A nice friend you have!
The music we are enjoying!
The life I live!
Pretty mess you are in!
It is not money（that）I want．（=The thing that I want is not money．）
It is John I saw．（=The person that I saw is John．）
What is it you are watching?（=What is the thing that you are watching?）
Who was it they arrested?
（关于it的用法可参阅562节）
570（2）作双宾动词的宾语。
There came two boys，whom（N）（作间接宾语）I gave some oranges.
I bought some oranges，which（作直接宾语）I gave the two boys．
The boy（that）（R）（作间接宾语）I gave oranges（to）is clever．
The children I told stories（to）want more．
The oranges（作直接宾语）I gave them are delicious．
The stories I told them are interesting．
What I teach those students is grammar．
571（3）作宾补动词的宾语，跟各种不同的补语。
He cleaned the desk，which（N）the children had made dirty（形容词作补语）.
He was acquainted with John，whom he called Fatty（名词）.
What one considers of little use（介词短语）often proves useful．
He did not see the boy（whom）he had asked to come at seven．（不定式）
He likes the girl（whom）he has heard sing somewhere（不带to的不定式）.
He must settle the matter（which）they left undecided（过去分词）.
It is such a game as you will find very interesting（现在分词）.
572（4）作“及物动词＋副词”这种短语动词的宾语。
She has made a new dress，which（N）she will put on next Christmas．
On the desk he saw a newspaper，which he took up and read．
She is making a dress（which）（R）she will put on next Christmas．
Smoking is a habit many cannot give up．
She came back to take the purse she had left behind．
I must take back what he has taken away from me．
573（5）作状语从句中及物动词的宾语。
He is a good fellow，whom（N）you will get assistance from whenever you need（状语从句中的及物动词）.
It is a rule which（R）if you violate you will be punished．
c．作介词的宾语
574 当一个介词有一个关系代词作它的宾语时，它可以放在这个代词的前面或远远放在后面。这种关系从句可以是限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。关于介词的位置，有下面几种情况：
(1)介词有前后两种位置。
如果关系代词whom（或who）或which和一个及物的动词短语一起用，在口语体中，介词远远放在后面，即放在动词短语的末尾，而在书面语中，它放在关系代词的前面。
Love is something which（R）he believes in．（口语体）
Love is something in which he believes．（书面语）
He has made a mistake which I feel sorry for．（口语体）
He has made a mistake for which I feel sorry．（书面语）
That is the person whom I got this news from．（口语体）
That is the person from whom....（书面语）
Hunger，which（N）war usually ends in，sometimes kills more than war．（口语体）
Hunger，in which....（书面语）
My friends，whom he had turned his back to，told me this．（口语体）
My friends，to whom....（书面语）
575（2）介词通常放在关系代词前面。
介词（a）表示时间，（b）表示方式或是（c）与whom及一双宾动词一起用时，都放在关系代词前面。
(a)I shall never forget the day on which（R）we got married．（不要说the day which we got married on）
1950 was my worst year，in which（N）I almost died．
(b)I don't know the difficulty with which you have studied English．（不要说the difficulty which you studied English with）
The city was thrown into an ecstasy of delight，in which（N）everyone was celebrating New Year's Day．
(c)I waited for a reply from the man to whom I had sent a telegram．［I had sent（双宾动词）the man a telegram．］
I will see John，for whom I have found a job．［I have found（双宾动词）John a job．］
576（3）介词常常放在关系代词后面。
如果介词明显（a）是及物动词短语的一部分，（b）表示地点或方向，（c）表示工具或渠道，或（d）表示目的时，介词常常放在关系代词后面。但这一规律人们有时忽视。
(a)The child（which）（R）she looked after was ten．（The child after which she looked was ten．很少见）
This illness，which（N）he suffered from，had killed his father．
(b)The state（which）I am going to is California．
That room，which she has slept in for 10 years，faces north．
(c)I have just lost the pen（which）I wrote with for many years．
This waterway，which we have always travelled by，is now occupied by the enemy．
(d)He forgets the business which he has come on．
Where is the freedom—which we have struggled for 20 years?
