Such a student as works hard will succeed．
I never go to such places as（宾语）gamblers frequent．（such places as=that kind of place which...）
Such a dog as I keep is called a bulldog．
Such as（=Those who）have money have friends．
His method is not such（a method）as I use．
在such as后有时跟一些名词作为例子，而不跟从句。
He has such books as Iliad and Hamlet．
He has many books，such as Iliad and Hamlet．
Many books are available in this small library，such as Iliad and Hamlet．（注意上面3个例句中such和as以及相关名词的位置关系）
Some cities have millions of people，such as New York and Tokyo．
The same accident as（主语）happened to you，had happened to me．
He bought the same radio set as（宾语）you had．
He is not the same playboy as we knew．
He charged me the same price as they（=as they charged me）．（有些动词可以省略）
He charged me the same price as her（=as he charged her）．
I am in the same class as he．
This is the same watch as I lost．（It is not mine．）
比较：This is the same watch that I lost．（It is mine．）
注：在such和same后有时也可用who，which，what引起从句，如上例。
He can write so（or as）interesting a story as（主语）moves us to tears．（或a story so interesting as...）
He did it in so（or as）peculiar a manner as surprised me．（or a manner as peculiar as...）
As many children as（主语）come will be admitted．
None have as many children as（宾语）he has．
He tried to make as few mistakes as he could avoid．
5．But—But—X
550 But间或用作关系代词，意思等于“that...not”“who...not” “whom...not”。它引起的都是限制性关系从句，常用在否定句后。下面的例子是书面语，而且比较陈旧：
There is no child but（主语）knows（=no child who does not know）Uncle Lee．（=Every child knows Uncle Lee．）
There is scarcely a good movie but（宾语）he has seen（=that he has not seen）.
There is never a friend but he remembers the birthday of．
Who is there but commits errors?（but间或也可用在疑问句后）
（There are）Few（=Not many）men but love their children．
（There is）Not one of us but sees his folly．
Who（is there）but knows it?
注：有时可用but what或but that代替but，不过这种情况极少。在but后有时会用多余的he，it等。
6．What—What—What
551 What是先行词和关系代词的结合体，表示“……的东西”。
You may choose what（=the thing which）interests you．（what的意思是the thing which，它作关系从句中的主语，同时又作主句中的宾语，也就是说which作主语，the thing作宾语）
What（=Anything that）is useless to you may be useful to me．（what既作is的主语，又作may be的主语）
I know what you are doing．（what既作know的宾语，又作doing的宾语）
What I want is not ill-gotten gains．（what作want的宾语，又作is的主语）
This is what（=all that）I know．
Listen to what he is talking about．（what作to及about两个介词的宾语）
They are discussing what they know nothing about．
What（关系形容词）money（=All the money that）I have has been given to her．
What songs he has learned are about love．
What few（=The few that）I had were stolen．
What little（=The little that）I had was stolen．
That which的意思和what的差不多，如：
That which（=What）promises happiness is often deceptive．
I will tell you that which I know．
What有时也可用来表示人。
He is what you call（=the man that you call）a snob．
有时what引起的从句似乎相当于一个名词，试比较下面句子：
This laboratory was still in what could now be considered a crude state．This laboratory was still in a crude state．
7．Whoever，Whichever，Whatever
552 Whoever，whichever和whatever也是先行词与关系词的结合体，表示“任何……的人”“不管是哪个……”“任何……的东西”。
Whoever（=Anyone who）respects others will be respected．（whoever同时作respects和will be的主语）
Give it to whoever（not whomever）likes it．（Whoever同时作likes的主语和to的宾语）
Don't be angry with whoever makes mistakes．
Give it to whomever（=anyone whom）（not whoever）you like．（Whomever作like和to的宾语）
Whichever of you（=Any one of you who）（主语）said this will be punished．（whichever同时作said和will be的主语）
Whichever（=Any one of these that）you like will belong to you．（whichever作like的宾语和will belong的主语）
He bought whatever（=anything that）interested him．（whatever作interested的主语和bought的宾语）
He does not think over whatever he says．
He visited whatever（关系形容词）places（=any places that）I recommended．
Whatever也可用作单纯的形容词，表示“任何”。
He took no notice whatever．You may eat whatever（=any）food，any food whatever．
You can do it in all circumstances whatever.
