647 Of可以用在集体名词后。
the firm of Macmillan，the tribe of Hakka，the house of Rothchild，the family of Palmer，the line of Lochiel（但是：the Clan Chatton）
648 Of可以加在抽象名词后。
the crime of murder，the game of hide-and-seek，the habit of smoking，the subject of business management，the practice of monogamy
649 Of放在比喻的说法后。
the milk of human kindness（=human kindness，which is as desirable as milk），the tempest of his bad temper（=his bad temper，which is as violent as the tempest），the sun of her beauty（=her beauty，which is as brilliant as the sun）
650 Of放在表示时间的名词后。
the month of July，the hour of five，the year（of）1952，the great age of 95（但是：the date January 13）
651 Of可用在文艺作品名称前。
the novel（of）“War and Peace”，the poem（of）“Ode to the West Wind”，the tales（of）“Reynard the Fox”，the fairy tale（of）“the Tin Soldier”，the play（of）“Hamlet”，the statue（of）“St．John the Baptist”，the sonata（of）“Moonlight”，the song（of）“Home，Sweet Home”
652 Of也可加在name或其同义词后。
the name（of）“rose”，the nickname（of）“Shortie”，the title（of）emperor，the designation（of）Sir William，the epithet（of）“black-hearted”
653 Of可以用在动名词前。
the question of spending less and gaining more，the method of decreasing what we want，the aim of saving more money，the folly of doing things aimlessly
654 Of可以用在“疑问词＋不定式”这种结构前。
The question of how to spend less and gain more，the problem of what to do and what not to do．
655 Of可以用在以疑问词引起的从句前。
The question of（or as to）how we can spend less and gain more，the problem of（or as to）what I should do．
3．同位语放在主体词前的情况
656 有时同位语可放在主体词前（参阅620节）。
the Malay Peninsula，the Missouri River，the Atlantic Ocean，the Suez Canal，the Sahara Desert，the North Pole，the Moscow Region，the Rhine Valley；New York City，London Town，Guangdong Province，Greenwich Village,Henrico County，Nanjing Road，Westminster Bridge，Pearl Harbor
657 有些这样的名称前面加the，有些不加。
the Garrick Theatre，the Windsor Hotel，the Fleet Prison，the Whitney Museum，the Empire State Building，the Washington Monument，the Birmingham University，the Albert Hall，the Smith Company，Westminster Cathedral，Buckingham Palace，Carnegie Hall
658 the Hardy brothers，the Kingery girls，the Johnson home，the Whitestone family，the Stuart line
659 the Rodney Cutter，the Serapis Frigate
660 the Irish Constitution Bill，the Rhine question
661 the Christmas season，the Moon Festival
662 the Missouri，the Atlantic，the Suez，the Sahara，New York，London，Oxford，Buckingham（这些名称后面的词，如the Missouri后面的River，the Atlantic后的Ocean，the Suez后面的Canal，因为人所熟知而都被省略掉了）
第12单元 动词
一、概说
A．各种动词形式的构成法
663 英语中的动词时态不好掌握，其原因之一就是有许多使人产生误解的概念。一般现在时很少表示现在时间，过去时又可能表示现在的动作，将来完成时也可能表示过去的事情，现在分词并不总是指现在情况，而过去分词也并不老指过去。在某些情况下，分词纯然是动词，在有些情况下，它同时是动词又是形容词；在另一些情况中，现在分词又变成一个动词兼名词，称为动名词。为了避免某些误解，最好的办法是把它用于句子之前看作是原料，用在句子里之后看作是成品，把这两者严格分开。
664 除了助动词，每个动词都有5个形式，例如see，saw，seen，seeing，to see；又如go，went，gone，going，to go。这些形式都只是原料，不表明它们是指哪个时间、哪种情态及语态，也不表明它们起形容词、副词还是名词的作用。由于它们是没有色彩的字，唯一适当的办法是把see和go称为PP1（Principal Part number one），把saw，went称作PP2，把seen，gone称作PP3，把seeing和going称作PP4，把to see和to go称作PP5，而不用它们现在的名称（现在时、过去时、过去分词、现在分词及不定式）。可以想象，说将来时由will和现在时构成，而过去将来时由would和现在时构成，在“We are playing．”中playing纯粹是动词，而在“It was interesting．”中分词又是形容词，等等，是多么让人糊涂。
665 如把这些形式看作原料，就可以用它们（单独或借助have，be，shall，will这类助动词）构成任何情态、时态、语态而表示特定的意义。下表说明这些主要形式如何构成动词的各种时态，以及有些什么主要意义。
各种动词形式的构成
AUX=may，must，can，should，needn't，daren't，ought to
BE=am，is，are，were，was；can（or could，may，might，will，would，shall，should，must，had to）be；have been
助动词 主要成分 动词形式 解释性例句
（do or AUX＋） PP1 一般现在时：反复发生或无时间性的动作 ·I （can）teach English．
·I （do）know it．
will（or shall）＋ PP1 一般将来时：表示将来动作 ·I shall teach English next year．
would（or should）＋ PP1 过去将来时：表示从过去看将来的情况 ·He said in 1960 that he would teach English the following year（i. e. in 1961）.
