slide slid slid，slidden
sling slung slung
slink slunk slunk
slit slit slit
smell smelt（英），smelled smelt（英），smelled
smite smote，smit smitten，smit
sow sowed sown（形容词），sowed
speak spoke，spake spoken
speed sped，speeded sped，speeded
spell spelt（英），spelled spelt（英），spelled
spend spent spent
spill spilt（英），spilled spilt（英），spilled
spin spun，span spun
spit spat，spit spat，spit
split split split
spoil spoilt（英），spoiled spoilt（英），spoiled
spread spread spread
spring sprang sprung
stand stood stood
stave staved，stove staved，stove
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
stink stank，stunk stunk
stop stopped，stopt（书面语） stopped，stopt（书面语）
strew strewed strewn（形容词），strewed
stride strode stridden
strike struck struck，stricken（形容词）
string strung strung
strip stripped，stript（少见） stripped，stript（少见）
strive strove striven
sunburn sunburned，sunburnt sunburned，sunburnt
swear swore，sware sworn
sweat sweat，sweated sweat，sweated
sweep swept swept
swell swelled swollen
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
thrive throve，thrived thriven,thrived
throw threw thrown
thrust thrust thrust
tread trod trodden，trod
unbend unbent unbent（形容词）
unbind unbound unbound
underbid underbid underbidden，underbid
undergo underwent undergone
undersell undersold undersold
understand understood understood
undertake undertook undertaken
underwrite underwrote underwritten
undo undid undone
upset upset upset
wake waked（美），woke waked（美），woken，woke
waylay waylaid waylaid
wear wore worn
weave wove woven，wove
wed wedded，wed wedded，wed
weep wept wept
win won won
wind winded，wound winded，wound
withdraw withdrew withdrawn
withhold withheld withheld
withstand withstood withstood
work worked，wrought worked，wrought（iron）
wring wrung wrung
write wrote，writ written，writ
注：对PP1，PP2，PP3这些名称一般的读者是不熟悉的。像现在时、过去时、过去分词这些名称，虽然容易引起误会，但是所有语法书及字典几乎都使用。为此本书不得不在全书中也使用这些名称，这样可以使没看本章的读者也能理解。
C．动词的分类
680 动词可以分作两类：谓语动词（或称动词的限定形式）及非谓语动词（或称动词的非限定形式）。谓语动词只能用作动词，在句中充当谓语，它必须与主语在人称和数上一致，它是一个句子和一个从句必不可少的部分。例如：He knows me，John came yesterday afternoon．非谓语动词，不仅用作动词，还起形容词、副词或名词的作用，它无须与主语一致，也不是一个句子或从句必不可少的。例如：He is a businessman knowing many politicians．在这个例句中，knowing可起形容词作用，修饰businessman这个名词。又如：He wants to go to the pictures．在这个例句中，to go起名词作用，作及物动词wants的宾语。又如：Coming up to her，he bowed politely．在这个例句中，coming起副词的作用，修饰动词bowed。另外，一个句子或分句一般只需一个谓语动词（除非有由连词连接的更多个谓语动词），而非谓语动词可以不要，也可以有许多，如在Fighting to achieve independence requires all of us having patience—not only courage．中有一个谓语动词和三个非谓语动词。又如在He denies having asked her to run away from her family．中有一个谓语动词和两个非谓语动词。
681 谓语动词可以是一个词，如：He saw me．John spoke Spanish．也可以由几个词构成，通常有一个主要动词和一到三个（间或有四个）助动词，如：He will come．He may be killed．Wang must have been cheated．非谓语动词也可以只有一个词，如：It started raining．有时由几个词构成，通常只有have和be这两个助动词，如：Having seen it，He can't but believe．To respect others means to be respected．Having been sent to prison is not a favourable record．
682 谓语动词可以用于陈述语气（Indicative Mood），表示某情况是事实，如：I know it．He came yesterday.也可以用于虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood），表示某情况不肯定，或是与事实相反的假想情况，如：If I knew it，I would be safe（but I do not know）.If he had come，he would have been arrested（but he did not come）.
