We are waiting for New Year's Day，when（=and on New Year's Day）we children shall have new clothes to wear．
3．How
591 How是表示方式的副词，必须放在表示方式的名词后面，总是用在限制性关系从句中，而且通常都省略。
This is the manner（how）（=in which）you treat me．
Can you tell me the way（how）he did it?
This is the way（how）it was and will always be．
That（or This）is how（=the way how）he got rich．（这里先行词未出现）
4．Why
592 Why是一个表示原因或理由的副词，必须放在表示原因和理由的先行词后面，总是用在限制性定语从句中。
Is that the reason（why）（=for which）you study dancing?
There is no cause why he suspects me．
This（or That）is why（=the reason why）he failed．（这里先行词未出现）
You are why my hair becomes grey．
5．That
593 That在大多数情况下都用作关系代词，但在非正式语言中可用作关系副词来代替when，how或why，而且还可以省略。
The night（that）（=when）we started was rainy．
Every time（that）I met her，she was accompanied by a boy．
His mother died on the evening（that）（=when）he was born．
I know the place（that）（=where）he stays．
There is nowhere（that）we can go．
Everywhere（that）I went，I saw misery．
The speed（that）（=at which）he is driving is 70 miles per hour．
He told me nothing about the reason（that）（=why）he resigned．
This was the manner（or the way）（that）（=how）he cheated me．
6．As
594 As用在“the same＋先行词”后，总是用在限制性关系从句中。这个副词和549节中讨论的代词as是不同的。
He did it in the same manner as you did it．
It may be completed with the same speed as it was done before．
7．陈旧的关系副词
595 下面的例子说明了一些陈旧副词的意义和用法。
This is the street whence（=from which）every sin comes．
Do you know the place whither（=to which）a dead man goes?
The store whereat（=at which）I bought my glasses is near at hand．
This is the point wherein（=in which）you make a mistake．
He went out by the backdoor whereby（=by which）he came．
Is this the knife wherewith（=with which）you killed her?
第11单元 同位语
一、同位语的定义
596 同位语是一个名词，表示与前面名词相同的人或物，如在“my friend John”中，John是friend的同位语；在“the Yangtze，longest river of China”中，river是Yangtze的同位语。这两个词分别对前面的名词（可称为主体词）加以解释。
597 两个名词一起用时，第2个名词不一定是同位语。在下面例子中两个名词各表示不同东西：
a gold watch the iron bars
the pioneer work Turkey carpets
在下面例句中，后面的代词只是重复前面的主语，也不能称作同位语：
John，he will come.（多余代词）
The travellers，they had to stay the night．
He will come this evening，he．（强调的说法）
I shall try，I．
598 有些同位语在作用上接近形容词，因为它修饰前面的名词，并依靠该名词而存在。但它又不同于形容词，形容词限制它所修饰名词的意义，而同位语与前面名词是等同的。
二、同位语与主体词的一致性
599 同位语无须与主体词在“数”上一致，谓语动词却必须与作主语的主体词一致。
I like Mary and John，students in this class．（同位语与主体词一致）
We trudged along under the stars，our only guide（同位语可以和主体词不一致）
His dinner，eggs and vegetables，is（而不是are）simple．（动词必须与主语一致，而无须和其同位语一致）
Lotteries，a money-raising device，are（而不是is）popular here．
600 同位语必须与主体词在“格”上一致。
601 1．如果主体词（黑体字）为主格，同位语（斜体字）也应当用主格。
Three persons—you，he and I—will have to maintain this big family．
The Diamond，the best-known restaurant in town，is not far away．
Our manager，Mr．Lee，will soon return．
The committee，White，Nixon and she，are to examine the case．
602 2．如果主体词为宾格，同位语也须用宾格。
You may ask anyone—him，her or me．
They invited our family—father，mother and me—to their country-house．
Our victory lies in an invisible weapon，our morale．
At the news，I felt ashamed for us officials．
603 3．如果主体词为所有格，同位语也应为所有格。
It is his father's，Dr．Johnson's office．
He is to inherit his grandmother's，Lady Whitestone's property．
It is his，your father's，sweat and blood that you are squandering．
I saw her at her aunt's，Mrs．Read's（房舍）.