would（or should，might，could，had to）＋ PP1 虚拟过去时：在条件从句中或在表结论的主句中表示实现可能性不大的现在的动作 ·If I could teach English，I should be happy.（But I cannot.）
·If I knew English，I would teach it.
did（or might，could，had to）＋ PP1 一般过去时：表示过去发生的情况 ·He said he could teach English.
— PP2 一般过去时：表示过去动作 ·I taught English last year.
— PP2 虚拟过去时： 表示实现可能性不大的现在的动作或无时间性的动作 ·If I taught English，I should be a bad teacher．（But I do not．）
have（or had，shall have，will have，AUX have）＋ PP3 完成时态：表示过去、现在或将来某时前已完成动作
·I had taught English by 10 a.m．
yesterday．
·I have taught English now．
·I shall have taught English by 10 a．m．tomorrow．
had＋ PP3 虚拟过去完成时：在条件从句中表示不真实的过去动作 ·If I had taught English，I should have been a good teacher．（But I did not teach．）
Would（or should，could，might）have＋ PP3 虚拟过去完成时：在表结论的主句中表示不真实的过去动作 ·If I had had a chance，I should have taught English.
BE＋（being）＋ PP3 被动语态：表示主语是动作的承受者 ·I am（being）taught by Mr. A.
（being or having been）＋ PP3 过去（或被动）分词：同时作被动动词及形容词 ·I am a student（being）taught by Mr. A.
being（or having been）＋ PP3 被动动名词：作被动动词及名词 ·I like being taught by Mr．A．
to be（or to have been）＋ PP3 被动不定式：作被动动词及副词，动词及形容词，或动词及名词 ·He came to be taught.（v. and adverb）
·He is not a boy to be taught．（v．and adj．）
·He does not like to be taught.（v．and n．）
BE＋ PP4 进行时态：表示正在进行的动作 ·I am teaching English．
— PP4 现在（或主动）分词：作主动动词及形容词，或主动动词及副词 ·She is a lady teaching English．（v. and adj．）
·She gives us many examples while teaching English．（v. and adv．）
— PP4 主动动名词：作主动动词及名词 ·I like teaching English．
to be（or to have been）＋ PP4 进行不定式：表示重复的动作 ·To be teaching all day long is a bore．
— PP5 简单不定式：作为主动动词及副词，动词及形容词，或动词及名词 ·I have come here to teach English.（v．and adv．）
·I am not a man to teach English.（v．and adj．）
·I want to teach English．（v．and n．）
— PP5 Without to 不带to的不定式：作宾语补语 ·I saw him teach English.