(4)在下面情况下，介词只能放在关系代词后面，亦即放在及物动词短语末尾。
（a）如果关系代词为that
There is something that you are not aware of．
The boy that my father spoke to is John's son．
（b）如果（在限制性从句中）关系代词被省略
He is not a doctor you can quarrel with．
That is all we fled the country with．
Money is not the only thing I am working for．
（c）如果关系代词为what
I can give you whatever you ask for．
What one is truly interested in is one's wife and children．
（d）如果关系从句中包含一个系动词（在这种情形下，关系代词都省略）
That was the hotel（which）I had been in．
He buys many things one can be without．
I know the obligation I am under．
（e）如果关系代词为两个或更多不同介词的宾语，或是一个及物动词和另一不及物动词后介词的宾语
The old man whom（R）I talked with and applied to is my boss．
This man，whom（N）I wrote to and asked a favour of，will studymy case．
The old man whom I visited and applied to is my boss．
This man，whom I wrote to and invited，will study my case.
（f）如果关系代词前面已有介词of
Dr．Lee，the office of whom（N）I had been looking for for two hours，had moved to a house just opposite to mine．
Tomorrow I go to Hong Kong，the market of which I will make a study．
There are in this class ten subjects，some（or all，none，seven）of which I must pay much attention to．
（g）如果关系代词为but，as或than
There is not a street but I know much of．（书面语）
There is no conspiracy but he sees through．
I have never seen such an animal as you are telling me about．
Such people as you made acquaintance with are gamblers．
People have given this rich man more than（=than what）he cares for．
577 在先行词后面和不定式前面，有时可以用一个“介词＋which或（whom）＋不定式”的结构。
He has a piece of land on which to live（=on which he may live）.
He has a son on whom to depend（=on whom he can depend）.
A book with which to spend my holiday is in my pocket．
This is no place in which to talk nonsense．
We should have a purpose for which to act（=for which we must act）.
578 这种“介词＋which”或“介词＋whom”的结构，不仅能修饰后面的动词，而且还能修饰前面的先行词，成为一个形容词短语。
There are in this class fifty students，the backgrounds of whom（or of whom the backgrounds）（=whose backgrounds）are almost the same．
Most of the villagers are peasants，the land of whom（or of whom the land）is not very fertile．
I have been in the north，the climate of which（or of which the climate）（=whose climate）is unbearable．
These apples，some（or all，none，a few，three）of which were rotten，were bought ten days ago．
d．关系代词作非谓语动词的宾语
579（1）作动名词的宾语。
He is a bad man，whom（N）I always avoid meeting．
John is a nice fellow，with whom I enjoy talking或 whom I enjoy talking with（及物动词短语）.
This is the house which（R）we consider buying．
He teaches a subject which he must admit having no idea of（及物动词短语）.
580（2）作分词的宾语。
I passed by his house，which（N）I found nobody looking after．
The child（whom）（R）his mother has kept me teaching for five years，remains ignorant．
581（3）作不定式的宾语。
It is an unpleasant job，which（N）he will refuse to do．
He sent his son a certain sum of money，which he bade his son（to）spend carefully．
He is the thief（whom）（R）the police want to arrest．
He is a man whom to know（or to know whom）is an honour．（或He is a man it is an honour to know．）
This is the prize which he has run many miles to win．
（比较：He became the scholar his parents had intended him to be．He was dressed like a doctor which he wished to be．）
e．关系代词作补语
582 关系代词which，that，as都可在关系从句中用作主语的补语，而who和whom却不能。Which用在非限制性关系从句中，that用在限制性关系从句中，并可以省略。两者不仅可代表东西，也可代表人。As可用于限制性或非限制性关系从句中，可指东西也可指人。
He looks like a gangster，which（or as）（N）he is（=and he is a gangster．）
You are a fool，which（or as）he is not（=but he is not a fool）.