683 陈述语气的动词有12种时态，表示不同的动作时间和动作完成的不同程度。下面是动词write和be在12种时态中的不同形式，说明它们如何在人称和数上与主语一致。He也代表she，it，a teacher，this boy及任何单数名词。They代表任何复数名词。
write及be在陈述语气12个时态中的形式
现在 一般时 We（I，You，They）write．
He writes．
We are（I am，You are，He is）happy．
完成时 We（or I，You，They）have written．
We have been happy．
He has written．
He has been happy．
进行时 We are（or I am，You are，They are，He is）writing．
完成进行时 We（or I，You，They）have been writing．
He has been writing．
过去 一般时 We（or I，You，They，He）wrote．We（or You，They）were happy．I（or He）was happy．
完成时 We（or I，You，They，He）had written，had been happy．
进行时 We were（or I was，You were，They were，He was）writing．
完成进行时 We（or I，You，They，He）had been writing．
将来 一般时 We（or I，You，They，He）shall（or will）write，shall（or will）be happy．
（The meaning is different between shall and will．）
完成时 We（or I）shall have written，shall have been happy．They（or He）will have written，will have been happy．
进行时 We（or I）shall be writing．You（or They，He）will be writing．
完成进行时（少用）
684 虚拟语气的动词也有12种时态，不仅表示不同时间及动作完成的不同程度，而且表示不同程度的怀疑。虚拟语气和陈述语气的形式几乎一样，但含义却不相同。因此在时态名称前要冠以“虚拟”二字，以示差别，如“虚拟现在”或“现在虚拟”，“虚拟过去完成”或“过去完成虚拟”。
write及be在虚拟语气12时态中的形式
虚拟现在（一般）时 If he writes．If he be wise．
虚拟现在进行时 If he be writing．
虚拟现在完成时 If he have written．If he have been wise．
虚拟现在完成进行时 If he have been writing．
虚拟过去（一般）时 If he wrote．If he were wise．
虚拟过去进行时 If he were writing．
虚拟过去完成时 If he had written．If he had been wise．
虚拟过去完成进行时 If he had been writing．
虚拟将来（一般）时 If he would（or should）write．If he would（or should）be wise．
虚拟将来进行时 If he would（or should）be writing
虚拟将来完成时 If he would（or should）have written．If he would（or should）have been wise．
虚拟将来完成进行时 If he would（or should）have been writing．
和陈述语气的差别是：在虚拟一般时中，be用于各种人称，而不用is，am，are；第三人称单数主语后用不带-s词尾的动词（如write，have）来代替带词尾-s的动词（如writes，has）。在虚拟语气过去时中，即使在第三人称单数主语后也用were，而不用was。虽然时态总数有12个，但进行时及完成进行时态却很少使用。现在时态只是偶尔使用，也偏于书面体。因此常用的时态只有6个。
685 非谓语动词（亦称Verbals）可以是动名词、分词或不定式。它们表示的时间根据同句中谓语动词表示的时间来确定。因此对它们来说，所谓“现在”“过去”“将来”已不适用。通用的“现在分词”和“过去分词”不是很确切的名称，称作“主动分词”和“被动分词”似乎好一些。这些非谓语动词和谓语动词一样，也有4种形式，表示在谓语动词所表示的时间当中业已完成或正在进行的动作。关于这三类非谓语动词的各种形式，可参阅第12单元Ⅲ中“非谓语动词”。
686 谓语和非谓语动词都有4个“体”，又名“动相”（Aspects）：简单体（Simple）、起始体（Ingressive）、终结体（Terminative）及反复体（Frequentative）。简单体表示在某一时间（不管短还是长）动作是完整的，我们使用的大部分动词都属这个体。
He spoke to me Mary came the other day．
They build many houses． I know it．
起始体使我们注意动作的开始。
He began to cry． He became pale．
John caught a cold． I put on my dress．
He fell asleep． He ran mad.
终结体使我们注意动作的终结，常常意味着成功或失败。
He gave up hope． He found it out．
Stop crying． We finished playing．
反复体表示同一动作的多次重复。
The girls giggled. The hen cackled．
He asked again and again． I tried and tried．
上面的例子所表示的“体”可由一个单一动词表示出来，也可由一动词结合另一词类表示出来。
687 不管是谓语动词还是非谓语动词，动词都可以是不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词或宾补动词，这五类动词是根据它们是否跟有宾语或补语来决定的。
本身意思完整的动词称为不及物动词（Intransitive Verbs）。如：John came．Mary was playing．We dined at that restaurant yesterday．
表示动作由主语传到另一人或物的称为及物动词（Transitive Verbs），动作所传及的这个人或物称为宾语（Object）。如：John saw a cat．Mary was playing basketball．We like Mary．这些动词告诉我们看见什么，玩什么及喜欢谁。
双宾动词（Dative Verbs）有两个宾语，第1个是表人宾语，亦称间接宾语（Indirect Object）；第2个是表物宾语，亦称直接宾语（Direct Object）。如：He gave me some books．I teach John French．I wrote his sister many letters．
系动词（Linking Verbs）都跟有一个主语的补语（Complement）。补语不同于宾语，不承受主语的动作，而是说明主语的特点。如：He is a miser．Mary seems lonesome．Our manager became thin．
宾补动词（Factitive Verbs）不仅跟有一个宾语，还跟有一个宾语的补语，说明宾语的特点。如：I call him a miser．I found Mary lonesome．Don't put the manager out of temper.