I bought it at Simpson's，the Shoemaker's（商店）.
I went to Whitestone's，the publisher's（机构）.
但在上面最后三例中，aunt's，Simpson's和Whitestone's中的's可省略。
如果主体词与同位语结合很紧密，则只需在同位语后加's。
I wish to borrow your brother John's bicycle．（这时主体词与同位语之间没有逗号）
These are photographer Wells's latest pictures．
May I have a look at Captain Smith's letters?
如果这两个成分连接很松散，而同位语也有相当长度，由这两者修饰的名词可以插在它们之间，这样同位语也可不加-'s。举例来说，He's under Dr．Kim's，a Korean specialist's treatment．这个句子可以改为下面两句：
He is under Dr．Kim's careful treatment，a Korean specialist in heart disease．（较好）
He is under the careful treatment of Dr．Kim，a Korean specialist in heart disease．（更好，避免连用所有格）
又如：
This house is John's（house），an importer of German cars．
These words are Shakespeare's（words），the greatest of English poets．
I am interested in Darwin's writings，the first man to build up the theory of evolution．（I am interested in the writings of Darwin，the first man...这样说更好些）
三、同位语的位置
604 多数同位语都紧跟它的主体词。
My friend John．
Mrs．Kim，my aunt．
We，the lawyers．
Captain Lee．
605 同位语有时放在离主体词较远的后部，特别是同位语受到强调或是比较长时。
We should try our best，you and I．
Who is to blame，John or Mary?
I am on the moon，a stranger in a strange environment．
Is this a dagger what I see before me?
He is a wonderful man，that brother of yours．
It is not always wise to tell the truth．
It is not a fault，being poor．
Let us sit together，you and me．
Let us be cautious，us hunters．
I swung in the sky，the most beautiful sight on earth．
We invited all his family to the beach—him，his wife，his dog．
Let the word get around that David was dead．
We travelled to the Great Wall，the best-known spot in China．
四、相当于名词的成分作主体词或同位语
A．相当于名词的成分作主体词
606 不仅名词可以作主体词，而且相当于名词的成分也可以作主体词。（下面例句中的黑体词）
607 代词作主体词。
I，your father，should advise you about your marriage．
They should no more look down on us workers．
They are no ordinary people，those scientists and engineers．
I think it necessary to act more and to speak less．
608 不定式作主体词。
To talk about things you don't know—that is foolish．
To read，to understand，to listen and to write—these four functions of the mind are different from each other．
609 动名词作主体词。
Sitting idle and working too hard—both are inadvisable．
Cursing your children and beating them—is this the only way to teach them?
610 从句作主体词。
What he is，where he comes from，what he comes for—these three questions have puzzled me many days．
He is married to a Korean girl—a fact few people know．
The President was suddenly assassinated—a circumstance that will aroused lots of troubles in the country．
His belly was swollen—sure signs that he would die soon．
B．相当于名词的成分作同位语
611 不仅名词可以作同位语，一些相当于名词的成分也可用作同位语。（见例句中的斜体字）
612 代词作同位语。
To multiple 5 by 3 and to multiple 3 by 5—both are correct．
For everyone to have enough food，enough clothing，and to have a house，a car—this should be the aim of all politicians．
613 不定式作同位语。
He has the misfortune to lose his wife．
He has a plan to rebuild this city．
For the last ten years he has had a great wish—to build a hundred-and-one-storied building．
His ambition to become an engineer deserves our assistance．
It is no use to dissuade them from fighting．
Only one course is now open to us—to fight to the last man．
614 动名词作同位语。
He tried to achieve the impossible，earning a million dollars in a week．
His idea—making our country strong before making her rich—has many supporters．
Is it good encouraging children to play at fighting?
