动词必须和先行词在人称和数上一致。
This boy，who works very hard，will be rewarded．
John，who is busy，cannot go with us．
These boys，who work very hard，will be rewarded．
John and Mary，who are busy，cannot go with us．
You，who are his friend，understand him well．
I could not discuss this with you，who were too young to understand it．
She，who is his friend，understands him well．
I could not discuss this with my father，who was too serious to talk about it．
I，who am his friend，understand him well．（在口语中用is）
She should believe in me，who am her husband．
537 关系从句几乎全都是（1）陈述句，很少是（2）感叹句、（3）疑问句或（4）祈使句。
(1)I criticized Lee，who immediately got angry and left．
My sister，whom you saw the other day，will get married tomorrow．
(2)John（whom may God confound!）has turned traitor．
Everybody looked at Mary，by whom how many were enchanted!
(3)John（whose offence could I overlook?）did insult me at a party．
(4)I have written to Kim，whom please apply to.
538 上面例句中的关系从句有并列性质，为非限制性的（Non-Restrictive），因为关系代词连接的是两个同样重要的分句。但下面例句中的关系从句都是限制性的（Restrictive），因为它们起形容词的作用，修饰先行词，和先行词构成一个统一的意思。在非限制性关系从句和先行词之间，如果写出来，必须有一个逗号，而在限制性关系从句和先行词之间，写出来时，一般没有逗号（只有一些特殊的例外情况），说出来时中间也没有停顿。非限制性关系从句在书面语中用得较多，在口语中很少使用。
The teacher will punish students who are lazy（=lazy students）.
A man who only cares about himself（=A selfish man）will not succeed．
John is the only man whom I know（=my only acquaintance）in Hong Kong．
I know the man whose son is your student（=your student's father）.
The boy who broke the window is gone.
Where are now the marshals who have performed great exploits?
539 在限制性关系从句中，whom可以省略，而且常常省略。
Show me the fellow（whom）you met last week．
The girl（whom）you love is pretty.
The carpenter（whom）they are employing is my uncle.
John is married to a woman（whom）he does not know well.
注：一个名词如果已明确何所指，如this house，Jane Lee，my father，Venice，就不宜再有限制性关系从句。
2．Which—Which—Whose
540 Who代表人，which则代表东西。Which后面的谓语动词必须与先行词在数上一致。Which可引起非限制性关系从句。
He set free the bird，which was a gift from his aunt．
He set free the birds，which were a gift from his aunt．
He set free the bird，which（=and it）looked at him doubtfully．
He set free the bird，which（=but it）refused to leave him．
He set free the bird，which（=so it）flew away at once．
These houses，which face south，belong to John．（=These houses face south，and they belong to John．）
These houses，which face south，have no trees around．（...but they...）
These houses，which face south，are cool in summer and warm in winter．（...so they...）
541 Which在关系从句中既可作主语，又可作宾语。Whose作为所有格形容词，可以代表人，也可代表物。
He was reading a book，which（作为谓语动词was的主语）was about war，which（作为及物动词bought的宾语）he had bought from London，which（作为介词in的宾语）he was very much interested in，whose（=and its）（所有格形容词）cover bore the title of “War”．
He had a big palace，whose door（or the door of which，of which the door）was covered with gold leaf．
He wants to sell his house，which who will buy?（关系从句很少是问句）
He wants to sue for a divorce，which God forbid!（关系从句也很少是感叹句）
542 Which引起的关系从句，如果是限制性的，同时which在从句中又用作宾语，which就可以省略，也常常省略。whose（which的所有格）也可用在限制性关系从句中。
He has to study a subject which does not interest him（=an uninteresting subject）.
Philosophy is something which cannot be defined（=something undefinable）.
The cars which are driving along before us are pretty．
He has to study a subject（which）he does not like．
Philosophy is something（which）I cannot understand．
The cars（which）you are looking at are my uncle's．
The house whose window is green belongs to John．
What is the name of the country whose population is the largest in the world?
3．That—That—Whose
543 That既可代表东西，又可代表人，总是用于限制性关系从句中。如果在从句中作宾语，常常被省略掉。That没有自己的所有格形式。
The boy that（=who）came here is John's son．
May I meet the lady that dances so gracefully?
（此处用that可能是出于礼貌，代表人时用who比用that要多得多）
He is the poet that was and is to be（=of the past and the future）．
She is Mrs．Lee that is to be．
The child（that）（=whom）the woman looked after was suddenly missing．（作宾语时，that较whom要用得多得多）
The child（that）his father had punished did the mischief again．
The news that（=which）（作主语）shocked all of us had come from Mary．
The news（that）（=which）（作宾语）I heard had come from Mary．
544 如果先行词前有某些形容词修饰，that比who，whom或which都用得多得多。
He is the best（最高级）teacher that ever taught us．
The first（or last，only，next）man that came was Lee．
This is the very thing（that）I want．
This is the same watch（that）I lost．
He astonished all the women that were present．（但是：All who came were in white．）
This house is all that is left of her life．
Any（or Every）student that is attentive and hard-working will be rewarded．No student that is careless and idle will pass the exam．（但：Anyone，Everyone，No one，Anybody，Everybody，Somebody—who...）
There is much（or little，none）that can be said．
545 That可以用来避免“who...who”“which...which”这种结构，而who和which也可用来避免“that...that”这种结构。
Who（疑问词）that（不是who）saw her did not like her?
Which is the ship that（不是which）starts for Hong Kong?
I know that man（or those men）who（不是that）came yesterday．
That thing（or Those things）which（不是that）you don't know，you pretend to know．
546 当关系代词代表一个集体名词或代表人及物时，用that更好一些。
She wants to join a team that consists of teenagers．
This law has nothing to do with a company that was established before 1950．
Men and things that I saw there，were very curious．
I have to look after the passengers and luggage that cross the river．
547 关系代词和它的动词若被一个短语或从句隔开，多用who和which，而不用that。
Property was the first thing which，on the death of the father，interested the sons．
I can help any man who，in case he is in trouble，needs my help．
I gave food to the child who，after his parents died，had nobody to care for him．
548 That常和以-ible和-able结尾的词一起用。
There is no temptation that is irresistible，no plan that is impossible，no river that is unfathomable，no gorge that is impassable．
4．As—As—X
549 作为关系代词，as只能用在限制性关系从句中，只能用在such，same，as或so的后面，不能用作所有格（例外情况见第559、582节）。
Children love such people as（主语）love them．（such people as=that kind of people who...）