8．Than
553 作为关系代词，than只和形容词、副词的比较级一起用。
He has more（形容词）money than（=than what）is necessary.
He eats more than is good for him．
There are better things in the world than are dreamed of．
He works longer（副词）than is required of him．
B．进一步探讨
1．各种先行词
554 如果先行词是专有名词、人称代词、有名词所有格修饰的名词或由this，that，these，those修饰的名词，后面的关系从句不能是限制性的，因为这样的先行词已经很“固定”“明确”，无须进一步限制其意义。我们不能说John that will help me，She that will marry David，John's mother that takes care of me或this city that has a population of two million。这样的先行词只能跟非限制性关系从句，如：
I will see John，who will help me．
This city，which has a population of two million，is very prosperous.
在who及which前必须加一个逗号。
如果在限制性关系从句前确实用了这类先行词，那么这种先行词属于泛指意义，表示某类人或物。
He who（=Anyone who）laughs on Friday will weep on Sunday．
Those who（=People who）make the best use of their time have none to spare．
I can't trust this man who has cheated me twice（=this man，a man who has cheated me twice）.
Those people who said this（=Those people，people who said this）are hypocrites．
The Hong Kong that I saw twenty years ago was different from the Hong Kong that I see today．（不同时期的香港）
What I know is only the Napoleon who fought hundreds of battles，butnot another Napoleon．
555 比较下面句子中的先行词。
I am reading a book（indefinite，singular）which you have read．
I am reading some books（indefinite，plural）which you have read．
I am reading the book（s）（definite，singular or plural）which you have read．
I am reading every（or any，each，the best，the first，the last）book that you have read．
I am reading the same book as you have read．（You and I read similar books．）
I am reading the same book that have read．（You and I read this one book．）
I am reading as good a book as you have read．
I am not reading so good a book as you have read．
556 有些先行词既可以看作人也可看作物，因而可以影响后面的关系代词、人称代词及动词。
This is the baby（or infant，child）which had its fingers burned．
This is the baby who had his fingers burned．（婴儿）
The dog，which had lost its master，screamed all night．
The dog，who had lost his master，screamed all night．（动物）
China，which has many mountains，rivers and monuments，is a beautiful country．
China，who has endeavoured to reform herself for a hundred years，is now becoming a great country．（国家）
The company，which has done its best，becomes bankrupt all the same．
The company，who have done their best，become bankrupt all the same．（表示团体时用which，表示成员时用who）
He has a big family，which has（or who have）lived here thirty years．
I became acquainted with Mr．A，which（=whose character）is difficult to describe．
557 有些先行词为人称代词或指示代词，若跟有who引起的从句，所在句子多为谚语。
He who（=Anyone who）works may eat．
He who marries a beauty marries trouble．
He whom the gods love dies young．
He that lives with wolves will learn to howl．
He that serves the public serves no one．
Those who are thirsty drink in silence．
Those who live in glass houses should not throw stones．
先行词he或those有时会省略。
Who（=He who，anyone who）eats must pay．（书面语）
Who works not shall not eat．
Who steals my purse steals trash．
Who knows most says least．
Whom（=Those whom）the gods love die young．
Whom God will destroy first of all drives mad．
She may marry whom（=any person whom）she likes（or pleases，chooses，would）.
This is written to whom it may concern．
You can take which（=any one which）you like（or please，choose，would）.