615 从句作同位语。
The idea that we must make our country both strong and rich is good but impracticable in these few years．
The fact that man can land on the moon is no ordinary matter．
The cause why a man suffers from cancer is not yet known．
五、同位语的类别
A．与主体词松散连接的同位语的特点
616 同位语可分为两类，即与主体词松散连接的同位语以及与主体词紧密结合的同位语。
617 第一类同位语有以下特点：
(1)其内涵与主体词相等，或比它更具体、更一般；
(2)前面有一逗号、破折号，或namely，or，to wit，that is，that is to say，viz，i.e．这类标记；
(3)主体词前有一个限定词（如a，the，this，that，some），也可以没有；
(4)前面没有of这个词；
(5)本身构成一个概念，与主体词包含的概念相平行。
Beijing，the capital of China．（相等）
A cosmonaut，that is，a person trained to fly in space．
A person trained to fly in space，that is，a cosmonaut．
Two friends of mine，namely，Eva and Ida．（更具体）
Three important languages，i．e．English，Chinese and Spanish．
History—the record of war and crime．
We—Thomas，Paul and I．
Eva and Ida，two friends of mine．（更一般）
English，Chinese and Spanish，in other words，three important languages．
618 这类结构的一个变体是it（或另外的代词），作为特殊的主体词，it通常被一些词插入而和同位语隔开，同位语可以是不定式、从句等。
It is foolish to commit suicide．
It astonishes me that this child should know everything．
It was presumed that I could persuade a drunkard．
He knows ten languages，that Spaniard．（口语体）
They lost the support of the people，those corrupt officials．
I find it foolish to commit suicide．
I regard it as necessary for you to advise him．
They consider it natural that he should marry her．
B．与主体词紧密结合的同位语的特点
619 第二类同位语有以下特点：
(1)比主体词更具体，而主体词更一般；
(2)前面很少有逗号或其他任何标记；
(3)主体词前常有the；
(4)和主体词结合表示一个概念。
the ship Eagle
the river Kwei
the space shuttle Columbus
the proverb “Look before you leap”
620 这种结构的一个变体是前面带of的同位语。
the title（of）“emperor”（of可以省略）
the novel（of）War and Peace
the crime of murder（of必须使用）
the Republic of India
of引起的短语通常起形容词的作用，修饰它前面的词。但在这里它起一种特殊作用，作前面那个词的同位语。此外，还有一种变体，这类同位语甚至可以放在主体词的前面（而不是后面）。在这样放置之后，同位语成了限制性形容词，两个成分结合得如此紧密，几乎成了一个合成词。
the Columbus Space Shuttle the Harz Mountain
the Bull Mountain Inn the New York Harbor
C．与主体词松散连接的同位语的各种例句
621 专有名词作主体词。
Mary，my sister；Bill Clinton，the president of the U．S．A.；Paris，the capital of France；Homer，an ancient Greek poet
622 在期刊中冠词常常省略。
Ida Wells，（a）twenty-year-old singer；Rhonda White，（an）English teacher；Paul Polo，（the）chairman of××club
623 普通名词作主体词。
Books，the record of human wisdom；machines，the extentions of our hands；a knowledge-box，i．e．a rural school-house；a quadruped，in simple terms，a four-footed animal；a four-footed animal，technically（speaking），a quadruped
624 抽象名词作主体词。
Printing，the art of spreading knowledge；memory，the basis of all learning
625 代词作主体词。
We，the teachers；us，doctors；you，all the politicians
626 两个或更多主体词。
Algebra，geometry and even arithmetic，all are too difficult for my head．
My sons and my daughters，both are dear to me．
1，3，5，7，9，11，etc.，these are odd numbers．
627 句子作主体词。
Suddenly one day the criminal came home with a long，long beard—a fact you never can believe．
He suffers from tuberculosis—a circumstance that is to bring about another trouble．
628 注意主体词与同位语之间的各种标记。
629 Here we have four seasons：（or i．e.，viz．，namely，that is［to say］），spring，summer，autumn，winter．（这种标记放在全数例子之前）
There are over a hundred elements，e．g．（or for example，for instance），oxygen and carbon．（这种标记只放在少数例子之前）
Sodium chloride，or（or in common language，in other words），table salt，is a compound consisting of sodium and chlorine．
Table salt，technically（speaking）sodium chloride，is scarce in this area．
She likes classics，especially（or particularly）Hugo and Tolstoy．（放在同位语前面）
She likes classics，Hugo and Tolstoy in particular.（放在同位语后面）
630 注意各种同位语。