上面所谈五类动词的情况可以概括为下面公式，从中还可清楚看出它们在句中的位置：
S＋IV 主语＋不及物动词
S＋TV＋O 主语＋及物动词＋宾语
S＋DV＋IO＋DO 主语＋双宾动词＋间宾＋直宾
S＋LV＋SC 主语＋系动词＋主语补语
S＋FV＋O＋OC 主语＋宾补动词＋宾语＋宾补
宾语可以是任何相当于名词的东西，补语可以是任何相当于名词或相当于形容词的东西，但一个特定的动词只能跟一种东西（如名词）或几种东西（如形容词、介词短语及不定式）而已。这是一个非常有意思的问题，将在有关47种谓语类型单元详细讨论。
688 最后一点，一个动词，不管是谓语动词还是非谓语动词，都可以是主动语态或被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动词所表示动作的执行者，如：I wrote these letters．Edison invented the electric lamp．Many people speak English．被动语态表示主语是动词所表示动作的承受者，如：These letters were written by me．The electric lamp was invented by Edison．English is spoken by many people．及物动词、双宾动词及宾补动词可以由主动语态改为被动语态。关于陈述语气、虚拟语气及非谓语动词的各种被动形式，详见本单元“六、动词的两种语态”。
689 概论中所谈问题可概括为下表，从中可以看出动词有几种分类法：
二、谓语动词
A．陈述语气
1．12种时态
690 陈述语气的动词有12种主要时态，表示不同时间的动作及动作完成的程度。它们是：
现在 过去 将来
一般时 一般时 一般时
进行时 进行时 进行时
完成时 完成时 完成时
完成进行时 完成进行时 完成进行时
a．一般现在时
691 形式。
I（or You，They，Those men）know．He knows（or doesn't know）．
I am（or You are，He is，John is，They are，Those men are）honest．
I（or You，He，John，They，Those men）can（or may，must，ought to，has to or have to，should，used to，need not，dare not）do it（or be there）．
692 一般现在时的用法。
(1)表示反复发生的动作及人或物的一般特征，不指特定的时间。动作或特征可发生在任何时间，包括现在、过去和将来。表示动作及状态的动词以及助动词都可用于这个时态。
The sun rises in the east．（天文）（表动作动词）
Light goes faster than sound．（物理）
The durian grows in southeast Asia．（植物）
Tigers eat meat．（动物）
The stomach digests food．（生理学）
A rolling stone gathers no moss．（谚语）
He gets up early．I smoke．He goes to school．
I like coffee．（反复动作或习惯）
He sells rice．Mary teaches English．（职业）
You play the piano very well．He speaks Chinese fluently．He knows Japanese．（技能）
We respect old men．Children wear new clothes on New Year's Day．They bow to each other when they meet．（风俗）
Man is selfish．（表状态动词）
This river looks pretty．
Two and two are four．
He seems cunning．
I have a dog and I love him．
Wealth and fame mean nothing to me．
This book contains ten stories．
They may smoke．They must not smoke．（助动词）
You must see the lawyer．You need not see the lawyer．
He can write poetry．He cannot write poetry．
He may be honest．He cannot be honest．
这样用时，一般现在时常和表示频度的副词或副词短语一起用，如never，hardly，scarcely，rarely，seldom，sometimes，often，frequently，generally，always；yearly，quarterly，monthly，daily；twice a year，five times a week，on alternate days。
Thomas never smiles．
He seldom dances．
He goes to school five days a week．
693（2）表示未来计划、将来时间或明确说出的内容以及对方知道的内容。
I go（=am to go）to Hong Kong next June．
He starts next week．
We leave very soon．
He gets his money tomorrow morning．
He gives a party in three days．
He retires next year．
We move next month．
We dine on August 2．
We play football this afternoon．
When does the ship sail?
When does the meeting take place?
When do we part?
How long does he stay（or remain）?
Do you go with him?
He leaves for Singapore，and gets back soon．
They meet again at supper．
694（3）在从句中表示未来动作，这时主句已使用将来时态。
Anyone that comes（形容词从句）will be warmly welcomed．
I will reward the person who finds my dog．
She won't forgive anyone who steals flowers in her garden．
The doctor will first attend the patient who comes first．
This new government will welcome whoever are experts．
His success will depend upon how he starts the plan（名词从句）.
A quarrel will arise as to who rules the country．
I will keep silence even though everyone asks me about it（副词从句）.