558 Little，much，all，nothing，something可以在关系代词that前用作先行词。
There is little that can be believed about the rumour．
The book doesn't say much that amuses children．
I have nothing that is good to say．
I like all that is beautiful．
There is nothing about him that I know of．
He hates everything that is modern．
559 除了名词或代词，有时主句的全部或后面部分可用作先行词，这时关系从句都属非限制性，可用的关系代词主要为which，间或为as或what。
He likes climbing a mountain（主句的一部分）which（主语）is a good exercise．（which紧跟先行词）
He learns five languages at the same time，which is almost impossible．（which引起的从句有时可写成一个独立的句子）
He died two days ago（整个主句）which（or which fact，a fact which）（作宾语）I can't believe．
John was very ill，which（or which circumstance，a circumstance which）he himself did not know．
He promised to come，but（which vexed me most of all）didn't show up．（which偶尔可放在先行词前面，这时which引起的从句要用括号括起来）
He is sure to come unless（which is improbable）he's ill．
He said，“I'm foolish，” Which was true．（which紧跟在直接引语后面）
He never curses when angry（主句的一部分）as（主语）is very natural with us．（as可以紧跟先行词）
He studied the method of becoming immortal，as（宾语）nobody would think possible．
I advised my brother，as was my duty．
He became crazy（整个主句），as many could see．
As has happened many times，children may get drowned in this river．（as引起的从句有时也可放在as所代表部分的前面）
Children，as is always the case，love their mother．（as引起的从句也可插在as所代表的主句的中间）
The result，as may be expected，is poor．
He is intelligent and，what is more（or equally）important，he is honest．（what引起的从句也可放在what所代表的那一部分前面）
He has met two accidents，and what surprises me，he seems unaffected．
If，what seldom happens，he would repent，he could be a good boy．
He decided，what was the only choice，that we should fight to the last drop of blood．
He knows how to write and，what is a different thing，how to make money．（what代表它的先行词how to make money，这是一个短语）
He is not only clever but，what is very likely，honest．（what也可指由一个单词表示的先行词honest）
He supposes（what is not likely）that everyone respect him．
He has（what is most precious with him）a small dog．
2．插在先行词和关系词之间的词
560 一般说来，在先行词和关系词之间是没有什么词的，但是有时会夹有各种修饰先行词的形容词短语。
A doctor from Hong Kong（介词短语），who（指代doctor，而不指代Hong Kong）is a specialist in heart disease，has just moved here．
At the door was a beggar carrying a basket（现在分词短语）who（代表beggar）had been hungry for three days．
The man to help you（不定式），who（代表man）is my good friend，will study your case．
It is a book of grammar，which（代表book，而不代表grammar）I bought at a Japanese store．
The book published last year（过去分词短语）which he had written ten years，has been a bestseller．
He has never seen a man so good（带副词的形容词）as（代表man）is willing to sacrifice himself．
He did it in a manner so perfect as proved his ability．
There is no habit so stubborn but one can cure．（书面语）
561 有时另一个关系从句修饰先行词，甚至和它构成一个整体，这时该从句可以放在先行词及其关系从句之间，在这种情况下必须用一个不同的关系代词（可参阅587节）。
He is the only “man that resides in this city” who（不是that）lives to be a hundred and forty．（who引起的从句修饰“man＋that-从句”）
There is not a “lesson which I have learned” that（不是which）I don't understand，that I don't remember．（注意：两个关系代词都用作宾语，但只有第一个关系代词which可以省略）
562 当作主语的先行词跟一个较长（或强调意味更浓）的关系从句及一个短（或强调意味较弱）的谓语时，谓语可以放在先行词和从句之间。
His brother（作主语的先行词）was arrested（短谓语）who had misappropriated the Society's funds（长关系从句）．（这样安排要比正常的顺序，如His brother，who had misappropriated the Society's funds，was arrested．更好一些）
He（作主语的先行词）won't live long（短谓语）who smokes at least two packs of cigarettes every day for many years（长关系从句）.
They always talk（强调意味较弱的谓语），who never think（强调意味较浓的关系从句）.