He wrote a great book，which（or as）it still is today．
He wants to be useful，which（or as）（代表前面的形容词）he has never been（=but he has never been useful）.
He is honest，as are all his friends．
I remember the sweet girl（that）（R）she was．
He is now the handsome boy（that）he was not．
He is not the man（that）he seems．
He is all（that）a man should be．
I speak to the man（that）you should be．［不是（that）you are］
He is not the same man as he was．
Mr．A，honest fellow that（or as）he was，would not do such a foolish thing．（that或as的先行词fellow可用作另一名词的同位语，前面不加冠词）
I will send the flowers to Lily，angel that she is．
I must advise John，rascal that he is，to do no more mischief．
I lend him the money，fool that（or as）I was．（=I，fool that I was，lent him the money．）
Kill me，robber that（or as）you are．（=You，robber that you are，kill me．）
Would you marry him? Such handsome boy as he is!
Which，that和as也可在关系从句中用作宾语的补语。
He is the president of the United States，which（N）the people elected him two years ago．
He is not the gentleman（that）（R）people thought him．
He remains the naughty boy（that）you used to find him．
Mary does not like such a playboy as she considers John．
He is no more such a fatty as people called him．
4．作关系形容词的Whose和Which
583 关系词whose和which可以用作所有格来修饰一个名词，因此可以称作关系形容词，whose不仅可以代表人，还可代表物。
There came Mary，whose（=and her）dress was attractive．
The vet treated a dog，whose（=and its）legs had been bruised（or，the legs of which had been bruised）.
I have been in Japan，whose scenery is beautiful．
I congratulated Mr．Lee，whose performance was wonderful．（Mr．Lee performed．）
We lamented for Mr．Lee，whose murder was unexpected．（Mr．Lee was murdered．这句中murder有被动意义）
His works interested my uncle，whose admiration encouraged him．（My uncle admired．）
They longed for independence，whose declaration was made in 1776．（Independence was declared．）
I met a friend the other day，which（=and this）friend invited me to a concert．（作为关系形容词，which只能用在非限制性关系从句中。这种用法仅限于书面语，而且有些笨拙）
I stayed in Tokyo for two months，during which time（=but during this time）I met very few old friends．
I started for Calcutta，in which city I decided to stay some days．
I met John and Mary，which latter（=Mary）asked me about my wife．（少见）
They bribed the officials，which practice was very common here．（which可代表整个主句或主句的一部分）
You must learn one or two foreign languages，for which purpose you must see Professor White．
Some students forgot to bring their books，in which case they would be punished．
The commander was killed，which circumstance（or which fact）was very serious．
5．带插入语的结构
584 像I know，they are sure，it is hoped这类插入语，可以紧跟在关系代词后面，不影响关系代词的原来结构。
This was Qin Shi Huang，who（N），historians believe，was the worstmonarch of China．
如果插入语不长，前后的逗号可以省略。
He applied to John，whom I know he had applied to three times．
He has a sewing machine which，it cannot be denied，is the best thing in this village．
The millionaire had a very ugly girl who，I could not have dreamed，many boys fell in love with．
He is the gentleman who（R），I have told you，came yesterday to ask the hand of my daughter．
He wrote a letter which I think was to be sent to her．
There will be an incident which，everybody is sure，will take place within a week．
They punished a thief whom I knew had been caught several times．（有些人用who而不用whom）
He is the boy whom I believe loves Mary．
He wrote a letter（which）I think he dared not send her．
They punished a thief（whom）I knew they had been hunting for years．
585 另一种插入语，如what you call之类，可放在另一个词（如名词、动词等）前面，表示“你所谓的”这类意思，有讽刺的味道。
He knows what you call（放在名词前）“philosophy”．
What you call “human beings” are selfish animals．
At twelve he，what we call（用在动词前），“went out into the world”．
The tyrant felt in his old age what historians call（放在形容词前）“regretful”．
He is devoted to what is known as “social work”.