I will tell you the story while you and I are taking a walk．
He will learn English until he thoroughly masters it．
I will speak to him when I see him next Sunday or Monday．
I will get everything ready before my boss Dr．J comes back．
上面这类句子的从句中，一般不使用助动词shall和will，如表示“愿意”，从句中也可以用will。
If he will（=is willing to）send the money，it will save trouble．
You will succeed if you will（=are willing to）try．
即使在主句中，will或shall有时也可以不出现。
I must not go although the weather is fine．
I tell you the story while we are taking a walk．
If you refuse，I am ruined．
If you laugh，the world laughs with you．
695（4）表示命令、请求、恳求等，这时主语you通常都不说出。
Come here．（命令）
Open the door．
Do open the door．（恳求）
“May I open the door?” “Do．”
Do not open the door．（禁止）
Just open the door．（亲切的要求）
Open the door please．（客气的请求）
Be quick，can you?（这里要用be代替are）
Don't be here after nine．
Be a nice boy!
Please do be quick．
Let him come here．（用let时表示对第三人的命令或请求）
Let everybody mind his own business．
Let me do it．
有时you可以使用，以引起对方的注意。
You mind your own business!
You just ask him．
注：为了方便，这里也把祈使语气的句子列为一般现在时的一种用法。详细情况将在有关祈使语气的那一章再谈。
696（5）描绘或讲述正当说话时发生的动作。
I hand you this letter．
I come to see you．
John arrives home now．He sees his wife．She cries bitterly，but he does not seem to recognize her．（在看电影时父亲向孩子这样讲电影情节）
Now the band is playing and the King enters the hall．The spectators raise a cheer．He stops，greets the spectators and then takes his seat．（广播人员现场报道说话时发生的情况）
As I（or We）write（=At the time of writing），the war has broken out．（记者的报道）
697（6）描述想象的将来或过去发生的情况，使故事显得栩栩如生，就仿佛在眼前发生似的。现在进行时和现在完成时也可在此使用。这种用法可以称作戏剧式的现在时（Dramatic Present）。
Now imagine yourself in a schoolroom，It is large and dingy．The pupils sit on long benches．They recite their lessons．How hard they work!（想象的情况）
The slaughtered citizens lie everywhere，and the tyrant is triumphing in their miseries．（先知预言将来发生的情况）
The enemy broke（过去时）in．They destroyed（过去时）everything they encountered（过去时）．All the houses are（现在时）set on fire．Husbands，who have killed their wives，kill themselves．（过去情况，注意时态突然由过去转到现在）
As soon as I arrive at the inn，two strangers come and greet me，and ask me if I have murdered a woman．（过去情况口语体）
698（7）用在图片、照片、连环画和卡通片的解说词中。
David plays tennis with Mary．
Hundreds of students demonstrate．
Something is wrong with my policy．
699（8）在剧本中描写角色的动作。
Bob：Hello!（He stands up and greets Helen．）
Helen：Hello，Bob!（As soon as she sees Jimmy，who sits at a distance，she wishes to turn back，but is too late to．）
700（9）在口语中代替现在完成时，hear和read这类动词常可这样用。
My father writes（=has written）that he will return home next month．
I hear（=have heard）that...
I find（or see）that...
I am（=have been）informed that...
I learn（or understand，gather）that...
I am told that...
He reads in the papers that...
He tells me that...
The Bible says that...
It says in the Bible that...
The paper says that...
但是：A broadcast said this morning that...
在不规范英语中，有人说says I，says Mary，says they等，来代替I said，Mary said，they said等。
701（10）表示一个作家过去的动作或讲话到现在还继续有效。
Darwin originates the theory of evolution and differs from the Bible on the creation of the world．
Confucius regards sex as human．
Nietzsche advocates the doctrine of Will to Power．
702（11）在here，there后面使用。
Here comes Adam．（但要说Adam is coming．）
There goes the bus．（但是：The bus is going there．）
703（12）用在题目或标题中，不管讲的情况是什么时候发生的（这时用过去时讲过去情况也是可以的）。
“The Sleeper Awakes”
“I Meet Many People”
“Emily Is Gone”
“Mamma Spanks Me”
“Premier Resigns”
“Fifty Are Killed in an Aircraft Crash”
704（13）用在电影、剧本等的故事情节或解说词中。
Hamlet decides to revenge his father，but hesitates to kill his enemy，etc．
The tiger dashes on Wu Sung，but he dodges aside，etc．
The dialogue between Romeo and Juliet when they meet on the balcony is very beautiful．
b．现在进行时
705 形式。
I am（or You are，He is，John is，They are，Those men are）coming．
I（or You，He，John，They，Those men）may（or cannot，must，should）be making progress in English．