He can conquer the world who can conquer himself．
This book will live forever（短谓语）which is written in blood and tears（强调意味更浓的关系从句）.
My habit cannot be changed，which has existed for many years.
Such an accident suddenly happened（短谓语）as had never happened before in this area（长从句）.
The same method is now used here，as has been used in Europe for a hundred years．
Which of you can believe，that has seen the falsehood?
Who didn't pity her，that had heard her sad story?
What can I say，that may convince him?（在问句中先行词可以是宾语）
It（=The person）is Mr．A that（or who）will call on us．（=The person that will call on us is Mr．A．）（在It is和that-从句之间的词是特别强调的部分）
It is he（not him）that told me this．
It was another fellow that I wanted．
It is I that am（or is）mistaken．
It is you that are（or is）deceived．
It（=The thing）is a small house that（or which）I want to buy．（=The thing that I want to buy is a small house．）
It is always a trifle that we quarrel over．
Hardly a man came but was astonished at her beauty．（=Almost every one that came was astonished at her beauty．）（书面语）
What did I see but was miserable?（=I saw nothing except what was miserable．）（先行词是宾语）
Who could I speak to but were thieves and gangsters?（=I could not speak to people who were not thieves and gangsters．）
563 当作宾语的先行词跟有一个长关系从句和一个短宾语补语时，宾语补语应放在先行词和从句之间。
He considers the method（先行词作宾语）out-of-date（短宾语补语）which has been used for a thousand years（长关系从句）.（这样安排比正常顺序，如He considers the method which has been used for a thousand years，out-of-date．更好一些）
I regard that man（先行词）as lost（短补语）who has lost the sense of shame（强调从句）.
The doctor asked the patient（先行词）to remain in bed（短补语）who must not even sit in a chair．
564 一个名词有时夹在所有格的先行词及关系代词之间。
I know his plot，who（=and he）has set the same trap three times．（who不代表plot，而代表his，但the plot of him，who...比his plot，who...更好一些）
I will consider John's proposal（改为the proposal of John更好），who（=and he）may have a good idea．
3．关系词作主语、宾语和补语
a．关系代词作主语
565 作主语时，关系代词是不能省略的，但在there is或here is后可以。
There is a lady（who）wants to see you．（口语体）
There were many people（who）waited outside．
There has never been anything（that）can satisfy him．
Here is a gentleman from England（who）wants to talk with the manager.
566 关系代词在there is前面时也可省略。
He knows the difference（that or which）（通常都省略）there is between good and evil．
War is the commonest thing there is in this world．
I have told him everything there is to tell．
He is the greatest scientist there is.
You can see all there is to see．
The mistakes there are in the exercises are astounding．
That is all there is and there has been．
567 在“It is＋名词（代词）”后面的关系代词也可以省略。
It was a small mistake（which or that）ruined him．（口语体）
A small mistake it was ruined him．
It is he（not him）（who or that）must apologize．
He it is must apologize.
Who is it（that）does such foolish things?
What was it（that）happened to him?
That was nothing（which）exasperated him．（少见）
I am not a man（that）likes to tell lies．（少见）
b．在各种动词后作宾语的关系代词
568 关系代词可以在各种动词后用作宾语。在限制性从句中作宾语时，which，that，whom都可以省略，且通常都省略，但what，but，as不能省。在下面例句中，可省略的关系词都加上括号，或不写出来。
569（1）作及物动词宾语的关系代词。
He closed the door，which（引起非限制性关系从句）the children soon after broke open．［在非限制性关系从句中关系代词不能省略。下面非限制性关系词以N（以Non-restrictives）表示］
He did not love his wife，whom（N）he married only a month ago．
He repaired the door（which or that）［限制性关系词，以R（Restrictives）代表］the children had broken open．（在限制性从句中可以省略）
He will marry the girl（whom）（R）he met a week ago．
A pleasant trip（that）（R）（宾语）we had had!（在这类表示情绪的句子中，限制性从句前的关系代词通常都省略）