631 John，（though he is）a child of six，behaves like a grown-up.（一个紧缩的从句作同位语）
I will ask Alan，（who is）an expert in this subject．
His father，（as he had been）a heavy smoker for the last forty years，died of cancer．
632 It was a race—a race against time．（与主体词重复的词作同位语）
His son—his only son—was killed in the war．
His friends，especially those below ten，are all present．
His dream came true，the dream of marrying a good wife．
This and just this is mine；those and no others are his．
633 注意主体词it（或其他人称代词）后面的同位语。
634 主体词it作主语。
It is necessary to work harder．（同位语可以是不定式）
It makes me sad to think of his future．
It is foolish telling lies．（同位语是动名词）
It was a pity giving up this plan．
It is natural that this rich man should be proud．（that引起的从句）
It astonished me that the governor should treat me like his brother．
It puzzled me how he could do that．（疑问词引起的从句）
It is a great pity，her death．（同位语是名词）
635 主体词it作宾语。
I find it impossible to start any work．（同位语可以是不定式）
He makes it a rule getting up early．（动名词）
I will see to it that he will take care of you．（that引起的从句可以紧跟在“介词＋it”的结构后面）
You may rely upon it that he can help you．
636 主体词He，She等作主语。
He is neglected and laughed at，that poor poet．
She became crazy，that old woman.
They will be angry with me，my parents．
D．与主体词紧密结合的同位语的各种例句
1．前面没有of的同位语
637 注意主体词。
638 职业名称作主体词。
the lawyer Amy Wood，the painter Black，the dancer Nora White
有时职业名称放在人名后，这时职业受到强调。
Amy Wood the lawyer，Black the painter，Nora White the dancer
639 动物名作主体词。
the horse Bucephalus，the dog Funny
640 实物名称作主体词。
the ship Eagle，the satellite Sputnik，the machine Singer，the weapon V-1，the planet Mars，the constellation Pisces，the metal aluminium，the precious stone opal
641 词与符号作主体词。
the word “do”，the adjective “red”，the phrase “at school”，the sentence “I love you”，the figure 8，the mark $
642 名词作主体词，而同位语为that引起的从句。
The idea that the earth is round is true．
The news that her son had been killed was a great shock to her．（名词前常常加the）
There is a possibility that he's crazy．（名词前有时可加其他限定词）
Their rule that every student should wear the uniform is not strictly observed．
Some rumour that he would resign was unfounded．
There can be no doubt that John is intelligent and also hardworking．
Is there any certainty（that）he will get married?（that有时可省略）
An order was issued that people should stay at home，especially after dusk．（在名词和从句之间有时插入一个短的成分）
A story goes that an emperor jumped into this well．
Nobody can explain the mystery why he was murdered．（有时可用一个疑问词引起的从句作同位语）
I can't answer the question when we'll have enough food．
643 可用人称代词或名词所有格代替the。
My friend John，Mary's friend Lilian，your brother Tom．
644 在mount，lake这类名词前面，the可以省略。
Mount Everest，Lake Michigan，Cape Comorin，Fort St．George，Castle Wildenstein，Hurricane Eileen
在Premier，General这类头衔前，the也会省略。
Premier Churchill，King Alfred，Queen Victoria，Sir Walter Raleigh，Count Monte Cristo，Lord Leicester，President Clinton，General Pershing，Secretary of State Dulles，Captain Goldsmith，Mr．White，Dr．Wilson，Professor Lee，Farmer Whitestone，Brother Paul，Uncle John，Aunt Mary在某些职业名称前，the有时也可省略，特别是在美国报纸中。
Lawyer Drinkwater，Literary Critic Andersen，Violinist Amy Keats
2．前面通常加of的同位语
645 在“a property of my father”中，of表示所有关系；在“some of my friends”中，of表示“一部分”；而在“the book of Robinson Crusoe”中，of表示“同等东西”，其意思是Robinson Crusoe是一本书。
在下面例句中of都属于第三种意义。
646 Of可以用在province这样的地名后。
the province of Guangdong，the Strait of Gibraltar，the lake of Geneva，the Bay of Bengal，the city of Wuhan，the county of Kent，the Dominion of Pakistan，the Republic of India，the Kingdom of Thailand，the district of Delhi