6．一连几个的关系从句
586 一个先行词后可以跟两个非限制性或限制性关系从句，由and，but或or连接起来。
Lee knows a young man，who teaches history and whose wife is a nurse．（两个非限制性关系从句，由and连接起来，各有不同的关系代词）
Did you see the stranger who came along with a woman yesterday morning and who suddenly disappeared?（两个限制性定语从句由and连接起来）
The fellow that you saw but whom nobody noticed was a thief．
Things that you know or that you think you know are often deceptive．
The boy whom she met years ago and she has not seen（him）since then，will come to her today．（有时在第二个从句中，可以用一个人称代词替代关系代词。有些人不写and whom she has not seen而写and she has not seen him）
I know the firm which John served for years but he quitted（it）later（用来代替but which he quitted later）.
I have never seen a man whose nose is so long and his（=whose）mouth so small．
587 一个先行词可以先和一个限制性关系从句结合起来，表示一个统一的意思，然后再由另一限制性定语从句加以修饰，这时两个关系从句间不能用and，but或or这样的连词。
He is the only man that lives in the city（=citizen）who（not that）lives to be over a hundred．（在这样的句子中要用不同的关系代词，先用that，再用其他关系代词）
There is not a lesson（X）I have learned that I don't understand．（可把lesson I have learned作为一个整体，第一个关系代词可以省略，但第二个不宜省略）
There is not a lesson that I have learned but（=which...not）I understand．（=I understand all the lessons I have learned）．（书面语）
在“It is＋名词＋关系从句＋关系从句”的结构中，who，whom，which后面都用that。
It is only a man who is rich enough that can be honest．（=The only man that can be honest is a man who is rich enough.）（it指人，由that引起的从句加以修饰）
It is only a man who has seen many hardships that can be a leader．
It is trees which are too large that will be uprooted by the hurricane．（it指东西，由that引起的从句加以修饰。）
It is always the mouth which talks too much that arouses troubles．
二、关系副词
588 关系副词同时既作连词又作副词。
1．Where
589 Where为地点副词，必须放在表示地点的名词后面，表示“在那里……”。
This is the city where（=in which）（R）we live．
Here is the farm where（=on which）my family works．
In this city you can see a tree（可当作地点）where an emperor hanged himself long ago．
The casket where she keeps her diamond is lost．
I will show you the point（or the case，the instance）where you fail．（有些抽象名词可用于引申意义，仿佛是一个地方）
This is a job where you can learn something．
I met Lee at a tea-house，where（=and there）（N）we discussed the current events．
Her casket，where she kept her diamond，was lost．
The park，at the eastern corner of the city，where many children play，is very beautiful．（有时在先行词和关系副词之间可插进别的词，可参阅560—562节）
The place is quiet where hundreds of pairs of lovers used to spend their evening．（参阅562节）
This is where（=the place where）I live．（先行词这里没有出现，可参阅551节）
The world is where（=the place where）every man must play a part．
We all come back to where we start．
He is from where rice grows in abundance．
We live near where accidents happen every day．
2．When
590 When是一个表示时间的副词，必须放在表示时间的先行词后，表示“在那时……”。
I long for a moment（when）（=at which）（R）I can have a rest．（引起限制性关系从句时，when可以省略，在大众口语中有时由as代替）
I cannot forget the day（when）（=on which）I fell in love with her．
The month（when）（=in which）the revolt broke out was horrible．
The years of war and hunger，when nobody was sure of his life，will be here again．（在先行词和关系副词when之间有时出现别的词，在这种情况下，when不能省略，参阅560—562节）
The years of peace are no more when everyone can lead a happy life．
The time was when（=the time when）Spain ruled the seas．（先行词未出现，可参阅551节）
This（or That）will be when you grow older．
He should come on Sunday，when（=and on Sunday）（N）I shall be free to meet him．