666 根据上面的动词形式表，下面的动词组合是违反英语用法的，因而是错误的：
is go，was teach，have been make，could saw，might took，can saw，may went，have be seen，will coming，would have saw，had be seen，is eat，ought to had come，must seen，want see，will gone
667 下面是一些规则：
1．PP1前可以放任何助动词（即may，might，can，could，must，had to，do，did，will，would，shall，should，ought to，daren't，needn't）。
2．PP2前不能放任何助动词。
3．PP3前可以加have或had构成完成时态。PP3前可以加be的任何形式构成被动语态。前面无have和be时，PP3是形容词（或副词）兼被动的动词。
4．PP4前可加be的任何形式以构成进行时态。前面无助动词时，PP4可以是形容词（分词）或名词（动名词），同时也是动词。
5．PP5起名词、副词或形容词的作用，同时又是动词。在用作宾语补语时，前面可以不加to。
B．动词的主要成分
668 在动词的5个主要成分中，PP4和PP5分别以加-ing及to的方式构成，PP2和PP3大多数都以加-ed的方式构成，但大约有250个动词有不规则的形式。
1．规则动词
669 即使是规则动词，在构成PP2和PP3时，也有变异处，值得注意。
670 PP2及PP3构成法如下：
671 一般情况下在PP1后加-ed。
PP1 PP2 PP3
wish wished wished
talk talked talked
allow allowed allowed
672 PP1若以e结尾，只加-d。
PP1 PP2 PP3
hope hoped hoped
hate hated hated
debate debated debated
（但在构成PP4时，在加-ing前要把e去掉，即为hoping，hating，debating）
673 PP1若以“辅音＋元音＋辅音”（CVC）结尾，最后的辅音字母要双写，再加-ed。
如果最后音节不重读，最后的辅音字母不必双写：
674 但有一些例外情况：
在构成PP4加词尾-ing时，和加-ed时的情况一样：
675 PP1以c结尾时，要变c为ck再加-ed。
PP1 PP2 PP3
mimic mimicked mimicked
havoc havocked havocked
bivouac bivouacked bivouacked
picnic picnicked picnicked
traffic trafficked trafficked
（比较：mimicking，havocking，bivouacking...）
676 PP1若以y结尾，一般要变y为i，再加-ed。
PP1 PP2 PP3
try tried tried
defy defied defied
study studied studied
testify testified testified
但y前若是一个元音字母，则y不必变。
PP1 PP2 PP3
play played played
destroy destroyed destroyed
employ employed employed
obey obeyed obeyed
但有几个例外情况。
PP1 PP2 PP3
lay laid laid
pay paid paid
say said said
677-ed词尾有3种读音。在清辅音后读作[t]。
jumped [jʌmpt]，dipped，developed
booked [bukt]，baked，havocked
kissed [kist]，promised，perplexed
hashed [hæʃt]，finished，demolished
perched [pəːtʃt]，inched，lunched
knifed [naift]，laughed，photographed
以t或d结尾的词，-ed读作[id]。
acted [ˈæktid]，seated，permitted
aided [ˈeidid]，ended，succeeded
在其他情况下（即PP1以任何其他字母结尾时），-ed读作 [d]。
loved [lʌvd]，named，filled，died，answered，studied，preferred
2．不规则动词
678 几乎所有不规则动词都是单音节词，少数双音节及三音节词也是由单音节词加前缀构成的。
a．bet，bless，knit，make，sweat，tread（单音节词）
b．be-think，fore-tell，mis-take，un-do，re-build，out-grow，over-lie，under-go（加前缀）
c．back-bite，broad-cast，gain-say（合成词）
这些双音节词与三音节词所含的PP2与PP3和单音节词的PP2与PP3一样。
think，thought，thought；bethink，bethought，bethought
tell，told，told；foretell，foretold，foretold
bite，bit，bitten；backbite，backbit，backbitten
许多以-en结尾的PP3都可用作形容词。
frozen fruit，woven thread，hewn timber，cloven hoofs，proven fact，driven snow，grown children，shorn lambs，terror-stricken women，molten iron，drunken people，ill-gotten money
679 不规则动词表。（斜体词为陈旧形式）
PP1（现在时） PP2（过去时） PP3（过去分词）
abide abode，abided abode，abided
arise arose arisen
awake awoke awaked，awoken
backbite backbit backbitten，backbit
backslide backslid backslid，backslidden
be（am,art,is,are） was，wast，wert，were been
bear bore，bare borne，born
beat beat beaten
become became become
befall befell befallen
beget begot，begat begotten
begin began begun
behold beheld beheld，beholden（=indebted）
bend bent，bended bent，bended（knees）
bereave bereaved，bereft bereaved，bereft
beseech besought besought
beset beset beset
bespeak bespoke bespoken，bespoke
bestride bestrode bestridden，bestrid，bestrode
bet bet，betted bet，betted
betake betook betaken
bethink bethought bethought
bid bade，bid bidden，bid
bide bode bode
bind bound bound，bounden
bite bit bitten，bit
bleed bled bled
blend blended，blent blended，blent
bless blessed，blest blessed，blest
blow blew blown,blowed（=damned）
break broke broken，broke（形容词）
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast，broadcasted broadcast，broadcasted
browbeat browbeat browbeaten
build built built
burn burnt（英），burned burnt（英），burned
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
cast cast cast
catch caught caught
chide child children，child
choose chose chosen
cleave clove，cleft cloven（hoofs），cleft
cling clung clung
clothe clothed，clad clothed，clad
come came come
cost cost cost
creep crept crept
crow crowed，crew crowed
cut cut cut
dare dared，durst dared
deal dealt dealt
dig dug，digged dug，digged
dip dipped，dipt（少见） dipped，dipt（少见）
dive dived，dove（美） dive
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamed，dreamt（英） dreamed，dreamt（英）
dress dressed，drest（少见） dressed，drest（少见）
drink drank drunk，drunken（形容词）
drive drove driven
drop dropped，dropt（少见） dropped，dropt（少见）
dwell dwelt，dwelled dwelt，dwelled
eat ate[et]（英），[eit]（美） eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fit fitted，fit（美） fitted，fit（美）
flee fled fled
fling flung flung
fly flew flown
forbear forbore forborne
forbid forbade，forbad forbidden
forecast forecast，forecasted forecast，forecasted
forego forewent foregone
foreknow foreknew foreknown
foresee foresaw foreseen
foretell foretold foretold
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
forsake forsook forsaken
forswear forswore forsworn
freeze froze frozen
gainsay gainsaid gainsaid
get got got，gotten（美）
gild gilded，gilt gilded
gird girded，girt girded，girt
give gave given
go went gone
grave graved graven（形容词），graved
grind ground ground
grow grew grown
hamstring hamstringed，hamstrung hamstringed，hamstrung
hang hung，hanged（绞死） hung，hanged（绞死）
have，hast，has had，hadst had
hear heard heard
heave heaved，hove（水手用语） heaved，hove（水手用语）
hew hewed hewed，hewn
hide hid hidden（形容词），hid
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
inlay inlaid inlaid
keep kept kept
kneel knelt knelt
knit knitted，knit knitted，knit
know knew known
lade laded laden（形容词），laded
lay laid laid
lead led led
lean leant（英），leaned leant（英），leaned
Leap leapt，leaped leapt，leaped
learn learnt（英），learned learnt（英），learned
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lighted，lit lighted，lit
load loaded loaded，laden（载有）
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
melt melted melted（snow，butter），molten（gold，glass）
misdeal misdealt misdealt
misgive misgave misgiven
mislay mislaid mislaid
mislead misled misled
mistake mistook mistaken
misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood
mow mowed mown（形容词），mowed
outbid outbade，outbid outbidden，outbid
outdo outdid outdone
outgo outwent outgone
outgrow outgrew outgrown
outride outrode outridden
outrun outran outrun
outshine outshone outshone
outspread outspread outspread
outwear outwore outworn
overbear overbore overborne
overcast overcast overcast
overdraw overdrew overdrawn
overeat overate overeaten
overfeed overfed overfed
overgrow overgrew overgrown
overhang overhung overhung
overhear overheard overheard
overlay overlaid overlaid
overleap overleapt，overleaped overleapt，overleaped
overlie overlay overlain
override overrode overridden
overrun overran overrun
oversee oversaw overseen
overset overset overset
overshoot overshot overshot
oversleep overslept overslept
overspread overspread overspread
overtake overtook overtaken
overthrow overthrew overthrown
partake partook partaken
pass passed passed，past（形容词）
pay paid paid
put put put
prove proved proved，proven
quit quitted，quit（美） quitted，quit（美）
read[riːd] read[red] read[red]
rebuild rebuilt rebuilt
recast recast recast
relay relaid relaid
rend rent rent
repay repaid repaid
reset reset reset
retell retold retold
rid ridded，rid ridded，rid
ride rode ridden
ring rang，rung rung
rise rose risen
rive rived riven，rived
rot rotted rotted，rotten
run ran run
saw sawed sawn（形容词），sawed
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
sew sewed sewn（形容词），sewed
shake shook shaken
shave shaved shaved，shaven
shear sheared，shore shorn（形容词），sheared
shed shed shed
shine shone，shined（擦亮） shone，shined（擦亮）
ship shipped，shipt shipped，shipt
shoe shod shod
shoot shot shot
show showed shown（形容词），showed
shred shredded，shred shredded，shred
shrink shrank，shrunk shrunk,shrunken（形容词）
shrive shrove，shrived shriven，shrived
shut shut shut
sing sang，sung sung
sink sank，sunk sunk，sunken（形容词）
sit sat sat
slay slew slain
sleep slept slept
